Deck 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments

Question 1

Tina is constantly bothered by worries that others see as exaggerated.There are times that Tina finds herself worrying and she doesn't even know why.Tina has recently begun to take antidepressants,and they have improved her condition.Based on this information,the most appropriate diagnosis for Tina would be generalized anxiety disorder.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

At this point in time,there is strong agreement among psychologists that alcoholism is a disease.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)is effective in treating depression because it helps people to forget depressing memories.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Norbert suffers many negative symptoms of schizophrenia.Norbert is more likely to be given an atypical antipsychotic drug than a traditional antipsychotic.

Question 5

Tom has auditory hallucinations in which he hears voices saying,"cut yourself and die." This is an example of a positive symptom of schizophrenia.

Question 6

The process of addiction changes the organization of several brain areas,including areas involved in motivation and attention.

Question 7

Some people who suffer from the seasonal affective disorder experience periods of depression during the summer months.

Question 8

Avoidance learning offers one good explanation for why phobias are not ordinarily extinguished without treatment.

Question 9

Women are about twice as likely to suffer depression as men.The explanation for this difference that currently has received the strongest research support has to do with the hormonal differences between the sexes.

Question 10

Schizophrenia has been found in all ethnic groups.

Question 11

Rachel and Rhonda are identical twins,and they have each just broken off relationships with their boyfriends.Rachel feels guilty and sad about ending her relationship;Rhonda feels ending her relationship is probably a good decision.According to the research,Rachel and Rhonda are equally likely to develop depression following this same,negative life event.

Question 12

Nearly all drugs that commonly produce addictions stimulate receptors in the hippocampus.

Question 13

Panic disorder is more commonly diagnosed in men than in women.

Question 14

Alfred believes that his wife is trying to poison him so she can collect his life insurance.Alfred is experiencing a delusion of persecution.

Question 15

People diagnosed with schizophrenia typically have two or more personalities that alternate taking control of the body.

Question 16

On the average,antidepressant medications are more effective than the known types of psychotherapy in treating depression.

Question 17

People are not born with phobias.Therefore,there is no genetic predisposition for phobias.

Question 18

Most people with major depression experience sleep abnormalities such as awakening earlier than usual without being able to go back to sleep.

Question 19

There is a stronger genetic basis for Type I alcoholism than there is for Type II alcoholism.

Question 20

Research has demonstrated that monkeys can learn to fear snakes by watching videotapes of other monkeys showing fear of snakes.

Question 21

One reason why phobias are so persistent is that they are related to ____________________,a kind of learning that is very resistant to extinction.
avoidance learning

Question 22

The ____________________,which are fl uid-fi lled cavities in the brain,are larger than normal in people with schizophrenia.
cerebral ventricles

Question 23

____________________ is a useful substitute for morphine and heroin,because it satisfies the craving without disrupting behavior as greatly as morphine and heroin do.
Methadone

Question 24

____________________ antidepressant drugs act (in part)by increasing the number of serotonin,dopamine,and norepinephrine molecules in the synapses.
Tricyclic

Question 25

People with ____________________ are almost constantly plagued by exaggerated worries.
generalized anxiety disorder or
GAD

Question 26

_____________________ is a fear of open or public places.
Agoraphobia

Question 27

Disulfiram,available under the trade name ____________________,is now sometimes used in the treatment of alcoholism,for which it is regarded as only moderately effective.
Antabuse

Question 28

_____________________ is a fear of open or public places.
Agoraphobia

Question 29

One explanation of why people develop fears of some objects more readily than other objects is that we are predisposed to develop fears for items that have been dangerous in our history.This explanation supports a/an _____________________ view of phobias.
evolutionary

Question 30

A ____________________ is an extreme,persistent fear that interferes with normal living.
phobia

Question 31

A repetitive,unwelcome train of thought is known as ____________________.
an obsession

Question 32

Cigarette smokers who switch to "low nicotine" brands tend to smoke ____________________ cigarettes than before and inhale ____________________ deeply.
more,more

Question 33

People who suffer from ____________________ typically enter REM sleep much more quickly than normal after falling asleep.
depression

Question 34

In John B.Watson's analysis of phobia learning,the conditioned stimulus was ____________________ and the unconditioned stimulus was _____________________.
a white rat,a loud noise

Question 35

Addicted drug users rarely get intense pleasure,also called ____________________,from a drug,but they continue to ____________________ anyway.
liking,want it

Question 36

Someone who has periods of depression that alternate with periods of mania is said to have ____________________ condition.
a bipolar or
bipolar

Question 37

People who find it difficult or impossible to quit a self-destructive habit are said to have a ____________________ on it or an ____________________ to it.
dependence,addiction

Question 38

A key symptom of panic disorder is ____________________.
hyperventilation

Question 39

Of all the people who try to quit alcohol or other drugs on their own,an estimated ____________________ manage to succeed,though not necessarily on their first try.
10-20% or
ten to twenty percent

Question 40

Sarah finds herself suffering from depression for about two months almost every winter.Julie may receive a diagnosis of ____________________.
seasonal affective disorder or
SAD

Question 41

Research suggests that those who experience panic attacks may trigger a new panic attack when

A)alcohol and drugs are used.
B)they revisit a situation similar to the one in which the first panic attack occurred.
C)they encounter a snake or spider.
D)they breathe air that is richer than usual in oxygen.

Question 42

Panic disorder is frequently linked with:

A)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B)social phobia.
C)multiple personality.
D)conversion disorder.

Question 43

The widely misunderstood term schizophrenia is based on Greek roots meaning "split mind." To be diagnosed with schizophrenia,according to DSM-IV,someone must exhibit a deterioration of daily activities,including work,social relations,and self-care.He or she must also exhibit at least two additional symptoms out of a list of five possible types of symptoms.Name three of the five symptoms and describe the difference between positive and negative symptoms.

Question 44

Opiates are a class of drugs that are derived from opium and are often used for pain relief.For those who cannot quit using opiates through behavioral treatments,researchers have sought to find a nonaddictive substitute that would satisfy the craving for opiates without harmful side effects.Describe two drugs that have been used to help people who are addicted to opiates.

Question 45

The difference between fear and anxiety is that

A)fear is,by definition,more intense than anxiety.
B)anxiety is,by definition,more intense than fear.
C)anxiety,unlike fear,is generally associated with a specific situation.
D)fear,unlike anxiety,is generally associated with a specific situation.

Question 46

In what way is panic disorder sometimes self-perpetuating?

A)Panic attacks damage the heart,which increases the probability of another panic attack.
B)People who suffer panic attacks are often mistaken for epileptics and given anti-epileptic drugs that increase overall arousal.
C)People who suffer panic attacks are often given tranquilizers that backfire and cause more panic attacks.
D)Worry leads to hyperventilation,which increases the probability of a panic attack.

Question 47

Research suggests that when individuals with panic disorder breathe heavily,they often interpret

A)their breathing as the start of another panic attack,thereby beginning one.
B)the mood of others as hostile,which leads to further depression.
C)ambiguous signals from the environment as part of their delusion.
D)nervous laughter and general anxiety from others as mocking of their heavy breathing.

Question 48

People with panic disorder (PD)have frequent periods of anxiety and occasional attacks of panic-rapid breathing,increased heart rate,chest pains,sweating,faintness,and trembling.One of the possible treatments for panic disorders is cognitive-behavioral therapy.Describe the lessons taught in cognitive-behavioral therapy in terms of panic disorders.

Question 49

Alcoholism is a complex disorder that appears to be influenced by genetic and environmental factors.Twin studies indicate a strong genetic basis for alcoholism and these studies have led researchers to question whether there are multiple types of alcoholism.Describe the two types of alcoholism presented in your chapter.

Question 50

Agoraphobia is a fear of

A)closed places.
B)open or public places.
C)heights.
D)animals.

Question 51

Jeff has occasional periods of chest pains,difficulty in breathing,increased heart rate,sweating,faintness,and dizziness for no apparent reason.From which of these psychological disorders is he most likely to be suffering?

A)schizophrenia
B)obsessive-compulsive disorder
C)depression
D)panic disorder

Question 52

Panic disorder is an emotional disturbance

A)most frequently found in children.
B)found in about 45% of all American adults.
C)found more often in women than in men.
D)found more often in men than in women.

Question 53

Which of the following statements regarding generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)is NOT true?

A)Most people with GAD also suffer from other disorders as well,such as phobias and depression.
B)Antidepressant drugs are an effective treatment for GAD.
C)GAD is found in people who have more life difficulties and therefore have more to worry about.
D)Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been shown to be an effective,and perhaps long-lasting,treatment for GAD.

Question 54

Someone who has generalized anxiety disorder would be most likely to

A)say "I never am able to feel anxious."
B)be constantly plagued by exaggerated worries.
C)experience panic attacks daily.
D)lose access to a particular set of memories.

Question 55

A key symptom of panic disorder is

A)hyperventilation.
B)disordered thinking.
C)language difficulties.
D)delusions.

Question 56

Agoraphobia,an excessive fear of open places or public places,is frequently associated with

A)schizophrenia.
B)somatoform disorder.
C)multiple personality.
D)panic disorder.

Question 57

Therapists often tell those who experience panic attacks

A)not to become dependent on the anti-psychotic medication they take.
B)to be aware of how their panic attacks are embarrassing others around them.
C)that nothing could be worse than experiencing a panic attack in a public place.
D)that they are not losing their mind.

Question 58

Someone who has occasional attacks of greatly increased heart rate,breathing rate,sweating,and trembling,with little or no warning,is said to have:

A)panic disorder.
B)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C)bipolar disorder.
D)a phobia.

Question 59

Those who suffer from panic disorder experience suddenly high arousal

A)and are surprised by it.
B)because of contact with a dangerous stimulus.
C)without characteristic physiological arousal.
D)and a temporary loss of memory.

Question 60

A phobia is an extreme,persistent fear that interferes with normal living.Phobias are often described as irrational due to the excessive degree of the fear,which leads to avoidance behaviors and panic in the presence of the feared object.One common and usually successful type of behavior therapy for phobia is systematic desensitization.Describe how systematic desensitization might be used to treat someone who fears heights.How might this be modified to use virtual reality technology?

Question 61

One major problem for Watson's hypothesis about phobia development is that?

A)systematic desensitization can alleviate most phobias.
B)some people develop stronger phobias than others do.
C)phobias occur in other cultures throughout the world.
D)many people develop phobias without a bad experience with the object.

Question 62

People suffering from panic disorder also have a high probability of suffering from?

A)eating disorders.
B)agoraphobia.
C)substance abuse.
D)memory disorders.

Question 63

Avoidance behaviors are __________ resistant to extinction because they __________.

A)not very...involve high levels of motivation
B)not very...occur only in lower animals
C)very...produce high levels of excitement that interfere with any new learning
D)very...prevent the organism from discovering that the behavior is useless

Question 64

One theoretical problem with Watson's analysis of phobia learning is that

A)many people develop phobias without any painful experience.
B)systematic desensitization often relieves phobias.
C)most people with phobias avoid the object of their phobias.
D)most phobias develop before the age when children start to learn.

Question 65

Comparing phobias and panic disorder one finds that

A)phobic reactions are mild,whereas panic attacks are intense.
B)panic attacks are mild,whereas phobic reactions are intense.
C)phobic reactions involve hyperventilation,whereas panic attacks do not.
D)panic attacks occur at rather unpredictable times,whereas phobic reactions are aroused by some specific object or event.

Question 66

Superstitions,phobias,and obsessive-compulsive disorder all tend to persist for long times,in spite of being useless,because their origin is related to

A)imprinting.
B)operant conditioning with positive reinforcement.
C)avoidance learning.
D)shaping.

Question 67

Superstition,phobia,and obsessive-compulsive disorder all resemble which kind of learning?

A)avoidance learning
B)fixed-ratio responding
C)fixed-interval responding
D)taste-aversion learning

Question 68

An observer monkey that is not afraid of snakes watches another monkey that becomes very afraid when it sees a snake.The observer monkey may or may not become afraid of snakes,depending on

A)whether or not the other monkey screams and makes gestures.
B)whether or not it can see the snake as well as the other monkey.
C)whether it is older or younger than the frightened monkey.
D)whether or not it has ever been bitten by a snake itself.

Question 69

People rarely develop phobias of?

A)open spaces.
B)closed spaces.
C)cars.
D)snakes.

Question 70

It is hard to get rid of superstitions,phobias,and obsessive-compulsive behaviors because they are similar to which kind of learning?

A)avoidance learning
B)conditioned taste aversions
C)fixed-interval operant conditioning
D)short-term memory

Question 71

Which of the following statements regarding the prevalence of phobias is NOT true?

A)As with other anxiety disorders,phobias are more common in women than in men.
B)As with other anxiety disorders,phobias tend to fade as people grow older.
C)About 11% of the U.S.population reports having a phobia at some time in their life.
D)Most people first acquire phobias when they reach middle age.

Question 72

According to one theory,people develop a phobia of an object if they see that object and then feel pain.Evidence against this simple theory includes the fact that

A)many people have phobias of objects with which they have had no unpleasant experiences.
B)systematic desensitization is an effective way of treating phobias.
C)anyone who is successfully treated for one phobia immediately develops another one.
D)the most common objects of phobias are totally harmless objects such as trees and houses.

Question 73

A phobia is best defined as a fear that

A)interferes with normal living.
B)people do not realize they have.
C)is associated with a totally harmless object.
D)occurs at random times and is not associated with any object.

Question 74

The fear of open or public places is known as

A)panic disorder.
B)agoraphobia.
C)social phobia.
D)generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 75

A monkey develops a strong fear of snakes:

A)only if it gets a snake bite itself.
B)only if it gets a snake bite or watches another monkey get bitten.
C)even if it just watches another monkey show fear in response to the snake.
D)only if it is born with a certain gene for snake fear.

Question 76

Suppose you are an experimenter,and you have trained someone to press a lever to avoid shocks.Now you disconnect the shock generator.Other than telling the person what you have done,what procedure would be most successful in facilitating extinction of the lever pressing?

A)Sound a mild buzzer each time an avoidance response was made.
B)Reconnect the shock generator and increase the shock intensity.
C)Keep the person out of the experimental setting for a few days.
D)Prevent the person from pressing the lever.

Question 77

Many or most people with panic disorder tend to avoid

A)large,noisy animals.
B)soft,wet ground.
C)bright,shiny objects.
D)open,public spaces.

Question 78

What was the conditioned response in Watson's Little Albert study?

A)the loud sound
B)the white rat
C)trembling to the loud sound
D)trembling to the white rat

Question 79

The majority of people who suffer from agoraphobia also suffer from

A)conversion disorder.
B)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C)schizophrenia.
D)panic disorder.

Question 80

How can a monkey develop a fear of snakes?

A)A monkey is born with a fear of snakes.
B)A monkey that sees another monkey show fear of snakes develops a fear of snakes.
C)A monkey that learns a fear of anything else immediately generalizes that fear to include snakes.
D)A monkey develops a fear of snakes only after it has been bitten by a snake.