Deck 28: Immunity and Host Defense

Question 1

The rapid increase in adaptive immunity after a second antigen exposure is called

A) specificity.
B) tolerance.
C) immune memory.
D) all of the above.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

IgG, IgM, and IgA are examples of found in blood.

A) antibodies
B) bacteria
C) antigens
D) pathogens

Answer 2

A

Question 3

An example of pathogen- associated molecular patterns (PAMP) is

A) lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
B) flagellin proteins.
C) pilus.
D) cell- surface proteins.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Stem cells are produced and developed in the

A) bone marrow.
B) stems of plants.
C) liver.
D) brain.

Question 5

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an example of a disease caused by type hypersensitivity.

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 6

Which of the following are molecular mediators of inflammation?

A) erythrocytes
B) chemokines
C) cytokines
D) both chemokines and cytokines

Question 7

Type I hypersensitivity is caused by the release of vasoactive products from mast cells coated with

A) IgM.
B) IgA.
C) IgE.
D) IgG.

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE about cytokines?

A) They play an important role in immunity.
B) They play a role in the growth of stem cells.
C) They are proteins.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 9

T cells interact with the peptide- MHC complex using

A) the antibodies present on the surface of the cell.
B) cytokines.
C) T- cell receptors.
D) granzyme and perforin.

Question 10

The unique antigen- reactive proteins of T cells are

A) immunoglobins.
B) T cell receptors.
C) antibodies.
D) none of the above.

Question 11

Which of these is often used as a prophylactic measure to protect a person against future attack by a pathogen?

A) vaccination
B) artificial passive immunity
C) antiserum injection
D) none of the above

Question 12

The process by which antibodies block interactions between pathogens or their products and host cells is termed

A) interference.
B) attenuation.
C) neutralization.
D) complement.

Question 13

Cells that can engulf foreign particles, and can ingest, kill, and digest most bacterial pathogens are called

A) red blood cells.
B) phagocytes.
C) resistant cells.
D) reticulocytes.

Question 14

What bacterium would a person involved in a car accident MOST likely be exposed to?

A) Escherichia coli
B) Clostridium tetani
C) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
D) none of the above

Question 15

Which of cell type has NO nucleus?

A) lymphocytes
B) phagocyte
C) erythrocytes
D) all of the above

Question 16

Which of the following immunogens is MOST effective as a vaccine?

A) live virus
B) chemically inactivated bacteria
C) dead virus
D) toxoid

Question 17

The ability of humans to resist a disease is called

A) resistance.
B) dormancy.
C) immunity.
D) susceptibility.

Question 18

An antigen must be at least amino acids long to be effective.

A) 100
B) 50
C) 10
D) 25

Question 19

New vaccine strategies resulting from progress in biochemistry and molecular biology include the production of

A) DNA vaccines.
B) synthetic peptides.
C) recombinant vector vaccines.
D) all of the above.

Question 20

In Hashimotos's disease autoantibodies are made against , a product of the thyroid gland.

A) hemoglobin
B) bacteria
C) viruses
D) thyroglobulin

Question 21

All the following can cause contact dermatitis EXCEPT

A) jewelry.
B) superantigens.
C) poison ivy.
D) latex gloves.

Question 22

is a non- immune person's acquisition of preformed immune cells or antibodies via natural transfer of cells or antibodies from an immune person.

Question 23

The macromolecules inside and on the surface of pathogens display patterns consisting of repeating subunits called _.

Question 24

The first defense cells that interact with a pathogen in the body are called .

Question 25

Blood and lymph have the following in common EXCEPT

A) proteins.
B) ted blood cells.
C) nucleated cells.
D) none of the above.

Question 26

Which of the following diseases is/are associated with organ- specific autoimmune disease?

A) juvenile diabetes
B) autoimmune hypothyroidism
C) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
D) both A and B

Question 27

The cells active in both innate and adaptive immunity develop from common pluripotent precursors called .

Question 28

Viruses used for making the polio vaccine are inactivated with .

Question 29

The secondary lymphoid organs consist of the following EXCEPT

A) spleen.
B) lymph nodes.
C) mucosal- associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
D) none of the above.

Question 30

In allergic encephalitis TH1- mediated delayed- type hypersensitivity can cause directed against self- antigens.

Question 31

The life- threatening condition that may develop during a type I hypersensitivity reaction is called

A) anaphylaxis.
B) stroke.
C) toxic shock.
D) septic shock.

Question 32

Phagocytes have general antibody receptors called that bind to any antibody attached to an antigen.

A) antigen receptors
B) antigens
C) Fc receptors
D) membrane detectors

Question 33

Which of the following can cause allergy symptoms and inflammation by degranulation?

A) polymorphonuclear leukocyte
B) macrophage
C) dendritic cells
D) erythrocytes

Question 34

Enhanced phagocytosis of antibody- sensitized cells is known as

A) complementation.
B) opsonization.
C) tolerance.
D) immunization.

Question 35

The purposeful artificial introduction of immunity to a particular infectious disease is known as .

Question 36

Which is an example of acquisition of natural passive immunity?

A) a person who received his or her yearly influenza vaccine
B) a person who received tetanus antiserum after stepping on a rusty nail
C) a person who acquired the chickenpox
D) a fetus protected from disease by its mother's antibodies

Question 37

Individuals with high antibody titers are said to be .

Question 38

DiGeroge's syndrome is a developmental defect that prevents the maturation of the thymus and inhibits the production of mature .

Question 39

A mutant strain of a pathogen that has lost its virulence but still retains the immunizing antigens is called .

Question 40

Adaptive immunity occurs when

A) death results from pathogen infection.
B) the innate immune response fails to eliminate completely pathogens in the body.
C) virulent pathogen infections still persist in the body after the initial innate defense response.
D) both A and B occur.

Question 41

DNA vaccines are bacterial plasmids that contain cloned DNA with an antigen of interest and unlike attenuated vaccines, there is no chance of infection when injected into animals.

Question 42

Adaptive immune responses are directed at pathogen molecules called .

Question 43

TH2 cells interact directly with the pathogens.

Question 44

The immunization strategy that involves the use of recombinant DNA proteins as immunogens involves the use of a vaccine known as .

Question 45

A recombinant- vector virus would still be effective if the vaccinia virus is unable to express the cloned gene as an antigenic protein.

Question 46

Anticoagulants promote the clotting of blood.

Question 47

The essential protective role for T cell immunity is protection from .

Question 48

Superantigens bind 5- 25% of all T cells, whereas less than of all available T cells interact with a conventional foreign antigen in a typical immune response.

Question 49

Antihistamines are used to treat some allergic symptoms because they neutralize the histamine mediators that cause rapid dilation of blood vessels and contraction of smooth muscles that initiate the symptoms of systemic anaphylaxis.

Question 50

After the first exposure to an antigen, a stimulates growth and multiplication of antigen- reaction cells.

Question 51

The body's non- inducible, preexisting ability to recognize and destroy pathogens or their products is called .

Question 52

The inflammatory cytokines IL- 1, IL- 6, and TNF- a are producing fever by stimulating the release of prostaglandins in the brain.

Question 53

Vaccines can be developed from synthetic peptides.

Question 54

An individual can receive injections of an antiserum or purified antibodies derived from an immune individual.

Question 55

In adaptive immunity, pathogen specific receptors are produced in large numbers only after exposure to the pathogen or its products.

Question 56

A diagnostic test for M. tuberculosis exposure uses an inflammatory reaction associated with M. tuberculosis termed .

Question 57

The primary chemical mediators released from mast cells during a type I hypersensitivity reaction are _ _ and .

Question 58

Men are 20 times more likely to develop systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) than women.

Question 59

is the use of antibodies to detect antigens.

Question 60

Symptoms of delayed- type hypersensitivity begin to appear several hours after secondary exposure to the eliciting antigen.

Question 61

A toxoid is an attenuated form of a toxin that retains both its antigenicity and toxicity.

Question 62

Immunity results from the actions of cells that circulate throughout the body, primarily through the blood and lymph.

Question 63

Explain why an individual lymphocyte clone that interacts with an LPS constituent on Salmonella will not react with the LPS on other bacteria.

Question 64

Explain how antibodies are produced.

Question 65

Monocytes and granulocytes are the two lineages of myeloid cells.

Question 66

Dendritic cells are phagocytes with antigen- presenting properties.

Question 67

Differentiate between T- cytotoxic (TC) cells and T- helper (TH) cells.

Question 68

The T cell, with its T cell receptor, can recognize antigens only when the antigens are complexed with self proteins known as major histocompatibility complex found on host cell surfaces.

Question 69

Briefly explain why individuals with genetic defects that prevent neutrophil or macrophage development usually die at an early age.

Question 70

Blood serum contains cells and clotting proteins.

Question 71

Superantigens activate more T cells than a normal immune response.

Question 72

How does the body respond when it encounters a foreign particle or bacterial pathogen?

Question 73

Antibodies are soluble proteins produced by T cells.

Question 74

Erythrocytes are the most numerous cells in human blood.

Question 75

Phagocytes interact speedily and effectively with pathogens because they have evolved specialized molecules called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that interact directly with PAMPs.

Question 76

People with aggamaglobulinemia do not make protective antibodies and suffer from recurrent, life threatening viral infections, but develop normal immune responses to bacteria.

Question 77

Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes produce exotoxins known as superantigens that bind to a site on the TCR that is outside the antigen- specific TCR binding site.

Question 78

All gram- negative bacteria have lipopolysaccharides in their outer membranes.

Question 79

Individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (scid) have a genetic defect that prevents proper formation and expression of immunoglobins and therefore do not have adaptive immunity.

Question 80

Infants acquire natural passive immunity from maternal antibodies transferred across the placenta or in breast milk.