Deck 11: Landmass Denudation

Question 1

is a steep scarp or cliff whose presence indicates an outcrop of resistant rock.

A)Waxing slope
B)Debris slope
C)Free face
D)Waning slope

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A slope is if its strength exceed denudation processes and if its materials are weaker than denudation processes.

A)unstable; stable
B)stable; unstable
C)in disequilibrium; in equilibrium
D)in equilibrium; in disequilibrium

Answer 2

B

Question 3

If material is to move downslope,it must overcome the force of

A)inertial resistance of the material.
B)the cohesion of particles to each other.
C)friction.
D)friction,cohesion of particles,and inertial resistance.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

All processes that cause reduction and rearrangement of landforms are included in the term

A)denudation.
B)mass movement.
C)weathering.
D)erosion.

Question 5

The uplift of mountains is caused by

A)aggradation.
B)exogenic forces.
C)denudation.
D)endogenic processes.

Question 6

Which portions of a slope overlap substantially?

A)Free face and debris slope
B)Waxing slope and waning slope
C)Debris slope and waning slope
D)Waxing slope and free face

Question 7

Inclined surfaces forming the sides of hills and mountains are known as

A)slopes.
B)free faces.
C)catchments.
D)regoliths.

Question 8

The consolidated or unconsolidated materials from which soils develop is known as

A)bedrock.
B)regolith.
C)parent material.
D)outcrop.

Question 9

The principle that landscape formation is balance between endogenic and exogenic processes is called

A)catastrophism.
B)the dynamic equilibrium model.
C)uniformitarianism.
D)steady state theory.

Question 10

The concave lower portion of a typical slope is called a

A)debris slope.
B)waning slope.
C)pediment.
D)free face.

Question 11

When the upper surface of consolidated rock undergoes constant weathering,it creates broken -up rock called

A)bedrock.
B)regolith.
C)parent material.
D)outcrop.

Question 12

On a typical hillside,the consolidated rock overlain by loose surface material is known as

A)bedrock.
B)regolith.
C)parent material.
D)outcrop.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT exogenic in nature?

A)Mass wasting
B)Tectonic uplift
C)Denudation
D)Weathering
E)Erosion

Question 14

After a threshold is crossed,the landscape

A)remains unstable thereafter.
B)returns to the conditions that existed prior to the crossing the threshold.
C)adjusts to a new equilibrium condition.
D)looks identical to the landscape that existed prior to the crossing of the threshold.

Question 15

Because the climate of a region slowly changes and tectonic adjustments slowly occur,the landscape

A)is continuously adjusting,and in a state of dynamic equilibrium,but not constantly at a threshold.
B)is usually in a state of dynamic equilibrium.
C)is constantly at a threshold condition.
D)is constantly at a threshold,continuously adjusting,and in a state of dynamic equilibrium,.
E)is continuously adjusting to new conditions that develop.

Question 16

The convex upper portion of a typical slope is called a

A)free face.
B)waxing slope.
C)debris slope.
D)pediment.

Question 17

The process that breaks down rock at Earthʹs surface through disintegration of rocks into mineral particles or dissolving it into water is known as

A)mass movement.
B)landmass denudation.
C)weathering.
D)erosion.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a denudation process?

A)Weathering
B)Mass movement
C)Orogeny
D)Erosion

Question 19

The science that specifically studies the origin,evolution,form,and spatial distribution of landforms is

A)geomorphology.
B)environmental chemistry.
C)geology.
D)geography.

Question 20

The dynamic equilibrium model refers to

A)a theory involving the cyclic or evolutionary development of a landscape.
B)a sequential development of landforms.
C)an important concept first stated by William Morris Davis.
D)a balancing act between tectonic uplift and rates of denudation by weathering and erosion in a given landscape.

Question 21

In most areas,the upper surface of bedrock is partially weathered to broken -up rock called

A)parent rock.
B)bedrock.
C)regolith.
D)sediment.

Question 22

Weathering that softens and rounds the sharp edges and corners of jointed rock is known as

A)spheroidal weathering.
B)exfoliation.
C)hydrolysis.
D)hydration.

Question 23

A niche in sandstone,such as that in Arizonaʹs Canyon de Chelly,is indicative of which weathering process?

A)Salt-crystal growth
B)Frost wedging
C)Carbonation
D)Exfoliation

Question 24

Factors influencing the weathering process include

A)rock composition and structure
B)the climate of an area.
C)the amount of vegetation in an area.
D)rock composition and structure,climate,and vegetation.
E)only the climate of an area and rock composition.

Question 25

Salt-crystal growth (salt weathering)is an example of weathering processes.

A)chemical
B)biological
C)both biological and physical
D)physical

Question 26

Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of

A)higher rainfall,but lower temperatures.
B)lower rainfall and temperatures.
C)higher rainfall and temperatures.
D)lower rainfall,but higher temperatures.

Question 27

Salt-crystal growth (salt weathering)is prevalent in which climate type?

A)Arid
B)Polar
C)Mesothermal
D)Tropical

Question 28

Which of the following is CORRECT regarding joints?

A)Joints decrease the amount of exposed surface area of rocks.
B)Joint impede both physical and chemical weathering.
C)Joints are small,localized fault planes along which movement occurs.
D)Joints are fractures in rock that occur without displacement on either side.

Question 29

Other than the rock itself,the most important chemical substance needed for the majority of weathering processes is

A)water.
B)nitrogen.
C)carbon dioxide.
D)oxygen.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a type of physical weathering process?

A)Frost wedging
B)Hydrolysis
C)Salt crystal growth
D)Exfoliation

Question 31

Exfoliation and pressure-release jointing are examples of weathering processes.

A)physical
B)chemical
C)both biological and physical
D)biological

Question 32

Many of the Native American dwellings at Mesa Verde and elsewhere in the western United States are located under overhangs that form along the contact between permeable and impermeable rock layers.These overhangs (niches)were primarily created by what process?

A)Salt-crystal growth
B)Hydrolysis
C)Exfoliation
D)Carbonic acid solution
E)Frost wedging

Question 33

The weathering process responsible for breaking this marble is likely

A)exfoliation.
B)salt-crystal growth.
C)carbonation.
D)frost wedging.

Question 34

The fact that water expands as much as 9% of its volume as it freezes is the basis of

A)oxidization.
B)exfoliation.
C)frost wedging.
D)salt crystal growth.

Question 35

When pressure is removed from overlying rock,the pressure of deep burial is relieved,initiating pressure-release jointing.The joints then separate into curved slabs.This is known as

A)salt crystal growth.
B)spheroidal weathering.
C)exfoliation.
D)frost wedging.

Question 36

When rock is broken down and disintegrated in the presence of water and with chemical alterations to the rock,the process in operation is

A)carbonation.
B)physical weathering.
C)chemical weathering.
D)hydrolysis.

Question 37

When rock is broken down and disintegrated without any chemical alterations,the process in operation is

A)chemical weathering.
B)physical weathering.
C)carbonation.
D)hydrolysis.

Question 38

In which climates would rocks experience the highest amounts of chemical decomposition and decay?

A)Hot and dry
B)Cold and dry
C)Hot and wet
D)Cold and wet

Question 39

Exfoliation occurs because

A)water freezes in joints and expands.
B)water combines with minerals and increases their size,thereby causing surrounding minerals to expand.
C)overlying rock is removed,thereby allowing the underlying rock mass to expand and fracture.
D)evaporated water leaves behind previously dissolved mineral to form crystals,which accumulate and grow over time,exerting pressure on the rock.

Question 40

Frost wedging is an example of weathering processes.

A)both biological and chemical
B)physical
C)biological
D)chemical

Question 41

Rust,formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water,is an example of

A)carbonation.
B)frost wedging.
C)oxidation.
D)hydration.

Question 42

Any large cave formed by chemical processes is a

A)karst valley.
B)cavern.
C)doline.
D)collapse sinkhole.

Question 43

Chemical weathering processes are particularly effective on limestone landscapes,forming

A)exfoliation domes and arch-like forms.
B)karst topography.
C)hydrolysis plains.
D)pressure-release jointing.

Question 44

A sinkhole that develops over a period of hours or days and forms from a collapse through the roof of an underground cavern is known as a

A)solution sinkhole.
B)karst valley.
C)doline.
D)collapse sinkhole.

Question 45

When rainwater attacks formations of limestone,the minerals dissolve and wash away with the mildly acid rainwater.This is an example of

A)carbonation.
B)oxidation.
C)frost action.
D)crystallization.

Question 46

Karst topography is formed primarily by

A)mass wasting processes.
B)oxidation and hydrolysis.
C)carbonation and solution.
D)exfoliation and hydration.

Question 47

The yellow-red stains that occur on some rock surfaces are the result of which is a form of weathering.

A)solution; chemical
B)hydration; chemical
C)oxidation; physical
D)oxidation; chemical
E)hydration; physical

Question 48

These rounded granite outcrops are the result of which weathering process?

A)Hydration
B)Spheroidal weathering
C)Carbonation
D)Oxidation

Question 49

Extensive landscapes formed by the dissolution of limestone and other carbonate rock and characterized by pitted,bumpy surface topography,poor surface drainage,and well developed solutions channels are known as

A)plains.
B)high tablelands.
C)karst topography.
D)basins.

Question 50

Plants are important to the development of karst primarily because

A)they supply organic acids that enhance the dissolution process.
B)openings adjacent to their roots serve as microchannels that allow water to enter the rock.
C)the decay of large roots below the surface produces cavities which eventually enlarge to form caves.
D)None of the above plants play no role in the development of karst.

Question 51

The weathering of limestone can create circular depressions known as

A)sinkholes.
B)stalactites.
C)uvalas.
D)caverns.

Question 52

may form at the bottom of cockpits and may even be an important cause of cockpit karst topography.

A)River floodplains
B)Grabens
C)Sinkholes
D)Stalactites

Question 53

Cones and cockpit karst develop in

A)wet tropical areas.
B)polar regions.
C)arid regions.
D)cold,midlatitude climates.

Question 54

Hydrolysis involves

A)the chemical reaction of water.
B)frost action.
C)the addition of water with little chemical change.
D)salt crystal growth from evaporation.

Question 55

Hydrolysis,hydration,oxidation,and carbonation are all examples of weathering processes.

A)biological
B)physical
C)chemical
D)physical and biological

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT necessary for well-developed karst to develop?

A)Arid conditions
B)High proportion of calcium carbonate in the rock
C)Vegetation
D)Joints in rock of otherwise low permeability

Question 57

Which of the following are the principal active agents involved in chemical weathering?

A)Magnesium,water,limestone
B)Water,oxygen,carbon dioxide
C)Oxygen,silicon,aluminum
D)Nitrogen,oxygen,argon

Question 58

Hydration involves

A)the addition of water with little chemical change.
B)salt crystal growth from evaporation.
C)frost action.
D)the chemical reaction of water.

Question 59

Which of the following weathering processes does NOT involve water?

A)Carbonation
B)Hydration
C)Crystallization
D)Pressure-release jointing
E)Hydrolysis

Question 60

Continuing dissolution and collapse may lead the the coalescing of sinkholes to form a

A)rise.
B)disappearing stream.
C)doline.
D)karst valley.

Question 61

A translational slide involves

A)rotational movement of surface material.
B)unconsolidated flow of material.
C)mudflow.
D)movement of surface material along a planar surface.

Question 62

A slow persistent mass movement of surface soil is called

A)a soil slide.
B)soil creep.
C)a debris avalanche.
D)a rockfall.

Question 63

Human-induced mass movements produce a category of processes known as

A)debris flows.
B)denudation.
C)translational slides.
D)scarification.

Question 64

The photograph shows an example of which mass movement process?

A)Landslide
B)Scarification
C)Debris flows
D)Both scarification and landslide
E)Both debris flow and landslide
TRUE/FALSE.Write ʹTʹ if the statement is true and ʹFʹ if the statement is false.

Question 65

Which of the following human activities can contribute to mass movement?

A)Residential and commercial development
B)A roadcut
C)Surface mining
D)Any human disturbance of a slope,including road cuts,surface mining,and residential and commercial development.

Question 66

In the Andes Mountains of South America,entire towns of thousands of people have been buried suddenly when water and loose materials traveled downhill as a viscous fluid.This type of catastrophic event is known as a

A)lahar.
B)slump.
C)debris avalanche.
D)rock fall.
E)slide.

Question 67

A watery mix of falling and tumbling rock,debris,and soil is a

A)rockfall.
B)landslide.
C)debris avalanche.
D)mudflow.

Question 68

The talus cones in this photograph are the result of

A)rockfall.
B)creep.
C)planar slides.
D)mudflows.
E)slumps.

Question 69

The downslope movement of a body of material made up of soil,sediment,or rock propelled by the force of gravity is known as

A)mass movement.
B)lahar.
C)slide.
D)downslope flow.

Question 70

In polar and alpine regions,the thawing and saturation of the upper layer of soil results in a slow downslope movement called

A)mudflow.
B)transitional slide.
C)lahar.
D)solifluction lobe.

Question 71

Which of the following can lead to the slope failure that causes mass movement?

A)Earthquakes
B)Volcanic eruptions
C)Oversteepening of the slope
D)Saturation from rainfall
E)Saturation,oversteepening of slopes,earthquakes,and volcanic eruptions

Question 72

The bent trees,leaning utility posts,and fences in this diagram indicate which type of mass movement?

A)landslide.
B)rockfall.
C)soil creep.
D)debris avalanche.

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT a class of mass movement?

A)Creep
B)Fall
C)Slip
D)Slide
E)Flow

Question 74

Which of the following are examples of dripstones?

A)Stalactites
B)Sink holes
C)Caverns
D)Disappearing streams

Question 75

The maximum angle at which soil,sediment,and rock will remain on a slope without moving downslope is the

A)mass movement gradient.
B)angle of repose.
C)the speed of the particles.
D)height of the slope.

Question 76

The angle of repose represent a balance between the driving force and resisting force.Which of the following is the driving force?

A)Inertia
B)Shear
C)Friction
D)Gravity

Question 77

In the spring of 1925 in Jackson Hole,WY,about 37 million m 3 of moisture-laden soil and rock moved down one side of the canyon and surge up the other side.This is an example of a(n)

A)earthflow.
B)rockfall.
C)slump.
D)rotational slide.

Question 78

The sudden rapid movement of an unsaturated cohesive mass of regolith or bedrock is a

A)rockfall.
B)landslide.
C)debris avalanche.
D)mudflow.

Question 79

The photograph is an example of a

A)landslide.
B)debris avalanche.
C)talus slope.
D)mudflow.

Question 80

The scientific study of caves is known as

A)areology.
B)ciselure.
C)soda straw.
D)speleology.