Deck 2: Exploring the Causes of Childhood Disorders

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a normal process in the development of the central nervous system?

A)Apoptosis
B)Epigenesis
C)Anoxia
D)Neural pruning

Answer 1

Neural pruning

Question 2

Which of the following is the best example of a child's phenotype?

A)The genes he inherits from one parent
B)The genes he inherits from both parents
C)The specific allele that codes for the presence of a given disorder
D)His blue eyes

Answer 2

His blue eyes

Question 3

Anne Catherine's parents are both highly intelligent; her mother is a scientist and her father is an accountant. Early in life, her parents read her many books and send her to high-quality schools. By early childhood, Anne Catherine shows signs of above average intelligence. This illustrates...

A)passive gene-environment correlation
B)evocative gene-environment correlation
C)active gene-environment correlation
D)niche-picking

Answer 3

passive gene-environment correlation

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT true?

A)In a correlational study, we cannot infer causality because correlations do not allow us to determine which variable preceded the other.
B)In a correlational study, we cannot infer causality because we cannot rule out alternative explanations for the covariation between two variables.
C)In a correlational study, we cannot infer causality because participants are not randomly assigned to experimental and control groups.
D)In a correlational study, we cannot infer causality because we cannot be sure that the two variables associate strongly with one another.

Question 5

Dr. Medina wants to examine changes in children's depressive symptoms over time. He measures the same children's depressive symptoms at the beginning of the academic year and again several months later. What kind of study did he conduct?

A)An experiment
B)A cross-sectional study
C)A prospective longitudinal study
D)A retrospective longitudinal study

Question 6

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of "reaction range?"

A)A child exposed to German in early childhood learns the language more quickly than a child exposed during adolescence.
B)A child who is not exposed to any language during infancy has problems speaking in early childhooD)
C)A young child with learning disabilities attends a low-quality public school in a poor neighborhood; his academic skills continue to deteriorate.
D)An adolescent who initially experiments with cigarettes and alcohol gradually uses these substances more frequently and in greater amounts over time.

Question 7

According to Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory, which of the following best illustrates the "mesosystem?"

A)A child's relationship to her mother
B)A parent's involvement at his child's school
C)The overall quality of a child's school
D)The language and religious customs of the family

Question 8

Some children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, and other developmental disorders, have difficulty understanding and expressing emotions. These deficits have led researchers to hypothesize that children with autism have problems in the functioning of the ___.

A)basal ganglia
B)limbic system
C)corpus callosum
D)cerebellum

Question 9

Dr. Davidson observes that children who show academic problems in the 3rd grade often develop antisocial behavior problems in junior high school. She hypothesizes that early academic problems cause children to be rejected by classmates and befriend older, antisocial peers. These peers, in turn, introduce them to antisocial behavior. Dr. Davidson hypothesizes that children's association with antisocial peers ___ the relationship between early academic problems and later antisocial behavior.

A)mediates
B)moderates
C)correlates
D)obviscates

Question 10

Which of the following is probably an example of a nonshared environmental factor than might influence a child's development?

A)The genes that a child inherits from his parents
B)The fact that the child's mother was seriously ill during her pregnancy with him.
C)The fact that family lives in a poor, high-crime neighborhooD)
D)The fact that a family's primary language at home is Spanish.

Question 11

Which of the following is the best example of a distal risk factor?

A)The child's genotpye
B)The way the parent disciplines the child
C)The child's nutrition
D)The family's socioeconomic status

Question 12

How might an infant with secure attachment behave in the Strange Situation?

A)The infant might become very upset when the mother leaves the room and crawl to her for comfort when she returns.
B)The infant might become very upset when the mother leaves the room and avoid her when she returns.
C)The infant would not appear upset when the mother leaves the room.
D)The infant might appear upset when the mother leaves the room, but rely on himself to calm down when she returns.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is NOT true about an experiment?

A)In an experiment, researchers are usually interested in examining differences between two or more groups.
B)In an experiment, researchers randomly select participants into two or more groups.
C)In an experiment, researchers randomly assign participants into two or more groups.
D)In an experiment, causal relationships can be inferred from the resulting datA)

Question 14

Dr. Miller believes that children who play violent video games will show more aggressive behavior at school than children who do not play violent video games. What is Dr. Miller's null hypothesis?

A)Children who play violent video games will show more aggression than children who do not play violent video games.
B)Children who do not play violent video games will show more aggression than children who play violent video games.
C)Children who play violent video games will show the same level of aggression as children who do not play violent video games.
D)Children who do and do not play violent video games will not show aggressive behaviors.

Question 15

According to Baumrind, which parenting type is characterized by low responsiveness and high demandingness?

A)Uninvolved
B)Indulgent
C)Authoritarian
D)Authoritative