Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

According to the SPAR method of studying,you should take time while reading a chapter in your textbook to answer the Concept Check questions.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

John spends ten hours studying for a test,and he spreads those ten hours over several days.Julie spends ten hours studying for the same test,but she studies all ten hours the day before the test.Because they spent an equal amount of time studying,they should get about the same scores on the test (assuming they are students of equal ability).

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The information-processing model compares human memory to that of a computer.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

People with a "high capacity" of working memory are more likely than other people to prefer a larger reward later instead of a smaller reward now.

Question 5

Working memory allows a person to do two auditory tasks (or two visuospatial tasks)at the same time without interference.

Question 6

Forgetting where or how you learned something is source amnesia.

Question 7

According to the encoding specificity principle,the most effective retrieval cues will be the associations that were formed at the time of learning.

Question 8

A mnemonic device is any memory aid that relies on encoding each item in a special way.

Question 9

State-dependent memory is the tendency to remember something better if your body is in the same condition during recall as it was during the original learning.

Question 10

Based on research findings,psychologists have recommended to police that they use a sequential lineup procedure (the witness views one suspect at a time).

Question 11

People tend to lose semantic memories more quickly and easily than they lose episodic memories.

Question 12

Free recall,cued recall,recognition,and savings are all tests of explicit memory.

Question 13

Episodic memory is memory for specific events in your life.

Question 14

Individuals described as having a "high capacity" of working memory tend to also do well on tasks measuring mental rotation,visuospatial planning,and sequence learning.

Question 15

Increasing the number of retrieval cues for a set of information increases the chances of being able to recall that information later on.

Question 16

Your favorite sports team unexpectedly wins a big game against a bitter rival.Your roommate informs you that he knew they were going to win because your team has been playing well,the rival team is overrated,etc.Your roommate's comments are an example of the hindsight bias.

Question 17

Procedural memory is considered to be a type of implicit memory.

Question 18

The capacity of short-term memory for most normal adults is about seven items.

Question 19

Memory processing in which the salience and recency of the information affects the degree to which it is saved is more similar to a computer model of memory than a human model of memory.

Question 20

If you want to remember a set of information for a long time,under a variety of conditions,the best advice is to study the information repeatedly at your usual work station (e.g. ,your desk).

Question 21

If asked to tell your social security number (without looking it up),you are being asked to perform a ____________________ memory test.
free recall

Question 22

According to the ____________________ model of memory,human memory is most analogous to a computer.
information-processing

Question 23

If you meet someone and use her correct name immediately but cannot remember it a half-hour later,the name probably was in your ____________________.
short-term memory

Question 24

Remembering how to play the piano is an example of ____________________ memory.
procedural

Question 25

Because the concept of "short-term memory" seems to some to be incomplete and misleading,current researchers often substitute the term ____________________ memory.
working

Question 26

Many clinicians now use the term ____________________ instead of repression,to refer to a memory that is stored but cannot be retrieved.
retrieval

Question 27

Increased recall at the beginning and end of a list of information suggests ____________________ and ____________________ effects,respectively.
primacy,recency

Question 28

Memory of a particular event in your life is ____________________;memory for factual information is ____________________.
episodic memory,declarative memory

Question 29

If you are given an English word and asked to give the French equivalent,your memory is being tested by ____________________.
cued recall

Question 30

Research on children who have experienced traumatic events (e.g. ,witnessed the murder of their parents,been kidnapped)indicates that memories for traumatic events are most likely to be dissociated.

Question 31

Free recall,cued recall,recognition,and savings are tests of ____________________ memory.
explicit or
direct

Question 32

As an eyewitness to a crime,you are asked to identify the suspect out of a lineup.This is an example of a/an ____________________ test of memory.
recognition

Question 33

One conclusion that emerges from all the research on brain damage and amnesia is that we clearly have different types of memory.

Question 34

Your memory of an event that happened on your first day of high school is both a ____________________ memory and an ____________________ memory.
declarative,episodic

Question 35

An association that facilitates remembering information in long-term memory is known as a/an ____________________ cue.
retrieval

Question 36

People memorize a list of words best if they think about each word and form as many associations as possible with each word.This is known as the ____________________ principle.
levels-of-processing

Question 37

Suppose you were given a list of names that included (among others)people who had been in your fourth-grade class.If you were asked to check off the names of those who were in your class,this would be a ____________________ test of memory.
recognition

Question 38

The central executive,phonological loop,and visuospatial sketchpad are all components of what has been called ____________________ memory.
working

Question 39

The serial-order effect refers to the tendency to remember the ____________________ items on a list better than all others.
first and last

Question 40

You memorize a list of paired associates including "stone-rock." Later someone asks you what word on the list refers to a kind of music,and you do not think of the word "rock." This result is an example of the ____________________ principle.
specificity

Question 41

Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables in his experiments on memory because nonsense syllables are

A)highly interesting to most people.
B)immune to the von Restorff effect.
C)unfamiliar.
D)easier to remember than real words.

Question 42

An essay exam is best described as a __________ test of memory.

A)cued recall
B)free recall
C)recognition
D)relearning

Question 43

Your history professor gives you a list of the initials of all the U.S.presidents and vice presidents and asks you to fill in the names.What kind of memory test is this?

A)free recall
B)cued recall
C)recognition
D)savings

Question 44

Professor Yawnmore asks you to write by memory a list of all the recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize.What kind of memory test is this?

A)free recall
B)cued recall
C)recognition
D)savings

Question 45

In order to be sure that the items on the lists that he learned would be unfamiliar,Ebbinghaus

A)learned lists of foreign words.
B)spelled all the words backwards.
C)invented nonsense syllables.
D)had his students make up the lists.

Question 46

When comparing human memory to a computer,most psychologists today would agree with which of the following?

A)Human memory is very similar to a computer.
B)Humans store information in a way very similar to computers,but humans do not retrieve information in the same way as computers.
C)Humans retrieve information from storage in a way very similar to computers,but humans do not store information in the same way as computers.
D)Human memory is really not similar to computers.

Question 47

Lee has recently had a brain injury in which there was substantial damage to the hippocampus.During recovery,Lee finds that he is able to remember directions to the grocery store and the steps needed to shop (e.g.get a shopping basket,shop,pay for groceries and carry them out).However,Lee has extreme difficulty remembering the list of groceries that he established that he needed while he was at home.Furthermore,when he gets home,he finds that he is able to do simple tasks such as putting ice in his drink,but he becomes frustrated when he tries to remember all of the steps needed to use his espresso machine to make a drink.Given what we know about the hippocampus,explain why Lee exhibits the difficulties mentioned in the story.

Question 48

Why did Ebbinghaus use nonsense syllables in his memory experiments?

A)People have no previous learning of nonsense syllables.
B)It is easy for computers to generate nonsense syllables.
C)Nonsense syllables are distinctive and meaningful.
D)Nonsense syllables do not generate proactive or retroactive interference.

Question 49

In Ebbinghaus's studies of memorization of nonsense syllables,who did the memorizing?

A)students in Ebbinghaus's General Psychology course
B)mentally retarded adults
C)Ebbinghaus's children
D)Ebbinghaus himself

Question 50

Suppose I asked you to tell me the names of the members of your third-grade class.To help you out,I provide all of their first and last initials.This is an example of what kind of memory test?

A)savings
B)relearning
C)free recall
D)cued recall

Question 51

Isabella is read a list of the following words: carrot,cucumber,squash,green beans,zucchini and broccoli.Name the words which would most likely be remembered due to primacy and recency effects and explain why.Also,explain the phenomena that might lead Isabella to state that she had heard the word cauliflower.

Question 52

Psychologists use the term memory to refer to

A)the process of retaining information as well as to the information retained.
B)the process of retaining information only.
C)the information retained only.
D)the process of retrieving information from the brain.

Question 53

In psychology,the term memory refers to,

A)generally,the retention of information.
B)specifically,the retention of facts that rarely change.
C)specifically,the retention of facts that seldom change.
D)specifically,the retention of facts that never change.

Question 54

Mr.Dannemiller has recently been diagnosed with Korsakoff's syndrome.His doctor decides to give him a neuropsychological evaluation to assess his memory.He is given two tasks,one is to remember a list of twenty words and one is to remember a rather lengthy and detailed story about a little girl going to camp for the first time.When he is tested for his memory for both tasks,his doctor notices some prominent deficits.Describe three specific types of memory deficits that the doctor is likely to note,given Mr.Dannemiller's condition.

Question 55

When Ebbinghaus pioneered the experimental study of memory,the information he memorized was

A)poetry.
B)scripture verses.
C)nonsense syllables.
D)word pairs.

Question 56

The patient H.M.suffered memory problems after damage to his ____________________.
hippocampus

Question 57

Your friend asks you to name the seven dwarves from "Snow White".This is a memory test that psychologists would call a __________ test.

A)free recall
B)cued recall
C)recognition
D)relearning

Question 58

If asked to tell your social security number (without looking it up),you are being asked to perform a __________ memory test.

A)recognition
B)cued-recall
C)free recall
D)savings

Question 59

Bob is preparing to study for his final exam in art history.He needs to review Chapter 12 of his textbook and has been told that he should use the SPAR method to study.Explain what each of the letters in the SPAR acronym stands for and give an example of how Bob would use each step to effectively study his reading.

Question 60

Individuals with amnesia typically have problems with ____________________ memories while ____________________ memories remain intact.
declarative,procedural

Question 61

After the end of the semester,certain students seem to have forgotten everything they learned.To find out whether their amnesia is complete or only partial,their professor teaches them the material again to see whether they learn any faster the second time than they did the first time.What kind of memory test is this?

A)recognition
B)savings
C)free recall
D)cued recall

Question 62

Which kind of memory test are you taking right now?

A)free recall
B)cued recall
C)recognition
D)savings

Question 63

You don't have a telephone directory and you are trying to remember the phone number of your local pizza parlor.You must rely on

A)recognition.
B)free recall.
C)savings.
D)implicit memory.

Question 64

Professor Lord gives you a list of 400 names and asks you to check the ones that appeared in the book of Deuteronomy.What kind of memory test is this?

A)free recall
B)cued recall
C)recognition
D)savings

Question 65

People read a list of words including PENDULUM.Later they are shown something like __E__D__L__M and they try to fill in the missing letters.Most get the correct answer (which is PENDULUM).What is unusual about this method of testing memory?

A)People who can recite the list of words perfectly often fail to show any memory by this fill-in-the-blanks test.
B)People frequently show signs of memory according to this test although they are not able to recall the words on the list.
C)People actually show a stronger memory on this test the longer they wait after originally reading the list.
D)People often fill in the blanks incorrectly and then insist that the incorrect words were actually on the original list.

Question 66

If a memory is very weak,which method of testing memory is most likely to detect that memory?

A)free recall
B)cued recall
C)recognition
D)savings

Question 67

People who seem to have forgotten some information may be able to remember that same information if you

A)change the environment to one less similar to the original learning environment.
B)change the method of testing.
C)decrease the levels of available glucose to the brain.
D)change from deep to shallow processing.

Question 68

What is unusual about implicit tests of memory,as compared to the recall and recognition methods?

A)Implicit tests of memory provide a direct measurement of the person's depth of processing.
B)Implicit tests of memory are based on direct measurement of the activity of various parts of the brain.
C)Implicit tests of memory sometimes show signs of memory even in people who say they do not remember.
D)Implicit tests of memory require people not only to remember but also to explain how they remember.

Question 69

One unusual feature of implicit memory is that

A)implicit memory,unlike any other kind of memory,grows stronger after the passage of time.
B)people can display this kind of memory without consciously realizing that they are using their memory.
C)implicit memory is absent in early childhood and begins to develop after about age five.
D)almost any kind of brain damage impairs implicit memory,even if the damage does not affect any other kind of memory.

Question 70

When you remember how to tie your shoes,what type of memory is this?

A)factual
B)procedural
C)episodic
D)state dependent

Question 71

Which method of testing memory is most likely to show signs of memory even in people who claim that they do not remember something at all?

A)implicit
B)recall
C)recognition
D)cued recall

Question 72

Remembering how to ride your bike is an example of a __________memory.

A)declarative
B)episodic
C)procedural
D)semantic

Question 73

One unusual feature of implicit memories is that

A)unlike explicit memories,implicit memories grow stronger and stronger over time.
B)implicit memories relate only to actions or skills,not to words.
C)a person can have an implicit memory without having any conscious recognition of a memory.
D)they are the memories most likely to be damaged in people with amnesia.

Question 74

The savings method of testing memory

A)measures whether a person can identify the correct item from a list of choices.
B)measures whether a person relearns faster than he or she learned the first time.
C)requires a person to generate the memory without any hints.
D)can be used only with nonhuman animals.

Question 75

You say you cannot remember the geography you learned in junior high school.Someone tests whether you can relearn it faster than you learned it the first time.Which method of testing memory is this?

A)savings
B)recognition
C)free recall
D)cued recall

Question 76

The savings method of testing memory

A)is similar to the recall method.
B)requires physiological monitoring of brain activity.
C)can be completed in less time than other methods of testing memory.
D)can detect weaker memories than the recall method can.

Question 77

"Once you learn to ride a bicycle,you never forget" is a statement regarding __________ memory.

A)declarative
B)procedural
C)semantic
D)episodic

Question 78

Your friend asks,"What's the name of our chemistry lab instructor? I think it's Kathy or Karen something." If you answer correctly that it is Kathy Katzenjammer,which kind of memory are you displaying?

A)implicit memory
B)source amnesia
C)savings
D)cued recall

Question 79

Two people in the background are discussing Tibet,but you are paying no attention.After they leave,someone asks you what they had been talking about,and you say you don't know.Nevertheless,a few minutes later you start discussing Tibet yourself.What kind of memory are you displaying?

A)procedural
B)implicit
C)explicit
D)savings

Question 80

After you witness a robbery,you have trouble describing the thief.The police show you several photographs and ask whether any of them was the thief.They are checking your memory by which method?

A)implicit memory
B)cued recall
C)savings
D)recognition