Deck 20: Nutrition and Metabolism

Question 1

The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, like amino acids and glycerol, is called

A)glycogenolysis
B)lipolysis
C)glycogenesis
D)gluconeogenesis
E)lipogenesis

Answer 1

D

Question 2

When glucose is catabolized under aerobic conditions, the largest number of ATP molecules are directly produced by the

A)Krebs cycle
B)electron transport chain
C)glycolysis pathway
D)urea cycle
E)fermentation

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Before entering the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid has to be decarboxylated and combined with

A)ATP
B)coenzyme A
C)NADH
D)FADH
E)GTP

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Glucose is stored in the liver and muscles as a large polysaccharide called

A)starch
B)cellulose
C)triglycerides
D)glycogen
E)sucrose

Question 5

The vitamin essential for the formation of photopigments in the retina is vitamin

A)C
B)E
C)A
D)B
E)D

Question 6

Glycogen breakdown occurs when

A)blood levels of glucose drop.
B)glucagon is released.
C)blood levels of glucose are high.
D)both blood levels of glucose drop and glucagon is released.
E)both glucagon is released and blood levels of glucose are high.

Question 7

Before entering the Krebs cycle, fatty acids are broken down into molecules of

A)glucose
B)glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate
C)pyruvic acid
D)acetyl CoA
E)fructose-6-phosphate

Question 8

For each molecule of glucose converted into two pyruvic acids, the chemical reactions of glycolysis directly produce a net total of

A)10 ATPs
B)8 ATPs
C)6 ATPs
D)4 ATPs
E)2 ATPs

Question 9

Protein translation inside cells is carried out on

A)ribosomes
B)mitochondria
C)lysosomes
D)Golgi complexes
E)smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 10

Minerals constitute about ___ % of the total body weight.

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8
E)10

Question 11

The rate of glucose transport from the plasma into the body's cells is greatly increased in the presence of

A)insulin
B)glucagon
C)thyroxine
D)ADH
E)calcium

Question 12

Before being used for energy production, proteins have to be broken down into

A)glucose
B)fatty acids
C)glycerol
D)amino acids
E)nucleic acids

Question 13

Excess carbohydrates in the diet are converted into

A)amino acids
B)proteins
C)triglycerides
D)ketone bodies
E)none of the choices is correct

Question 14

The vitamin essential for the absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphorus is vitamin ___.

A)C
B)E
C)A
D)B
E)D

Question 15

Chemical reactions in which simple substances are combined into more complex substances usually with the consumption of energy are collectively called

A)anabolism
B)catabolism
C)metabolism
D)oxidation
E)all of the choices are correct

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a common product of the Krebs cycle?

A)carbon dioxide
B)NADH
C)lactic acid
D)FADH₂
E)ATP

Question 17

Ketone bodies are produced in the liver as the result of catabolism of

A)glycerol
B)fatty acids
C)amino acids
D)glycogen
E)glucose

Question 18

The term metabolism refers to

A)anabolic reactions
B)catabolic reactions
C)oxidation reactions
D)reduction reactions
E)all chemical reactions of the body

Question 19

Each gram of dietary protein provides about 4 Calories, while a gram of fat provides about ___ Calories.

A)5
B)7
C)9
D)11
E)13

Question 20

The breakdown of complex organic molecules into smaller ones is known as

A)anabolism
B)catabolism
C)gluconeogenesis
D)oxidation
E)reduction

Question 21

The transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler one without physical contact is called

A)conduction
B)evaporation
C)convection
D)radiation
E)transformation

Question 22

In humans, the normal set point for body temperature is

A)35°C
B)37°C
C)39°C
D)40°C
E)41°C

Question 23

Which of the following vitamins is water-soluble?

A)vitamin B
B)vitamin A
C)vitamin D
D)vitamin E
E)vitamin K

Question 24

Which of the following processes are involved in carbohydrate catabolism?

A)glycolysis
B)electron transport chain
C)Krebs cycle
D)formation of acetyl coenzyme A
E)all of the choices are correct

Question 25

The amount of energy derived from nutrients is most commonly expressed in

A)ergs
B)kilocalories
C)Daltons
D)Newtons
E)BTUs

Question 26

Which of the following are examples of poor nutrition?

A)malnutrition
B)obesity
C)marasmus
D)kwashiorkor
E)all of the choices are correct

Question 27

Aspirin reduces fever by

A)inhibiting the hypothalamic activity.
B)inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.
C)stimulating epinephrine release.
D)decreasing metabolism.
E)lowering thyroid function.

Question 28

All of the following result in an increase in body temperature EXCEPT

A)physical exercise
B)vasodilation of blood vessels in the skin
C)epinephrine release
D)release of thyroid hormones
E)shivering

Question 29

Which of the following hormones are the main regulators of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A)glucagon
B)thyroid hormones
C)insulin
D)estrogen
E)progesterone

Question 30

Which of the following vitamins is used to make coenzyme A?

A)vitamin D
B)vitamin A
C)pantothenic acid
D)ascorbic acid
E)niacin

Question 31

Basal metabolic rate

A)reflects the rate that nutrients are metabolized when one is exercising.
B)is controlled by the ratio of insulin to glucagon.
C)remains constant throughout the day.
D)is the body's entire Calorie requirement.
E)is the amount of energy consumed by the body in the basal state.

Question 32

Which of the following vitamins can be made by the body from the provitamin called beta-carotene?

A)vitamin C
B)vitamin D
C)vitamin E
D)vitamin K
E)vitamin A

Question 33

The thermostat of the human body is located in the

A)thalamus
B)hypothalamus
C)cerebral cortex
D)medulla oblongata
E)limbic system

Question 34

The process of deamination is a key step in

A)glycogenesis in the liver.
B)the catabolism of amino acids for energy production.
C)the anabolism of amino acids into proteins.
D)the increase in basal metabolic rate that comes from an excess of proteins.
E)the anabolism of lipids from excess amino acids.

Question 35

Which of the following factors affect(s)the metabolic rate?

A)exercise
B)age
C)gender
D)hormones
E)all of the choices are correct

Question 36

Which of the following hormones is the MAIN regulator of the basal metabolic rate?

A)human growth hormone
B)testosterone
C)thyroid hormone
D)insulin
E)vasopressin

Question 37

How many molecules of ATP are generated during the complete oxidation of a glucose molecule to CO₂?

A)30 to 32
B)32 to 34
C)34 to 36
D)36 to 38
E)38 to 40

Question 38

Which of the following is a type of lipoprotein that is used to transport dietary lipids from the small intestine to the adipose tissue for storage?

A)chylomicrons
B)low-density lipoproteins
C)high-density lipoproteins
D)very low-density lipoproteins
E)chyle

Question 39

In general, increased sympathetic stimulation leads to

A)increases in cellular metabolism.
B)decreases in cellular metabolism.
C)no effect on cellular metabolism.
D)decreases in body temperature.
E)vasodilation of blood vessels in the skin.

Question 40

Which of the following statements does NOT describe minerals?

A)Minerals are inorganic.
B)Minerals are needed in small quantities.
C)Excess minerals in the body are eliminated in the urine.
D)Many minerals help regulate enzymatic reactions.
E)Most minerals can be synthesized by the body.

Question 41

Essential amino acids can be synthesized by body cells.

Question 42

Both vitamins D and K can be made in the human body. Vitamin D is made in the skin and vitamin K is made by bacteria in the large intestine.

Question 43

Catabolic reactions are usually energy-releasing.

Question 44

The type of lipoprotein that is referred to as "good cholesterol" is

A)LDL
B)VLDL
C)chylomicrons
D)HDL
E)nonexistent since all cholesterol in the body is bad

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT a type of essential nutrient?

A)monosaccharides
B)amino acids
C)fatty acids
D)vitamins
E)minerals

Question 46

The hydrolysis of triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol is an important part of lipid anabolism.

Question 47

Many coenzymes are derived from vitamins.

Question 48

In anabolism, simple substances combine to form more complex molecules.

Question 49

Liver cells can synthesize triglycerides from glucose.

Question 50

The ingestion of food can raise the metabolic rate.

Question 51

Glycogen production occurs during periods of high blood sugar levels.

Question 52

A nutritional disorder resulting from inadequate protein and calories in the diet is called

A)kwashiorkor
B)marasmus
C)PKU
D)anemia
E)obesity

Question 53

A kilocalorie (Calorie)is equal to 1000 calories

Question 54

The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain are collectively referred to as anaerobic cellular respiration.

Question 55

What is the fate of the digested food molecules absorbed by the GI tract?

A)supply energy
B)serve as building blocks for more complex molecules
C)stored for future use
D)more than one of these answer choices are correct
E)none of the choices is correct

Question 56

Insulin-like growth factors, thyroid hormones, insulin, estrogens and testosterone all stimulate

A)protein degradation
B)protein synthesis
C)carbohydrate degradation
D)gluconeogenesis
E)lipolysis

Question 57

Large quantities of vitamin supplements have been shown to improve normal metabolism.

Question 58

Which of the following hormones stimulates glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle cells?

A)glucagon
B)epinephrine
C)cortisol
D)insulin
E)somatostatin

Question 59

When phagocytes like macrophages ingest certain bacteria, they are stimulated to secrete a fever-producing substance called a/an

A)marasmus
B)pyrogen
C)analgesic
D)interferon
E)pathogen

Question 60

The protein segment of MyPlate is the largest segment on the plate.

Question 61

In the diagram showing the interactions that occur in metabolism, which of the labeled positions on the diagram are places where heat would normally be released?

A)A only
B)C only
C)E only
D)A, C
E)A, E

Question 62

The production of new glucose from either lipids or amino acids is called glycogenolysis.

Question 63

Because it is derived from amino acids, aspartame (Nutrasweet)is harmless to everyone.

Question 64

To a certain point, fever is beneficial in fighting microbial infections.

Question 65

Under resting conditions, about 50% of our heat loss occurs through the evaporation of water from the surface of the skin.

Question 66

The most important number in a cholesterol check is a low level of HDLs because it is the artery-clogging form of cholesterol.

Question 67

Define nutrients and name the six principal classes of nutrients.

Question 68

List the principal routes by which the body loses heat.

Question 69

By definition, the metabolic rate of a human is at its maximum in the basal state.

Question 70

In the diagram showing the interactions that occur in metabolism, which of the labeled positions on the diagram represents catabolism?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 71

Which labeled arrow in the figure represents the initial response to low blood glucose levels and increased glucagon release?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)None of the labeled arrows is correct.

Question 72

Excess dietary carbohydrates, proteins, and fats can all be converted into triglycerides and stored in fat cells.

Question 73

Even moderate obesity is considered as a risk factor for such diseases as hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease.

Question 74

Carbohydrate loading, which involves eating large amounts of complex carbohydrates in the days prior to competition, helps maximize the total amount of glycogen available for ATP production.

Question 75

Name the four interconnecting sets of chemical reactions that contribute to catabolic breakdown of carbohydrates.

Question 76

List the guidelines for healthy eating.

Question 77

The energy to synthesize ATP primarily comes from the catabolic breakdown of glycogen, proteins, and triglycerides.

Question 78

Which of the processes indicated by the labeled arrows in the figure would increase in response to insulin?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)B and C

Question 79

Ingestion of excessive quantities of water-soluble vitamins would lead to increased excretion of the vitamins in the urine.

Question 80

The arrows labeled C in the figure are all part of

A)glycogenolysis
B)glycogenesis
C)gluconeogenesis
D)glycolysis
E)lipolysis