Deck 12: Emotional Behaviors,stress,and Health

Question 1

Women who displayed a Duchenne smile in their college yearbook photos were found to report feeling happy and competent decades after graduation.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Measuring emotional intelligence correctly has proved to be so difficult that contemporary psychologists have basically given up research in this area.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The parasympathetic nervous system consists of neurons whose axons extend from the medulla and the lower part of the spinal cord to neuron clusters near the organs.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

It appears that humans evolved the ability to cry because it reduces tension.

Question 5

Jorge sets a goal for his life: advancing the cause of peace and justice.Jose sets a goal for his life: to make money.According to the research on happiness,Jose is more likely to be happy than Jorge.

Question 6

If violence is defined to include slapping and pushing,etc. ,research on heterosexual couples finds that women commit more acts of violence against men than men commit against women.

Question 7

Psychologists use physiological measurements,such as PET and fMRI scans,to determine which emotion a person is experiencing.

Question 8

The National Academy of Sciences,after reviewing the research on polygraphs,concluded that polygraph tests should not be used for national security clearances.

Question 9

According to the research on happiness,unmarried people are happier than married people.

Question 10

Elaine visualizes receiving an A on her next psychology test.Elizabeth visualizes herself going to the library,organizing her notes and reading the book.Elizabeth is more likely to be successful than Elaine.

Question 11

Giving social support to others tends to improve health outcomes even more than receiving social support.

Question 12

A study asked heterosexual men to rate the attractiveness of swimsuit models.Some of the participants were led to believe the sound they were hearing while viewing the photos was the sound of their heartbeat.Men who believed they were hearing their own heartbeat rated the photos as more attractive.

Question 13

Research has demonstrated that speaking with a therapist as soon as possible after experiencing a trauma reduces the risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Question 14

People are more likely to display facial expressions when they are with other people compared to when they are alone.

Question 15

People who have suffered damage to their amygdala cannot experience the emotion of fear.

Question 16

As a general rule,people are good at detecting when others are lying.

Question 17

People who commit acts of violence typically score low on measures of self-esteem.

Question 18

One of the strongest predictors of who will behave violently is mental illness: people with a history of mental illness are more likely to be violent.

Question 19

The greatest difficulty facing the developers of tests of emotional intelligence is determining what the correct answers are.

Question 20

Most people who experience extremely traumatic events develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Question 21

The ____________________ test,a modified version of the polygraph test,produces more accurate results by asking questions that should be threatening only to someone who knows the facts of a crime that have not been publicized.
guilty-knowledge

Question 22

____________________ psychology is the study of the features that enrich life,such as happiness,hope,creativity,courage,spirituality,and responsibility.
Positive

Question 23

Any stimulus that arouses emotion alters the activity of the ____________________,the section of the nervous system that controls the organs such as the heart and intestines.
autonomic nervous system

Question 24

Psychologists sometimes speak of ____________________,the ability to perceive,imagine,and understand emotions and to use that information in making decisions.
emotional intelligence

Question 25

The ____________________ nervous system prepares you for a burst of vigorous activity,the ____________________ nervous system generally supports nonemergency functions.
sympathetic,parasympathetic

Question 26

The full expression including the muscles around the eyes is called the ____________________.
Duchenne smile

Question 27

Researchers measure changes in the startle reflex as an operational definition of ____________________.
anxiety

Question 28

Based on ____________________ view of emotion,we can predict that drugs or injuries that prevent strong autonomic arousal will weaken emotional experiences.
Schachter's

Question 29

People with ____________________ have little physical response to any event and weak emotions.
pure autonomic failure

Question 30

You are going to show someone a picture that might arouse anger.The experience of anger will probably be greater if you mold the person's face into a ____________________ before showing the picture.
frown

Question 31

In response to prolonged stress,higher amounts of cortisol are released from the ____________________.
adrenal glands

Question 32

Phineas Gage showed little emotion after an iron bar damaged his ____________________.
prefrontal cortex

Question 33

Activity of the ____________________ decreases heart rate and increases digestion.
parasympathetic nervous system

Question 34

Research focusing on recognition of emotional expression suggests that asking people to match facial expressions to a list of emotions in a matching task ____________________ people's accuracy.Asking people to identify emotions from a still photograph ____________________ their real-life emotion recognition abilities.
overestimates,underestimates

Question 35

Brain-damaged patients who show a significant loss of emotional intelligence also show ____________________.
poor judgement

Question 36

Researchers have linked violence to childhood maltreatment in combination with one form of the gene controlling the brain protein ____________________.
MAO

Question 37

The ____________________ theory of emotions claims that the autonomic nervous system leads to emotions.
James-Lange

Question 38

The ____________________ test records indications of sympathetic nervous system arousal,such as blood pressure,heart rate,breathing rate,and electrical conduction of the skin.
polygraph

Question 39

According to Barbara Fredrickson's ____________________ hypothesis of positive emotions,a happy mood increases your readiness to explore new ideas and opportunities.
broaden-and-build

Question 40

Emotions are generally associated with changes in the activity of the ____________________ nervous system.
autonomic

Question 41

The neuron clusters of the sympathetic nervous system:

A)are located within the heart and other internal organs.
B)operate independently of the rest of the nervous system.
C)are located to the left and right of the spinal cord.
D)are attached to the medulla and the lower part of the spinal cord.

Question 42

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems make up the __________ nervous system.

A)somatic
B)central
C)mammalian
D)autonomic

Question 43

Robert is a participant in a study of emotions.He is asked to indicate how happy he feels on a scale from 1 (not at all happy)to 7 (extremely happy).What measurement technique is being used in this study?

A)behavioral observation
B)physiological measurement
C)self report
D)functional phenomenology index

Question 44

Which part of the autonomic nervous system,if any,prepares the body for "fight or flight"?

A)parasympathetic nervous system
B)sympathetic nervous system
C)both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems equally
D)neither the sympathetic nor the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 45

The physiology of emotion refers to:

A)changes that include changes in perception.
B)changes that include increased anger.
C)changes that include increased fist clenching.
D)changes that include increased heart rate.

Question 46

Arousal of the sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for

A)relaxation.
B)digestive activities.
C)vigorous activity.
D)continuation of whatever it is already doing.

Question 47

Activity of the parasympathetic nervous system leads to an increase in

A)sweating.
B)breathing rate.
C)heart rate.
D)digestion.

Question 48

Which of the following statements regarding emotion is TRUE?

A)Emotion has been a popular research topic for as long as psychology has been a science.
B)Although emotion has become a popular research topic,it is very difficult to define.
C)Although emotion is difficult to define,psychologists agree that emotion is unrelated to the concept of motivation.
D)The intensity of an emotion is negatively correlated with the intensity of current motivations.

Question 49

Axons from both the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system extend to the

A)muscles.
B)bones.
C)internal organs.
D)cerebral cortex.

Question 50

Activity of the parasympathetic nervous system leads to an increase in

A)electrical conduction of the skin.
B)digestion.
C)breathing rate.
D)blood pressure.

Question 51

Which part of the nervous system readies the body for "fight or flight" activities?

A)parasympathetic nervous system
B)somatic nervous system
C)peripheral nervous system
D)sympathetic nervous system

Question 52

While we typically think of emotions as an internal experience that is followed by a facial expression representing our emotion,many researchers have questioned whether this is in fact the case.Specifically,researchers have wondered if they could illicit an emotional response by molding a participant's posture and breathing pattern into a pattern typical of a given emotion.Describe what happened in the study illustrated in your text in which participants were made to frown or smile by holding pens in their lips.

Question 53

A micro expression refers to?

A)a very brief,involuntary expression of emotion.
B)any false expression that masks the person's true feelings
C)a self report technique for measuring briefly experienced feeling states.
D)an emotion that is not intensely experienced.

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using self reports to measure emotions?

A)Self reports can be administered quickly.
B)Self report scales have demonstrated validity.
C)Self reports are about the only option available for difficult to observe emotions.
D)Self reports are easy to administer.

Question 55

Psychologists have debated whether or not humans have "basic emotions" and,if so,what constitutes a basic emotion? Describe the three criteria that psychologists generally consider an emotion must meet to be considered as a "basic emotion".

Question 56

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A)It controls the muscles of the face.
B)It controls the muscles of the arms and legs.
C)It readies the body for vigorous emergency actions.
D)It decreases heart rate and promotes digestion.

Question 57

Not all psychologists are convinced that anger,fear,and so forth are psychological "elements." For several reasons many question whether it makes sense to talk about basic emotions at all.Describe the three arguments presented in your text that do not support the concept of "basic emotions."

Question 58

Although emotion is difficult to define,most psychologists would agree that emotion includes the following four dimensions:

A)cognition,feelings,actions,physiology
B)cognition,actions,perceptions,beliefs
C)physiology,phenomenology,phrenology,actions
D)physiology,phrenology,cognition,actions

Question 59

One attempt to use physiological measurement of an emotion for a practical purpose is the polygraph,or lie-detector test.Describe how a polygraph is supposed to work.Explain one limitation in the efficacy of the polygraph test and how polygraph users have attempted to address this limitation.

Question 60

Robert is a participant in a study of emotions.Although he is not aware of it,the psychologist conducting the study is monitoring and recording his facial expressions.What measurement technique is being used in this study?

A)behavioral observation
B)physiological measurement
C)self report
D)functional phenomenology index

Question 61

According to the James-Lange theory,

A)emotional changes cause physiological changes in the body.
B)our perceptions of our body changes contribute to the experience of emotion.
C)females express their emotions more openly,but males experience them just as strongly.
D)the hypothalamus is the most important part of the brain for the experience of emotion.

Question 62

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions,your body's reactions to an event are necessary for

A)the cognitive aspect of an emotion.
B)the feeling aspect of an emotion.
C)only the positive emotions such as joy.
D)only negative emotions such as anger.

Question 63

Which of the following questions might an investigator ask in order to evaluate whether the James-Lange theory is correct?

A)Do people who show greater fear also show greater anger?
B)Do people feel stronger emotions at some times of day than at others?
C)Which occurs first after a stimulus,physiological changes or the experience of emotion?
D)Who shows stronger emotional reactions,men or women?

Question 64

Which of the following observations supports the James-Lange theory?

A)Sometimes people report emotional experiences before their autonomic nervous system begins to respond.
B)Different emotions are associated with somewhat different patterns of autonomic activity.
C)Animals still engage in emotional behaviors after damage to their autonomic nervous system.
D)People with the same autonomic arousal experience different emotions if they are given different instructions.

Question 65

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions,

A)you feel an emotion,then you act.
B)you act,then you feel the emotion.
C)you act,then you appraise the situation
D)you feel an emotion,act,and appraise the situation simultaneously.

Question 66

Different emotions (such as happiness and anger)are associated with

A)autonomic changes of completely different types.
B)identical autonomic changes.
C)autonomic changes that are entirely unpredictable.
D)similar but not identical autonomic changes.

Question 67

Research using brain imaging,such as PET and fMRI,has revealed that:

A)the limbic system controls negative emotions only.
B)the limbic system controls positive emotions only.
C)different emotions activate unique areas of the brain,so these scans indicate what emotion the person is experiencing.
D)different emotions activate some of the same areas of the brain,so these scans cannot indicate what emotion the person is experiencing.

Question 68

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions,

A)your trembling has nothing to do with your feeling afraid.
B)you start trembling and then decide you must be afraid.
C)you feel afraid only when you stop trembling.
D)you have to feel fear of something before you can begin to tremble.

Question 69

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions,

A)emotions and autonomic arousal occur simultaneously but independently of each other.
B)the stronger the autonomic arousal,the weaker the emotion.
C)emotions lead to actions.
D)actions lead to emotions.

Question 70

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions,when you experience an emotion,the order of events is:

A)action...appraisal of the situation...feeling
B)appraisal of the situation...action...feeling
C)appraisal of the situation...feeling...action
D)feeling...appraisal of the situation...action

Question 71

According to common sense,emotions cause body movements and autonomic changes.Which of the following disagrees with common sense on this point?

A)opponent-process theory
B)James-Lange theory
C)frustration-aggression hypothesis
D)activation-synthesis hypothesis

Question 72

One way of stating the James-Lange theory is that

A)emotion depends on activity of the limbic system of the brain.
B)emotional feelings are the perceptions of body movements and autonomic changes.
C)emotional feelings lead to body movements and autonomic changes.
D)performance of difficult tasks is best when arousal is at an intermediate level.

Question 73

In extremely frightening situations people's hearts race,they sweat,and they lose control over bowel and bladder functioning.These responses are due to

A)activation of the sympathetic nervous system and inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system.
B)activation of the parasympathetic nervous system and inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system.
C)simultaneous activation in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
D)simultaneous shutting down of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Question 74

The view that emotions are our perceptions of autonomic changes and body movements is known as the

A)opponent-process theory.
B)James-Lange theory.
C)Schachter and Singer theory.
D)Cannon-Bard theory.

Question 75

According to the James-Lange theory,someone who felt almost no changes in heart rate and other autonomic responses would be likely to feel

A)stronger anger than fear.
B)stronger fear than anger.
C)rapid fluctuations in both fear and anger.
D)relatively weak fear and anger.

Question 76

One type of evidence supporting the James-Lange theory of emotions is that

A)young children have the same facial expressions of emotion as adults.
B)people with pure autonomic failure experience stronger than normal emotions.
C)molding someone's face into a smile or frown enhances the relevant emotion.
D)emotional expressions vary sharply from one culture to another.

Question 77

Your sympathetic nervous system has just been activated.What are you most likely to do?

A)fall asleep
B)breathe harder and perspire
C)slow your breathing and heart rate
D)increase your salivation and digestion rate

Question 78

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions,

A)you tremble because you feel afraid.
B)you feel afraid because you notice yourself trembling.
C)you feel afraid when you stop trembling.
D)your trembling has nothing to do with your feeling afraid.

Question 79

According to the James-Lange theory:

A)emotion is our perception of autonomic changes.
B)frustration leads to aggression.
C)intermediate arousal levels produce the best performance on difficult tasks.
D)the limbic system of the brain is critical for emotional behavior.

Question 80

A tiger is chasing you.You run.You also feel afraid.According to the James-Lange theory of emotions,what is the order of events?

A)You become afraid,which makes you run;your running makes you more afraid,and you run faster;and so on.
B)First you feel afraid;you run away because you are frightened.
C)First you run away;you feel afraid because you are running.
D)Your fear and your running away start at the same time and end at the same time.