Deck 5: Nature,nurture,and Human Development

Question 1

A researcher wishing to study the effects of attachment style in infancy on friendship formation in kindergarten MUST use a longitudinal research design.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A cohort is a group of people born at a particular time or a group of people who enter an organization at a particular time.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A mother gives birth to a pair of twins: one boy and one girl.These twins must be dizygotic.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Researchers have found that exercise programs designed to increase older people's physical activity levels also lead to improvements in their memory and cognition.

Question 5

Tommy tells his mom about an event at preschool in a way that assumes his mom knows what he is talking about.Developmental psychologists would describe Tommy's thinking as egocentric.

Question 6

If monozygotic twins resemble each other on some dimension more than dizygotic twins do,researchers generally conclude there is a genetic basis for that dimension.

Question 7

Teenagers who believe in the "personal fable" are especially likely to be cautious individuals and to avoid taking risks.

Question 8

Selective attrition is a greater problem with longitudinal research than with cross-sectional research.

Question 9

Except for your red blood cells,all of your cells contain a nucleus,which includes strands of hereditary material called chromosomes.

Question 10

Although new mothers may claim that their newborns (less than 3 days old)can recognize the sound of their voice,there is no research evidence to support this claim.

Question 11

Assimilation means applying an old schema to new objects or problems.

Question 12

Both Piaget and Vygotsky implied that we start with infant cognition and eventually attain adult thinking,which we practice from then on.

Question 13

Research on twins separated at birth has led scientists to begin identifying the genes that cause specific behaviors,such as hobbies and other preferences.

Question 14

The patterns of attachment originally found in the United States have been consistently observed in every culture that has been studied.

Question 15

Piaget believed that his four stages represented distinct levels of development,with major changes in thinking from stage to stage.After several decades of research,the vast majority of developmental psychologists would agree with this view.

Question 16

The Strange Situation was developed to measure the attachment style of infants.

Question 17

Being born with a low birthweight causes impaired brain development,leading to academic and behavior problems as the child ages.

Question 18

Piaget called the third stage of intellectual development the sensorimotor stage.

Question 19

Gender differences in play behavior,for example,are much more obvious in groups of boys and groups of girls than they are when individual boys and girls are tested in the laboratory.

Question 20

Temperament remains fairly consistent across the lifespan.

Question 21

Newborns who hear the same sound repeatedly show ____________________,which means ____________________.
habituation,decreasing response.

Question 22

According to Piaget,children in the ____________________ stage of cognitive development lack the concept of object permanence.
sensorimotor

Question 23

In Piaget's terminology,a ____________________ sometimes gets assimilated and sometimes gets accommodated.
schema

Question 24

Psychologists say that a young child lacks,but gradually develops,____________________,which is an understanding that other people have a mind too and that each person knows some things that other people don't know.
theory of mind

Question 25

Genes located on the X chromosome are known as ____________________ genes.
sex-linked or X-linked

Question 26

Sections along each chromosome,known as ____________________,control the chemical reactions that direct development.
genes

Question 27

The research findings point to the conclusion that children placed in day care do worse on a variety of social and cognitive measures compared to children who were not in day care.

Question 28

According to Piaget young children's thought is ____________________.
egocentric

Question 29

Parenting styles tend to be consistent within a family (for example,parents who are authoritarian with their first child tend to be authoritarian with their other children).

Question 30

____________________ twins develop from a single fertilized egg (zygote)and therefore have identical genes.
Monozygotic

Question 31

____________________ is the tendency for certain kinds of people to drop out of a study.
Selective attrition

Question 32

____________________ is the tendency to be active or inactive,outgoing or reserved,and to respond vigorously or quietly to new stimuli.
Temperament

Question 33

Imagine a married couple that has five children.If this family is typical,the research strongly suggests that the oldest (first-born)child will have a higher IQ than the other children in the family.

Question 34

The last of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is the ____________________.
formal operations

Question 35

A ____________________ is a group of people born at a particular time or a group of people who enter an organization at a particular time.
cohort

Question 36

A research design that combines the advantages of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs is known as ____________________.
sequential.

Question 37

An investigator who uses a ____________________ design examines different groups of people at the same time.
cross-sectional

Question 38

A ____________________ study follows a single group of individuals as they develop.
longitudinal

Question 39

Red-green color blindness depends on a recessive gene on the X chromosome.Red-green color blindness is therefore more common in ____________________ than in ____________________.
men,women

Question 40

An indifferent parenting style causes children to be impulsive and out-of-control.

Question 41

Children during Piaget's preoperational stage of development have the concept of ____________________ but not the concept of ____________________.
object permanence,conservation

Question 42

To understand the effects of genes on physical characteristics and behavior,one has to understand the difference between dominant and recessive genes.Define the terms "dominant" and "recessive" in terms of genes.Based on your understanding of genetics,state what color eyes you would have if you had one gene for brown eyes and one gene for blue eyes and explain why?

Question 43

According to ____________________ theory,we cope with our fear of death by avoiding thoughts about death and by affirming a worldview that provides self-esteem,hope,and value in life.
terror-management

Question 44

Define theory of mind and give an example of a situation involving a child that has not yet developed theory of mind.

Question 45

Men have __________ and women have __________ chromosomes.

A)two Y...two X
B)one Y...one X and one Y
C)one X and one Y...two X and one Y
D)one X and one Y...two X

Question 46

An X-linked recessive gene is more likely to exert its effects on __________ than on __________.

A)adults...children
B)children...adults
C)women...men
D)men...women

Question 47

A gene attached to the X chromosome is said to be

A)sex-linked.
B)recessive.
C)sex-limited.
D)autosomal.

Question 48

There are a number of research design methods that are employed to study human development.Briefly define the following types of research design methods: cross-sectional,longitudinal,and sequential designs.Give one example of a weakness of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs and explain how a sequential design attempts to address these limitations.

Question 49

Researchers have studied pairs of twins who were reared in separate homes as children and then reunited as adults.Researchers examined their hobbies,habits,and preferences and found that

A)neither type of twin pair was more similar than the other.
B)dizygotic twins are more similar than monozygotic twins.
C)monozygotic twins are more similar than dizygotic twins.
D)dizygotic twins were physically more similar,but they did not have similar preferences.

Question 50

Researchers often use twins to study whether variation in a given behavior depends more on the variation in genes than on variation in the environment.Define the difference between monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins.If a researcher had two sets of twins (one pair of dizygotic twins and one pair of monozygotic twins)and both sets resembled each other in terms of their sense of humor,what is the researcher likely to conclude about the heritability of that trait?

Question 51

According to Vygotsky,every child has a ____________________,which is the distance between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help.
zone of proximal development

Question 52

Which of the following exerts effects on both men and women,but is more likely to exert its effects in men than in women?

A)an X-linked dominant gene
B)an X-linked recessive gene
C)a Y-linked dominant gene
D)a Y-linked recessive gene

Question 53

Each egg and sperm cell has

A)13 single chromosomes.
B)13 pairs of chromosomes.
C)23 pairs of chromosomes.
D)23 single chromosomes.

Question 54

Why is an X-linked recessive gene more likely to exert effects on males than on females?

A)Females have only one X chromosome.
B)Males have only one X chromosome.
C)Genes on the X chromosome are sex-limited.
D)Males have autosomal genes on their Y chromosome.

Question 55

Genes that affect one sex more strongly than the other,even though both sexes have the genes,are known as

A)autosomal.
B)recessive.
C)sex-limited.
D)sex-linked.

Question 56

A mother gives birth to a set of twins-one boy and one girl.Which of the following MUST be true about these twins?

A)They are monozygotic.
B)They are dizygotic.
C)The boy is physically larger than the girl.
D)The girl was delivered before the boy.

Question 57

Monozygotic twins

A)develop from a single fertilized egg and have identical genes.
B)develop from two eggs and share half their genes.
C)share about 75% of their genes.
D)are twins where one is male and the other is female.

Question 58

A gene is

A)a structure whose sole function is to determine how many pairs of chromosomes a person will have.
B)the chemical basis of heredity,and each gene is made up of many chromosomes.
C)a section of a chromosome that controls development.
D)the molecular basis for denim.

Question 59

An adolescent's concern with decisions about the future and the quest for self-understanding has been called an ____________________.
identity crisis

Question 60

A human nucleus has __________ pairs of __________.

A)12...chromosomes
B)23...chromosomes
C)12...genes
D)23...genes

Question 61

If the variation in some characteristic depends to a large degree on genes,then we should expect to find that

A)dizygotic twins resemble each other more closely than monozygotic twins do.
B)monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins resemble each other equally closely.
C)monozygotic twins who are separated at birth and reared in separate environments resemble each other.
D)adopted children resemble their adoptive parents but not their biological parents.

Question 62

Infants who were identified as "inhibited" at age 4 months have been shown to

A)walk earlier than most other children.
B)begin talking before most other children.
C)be easily frightened when tested 10 months later.
D)be less emotionally responsive than other children when tested 5 months later.

Question 63

Whether a particular child learns to speak English,German,or Portuguese will be determined by his/her __________,so the heritability for spoken language would be __________.

A)genetics...1
B)genetics...0
C)environment...1
D)environment...0

Question 64

Which of the following is generally considered to be evidence in favor of a genetic influence on behavior?

A)Adopted children resemble their adoptive parents more than they resemble their biological parents.
B)Adopted children resemble their biological parents more than they resemble their adoptive parents.
C)Dizygotic twins resemble each other more than monozygotic twins do.
D)Monozygotic twins reared together resemble each other more than monozygotic twins reared apart do.

Question 65

People differ greatly in their tendency to be active or inactive,outgoing or reserved.These tendencies are known as

A)schemata.
B)mood.
C)attitude.
D)temperament.

Question 66

An estimate of the variance within a population that is due to heredity is known as

A)fraternal transfer.
B)identical transfer.
C)heritability.
D)sex-linked variability.

Question 67

Adults who had been initially identified as "inhibited" or "uninhibited" as infants were tested with functional magnetic resonance imaging,a procedure that measures brain activity,while looking at photographs of unfamiliar people.Results of this study showed

A)greater activity in the amygdala of the "inhibited" adults.
B)lower activity in the amygdala of the "inhibited" adults.
C)greater activity in the occipital lobe of the "uninhibited" adults.
D)lower activity in the occipital lobe of the "inhibited" adults.

Question 68

Which of the following contributes to the temperament of an individual?

A)genetics,but not environment
B)environment,but not genetics
C)both genetics and environment
D)neither genetics nor environment

Question 69

Temperament refers to

A)the role each person is expected to play based on being male or female.
B)the way people organize and schematize incoming perceptual information.
C)the mood a person is currently feeling.
D)people's tendency to be active or inactive,outgoing or reserved.

Question 70

A 4-month-old infant displays more kicking,crying,and hand tension than most other infants.This behavior probably indicates

A)a symptom associated with Turner's syndrome.
B)the last,lingering effects of birth trauma.
C)a temperament that may remain consistent over the next 7 years or more.
D)a temporary stage that predicts nothing about later behavior.

Question 71

A gene that controls the ability to metabolize lactose is common in people in some parts of the world and rare in other parts of the world.That gene is largely responsible for variations in the probability that a person will

A)suffer from migraine headaches.
B)enjoy dairy products as an adult.
C)become severely depressed.
D)have trouble sleeping when adjusting to a change in time zones.

Question 72

Which of the following would count as evidence in favor of a genetic influence on a behavior?

A)Dizygotic twins resemble each other in this behavior more than monozygotic twins do.
B)Dizygotic twins resemble each other in this behavior exactly as much as monozygotic twins do.
C)Adopted children resemble their biological parents in this behavior.
D)Children's behaviors resemble those of their mothers more than those of their fathers.

Question 73

Most Asian adults drink little or no milk and seldom eat dairy products.The primary reason is

A)a cultural taboo against dairy products.
B)genetic difference in the taste buds from non-Asians.
C)a lack of availability of dairy products in most Asian countries.
D)genetic differences in digestion.

Question 74

Most evidence about heritability in humans comes from studies of

A)twins and differences among cultures.
B)twins and adopted children.
C)adopted children and cohort differences.
D)cohort differences and differences among cultures.

Question 75

Which of the following is evidence against the view that inherited characteristics are unmodifiable?

A)sex differences in the frequency of color-blindness
B)effects of practice on the ability of humans to curl their tongues lengthwise
C)amount of mobility shown by young gulls vs.young kittiwakes before they can fly
D)the ability of a special diet to prevent mental retardation in children with PKU

Question 76

If Sally is generally outgoing and adventurous while Rachel is more shy and reserved,we would say these two people differ in

A)temperament.
B)mood.
C)gender.
D)self-actualization.

Question 77

A genetic difference is largely responsible for the fact that people in some parts of the world consume more dairy products than do people in other parts of the world.How does that gene affect behavior?

A)by altering the taste buds
B)by altering the structure of the lateral hypothalamus in the brain
C)by altering the metabolism of milk sugars
D)by altering the sense of smell

Question 78

Variations in one gene are known to affect the likelihood that people will consume large amounts of dairy products.The way that gene affects behavior is by influencing

A)the response of taste buds to the sugars and fats of dairy products.
B)the structure of certain parts of the brain responsible for hunger.
C)people's ability to metabolize a sugar found in dairy products.
D)the velocity of action potentials in the nerves controlling salivation.

Question 79

An investigator measures how much various 4-month-old children cry and kick,and later determines how shy or outgoing those children are when they reach age 7 years.The investigator is probably studying

A)temperament.
B)intimacy versus isolation.
C)generativity versus stagnation.
D)initiative versus guilt.

Question 80

Researchers identified some infants as "inhibited" and some as "uninhibited" at the age of 4 months.When these same children were tested again at the age of 7 1/2

A)the differences between the two groups had disappeared.
B)"inhibited" children had actually become more outgoing than the "uninhibited" children.
C)"inhibited" children tended to be fearful,nervous,and shy.
D)"uninhibited" children were more likely to be diagnosed with attention-deficit disorder.