Deck 21: Continuity and Change in East Asia, 1400-1800

Question 1

Why was the Great Wall built by the Ming?

A) To mark the empire's northern boundary
B) To protect against the Mongol threat
C) So a road could be built on top of it
D) To prevent an invasion from Tibet

Answer 1

To protect against the Mongol threat

Question 2

By the sixteenth century, Ming publishers began producing what type of books?

A) Books based on Confucian classics
B) Books written in the vernacular
C) Translated foreign texts
D) Books printed on silk paper, a sign of wealth

Answer 2

Books written in the vernacular

Question 3

What ideology spread to the Mongols in 1577?

A) Tibetan Buddhism
B) Red Turban teachings
C) Christianity
D) Confucianism

Answer 3

Tibetan Buddhism

Question 4

The Yuan Grand Canal, which linked Beijing to the Yangzi River, was widened under the Ming to supply which of the following to the capital?

A) Water
B) Soldiers
C) Salt
D) Grain

Question 5

What was Zhu Yuanzhang's adult path to becoming emperor?

A) From tax collector to soldier to emperor
B) From merchant to rebel to emperor
C) From monk to rebel to general to emperor
D) From soldier to rebel to prisoner to emperor

Question 6

Within Beijing was the Forbidden City, which served as what?

A) The government's offices
B) A Buddhist temple
C) The imperial palace
D) A group of imperial tombs

Question 7

In the fifteenth century, the eunuch establishment had become so large that it rivaled what other group?

A) The army
B) The Yuan Dynasty
C) Confucian scholars
D) The civil service

Question 8

What was a major difference between Ming China and Europe?

A) China refused to trade with other cultures.
B) China lacked a hereditary, titled aristocracy.
C) China renounced warfare and the military.
D) Merchants in China were respected and powerful.

Question 9

What was the staple food source of the majority of central and southern China?

A) Fish
B) Wheat
C) Rice
D) Sorghum

Question 10

How were eunuchs viewed by Confucian scholars?

A) With admiration
B) With scorn
C) With pity
D) With indifference

Question 11

How were almost all of the Ming government officials chosen?

A) They were eunuchs and personally loyal to the emperor.
B) They were drawn from the landed aristocracy.
C) They were recruited through civil service examinations.
D) They were relatives of the imperial family.

Question 12

In Ming China, social status was based on which of the following?

A) Land ownership
B) Education
C) Military status
D) Daoist piety

Question 13

Which of these made its first appearance during the Ming period?

A) Full-length novels
B) Comedic plays
C) Epic poems
D) Short stories

Question 14

According to Map 21.3, "East Asia, ca. 1600," what likely attracted the so-called Japanese pirates to the east coast of Asia?

A) It was close in proximity to the trade routes of the East Indies.
B) It provided easy access to Spanish territorial claims.
C) The coastline was home to a major and profitable Portuguese trade route.
D) Taiwan was a major base of operations for wealthy Spanish traders.

Question 15

Named by Zhu Yuanzhang, what does Ming mean?

A) Beautiful
B) Bright
C) Flawless
D) Heavenly

Question 16

The Ming emperor Chengzu (Yongle) moved the capital from Nanjing to where?

A) Shanghai
B) Xi'an
C) Yangzi
D) Beijing

Question 17

Who captured the Chinese emperor in 1449?

A) Europeans
B) Peasants during an uprising
C) Eunuchs in a conspiracy
D) The khan of the western Mongols

Question 18

In 1380, Taizu became convinced that who was plotting to assassinate him?

A) Daoist monks
B) His chancellor
C) Mongol spies
D) Red Turbans

Question 19

When did Zhu Yuanzhang proclaim himself "Taizu," or the Hongwu emperor?

A) When he took control of Nanjing
B) After he assassinated the Mongol emperor
C) Once he defeated the Red Turbans
D) When his armies captured Beijing

Question 20

Which of the following describes the early life of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty?

A) He was the son of a disgraced noble.
B) He was a merchant's son.
C) He was the son of a Mongol general.
D) He was a penniless orphan.

Question 21

During the Ashikaga Shogunate, the government's capital was in what city?

A) Tokyo
B) Kamakura
C) Kyoto
D) Kochi

Question 22

During the civil war, which group of people banded together to hire mercenaries to protect cities?

A) Merchants
B) Monks
C) Samurai
D) Officials

Question 23

One major hardship faced by the Ming was gangs of which of the following?

A) Korean refugees
B) Failed scholars
C) Former soldiers
D) Poor merchants

Question 24

According to Map 21.1, "The Qing Empire, ca. 1800," which people(s) occupied territory that was once the heart of the Ming Empire?

A) Malayo-Polynesian
B) Mongol
C) Turkic
D) Tungusic, Manchu

Question 25

One of the major agricultural innovations was the introduction of what into rice paddies?

A) Algae
B) Fish
C) Fruit trees
D) Terraces

Question 26

Why did the Ming government order the planting of 50 million trees in the Nanjing area in 1391?

A) To promote themselves as Daoist and pro-nature
B) To create new forests in which to settle disruptive peasants
C) To produce lumber for the construction of a fleet
D) To feed the silkworms that provided silk for imperial robes

Question 27

What did the Manchus have in common with the Mongols?

A) They called their leader khan.
B) They had invaded China from the south.
C) They had a strongly hierarchical social structure.
D) They had converted to Tibetan Buddhism.

Question 28

Which of the following was a major feature of Japanese Nō theater?

A) Elaborate costumes and lavish staging
B) Realism that focused on the lives and problems of ordinary people
C) Poetry only, no spoken dialogue
D) Simple staging and stylized gestures and stances

Question 29

During the Japanese civil war in the middle of the sixteenth century, what role did the daimyo have?

A) They allied themselves with the Lotus League.
B) They were appointed by shoguns to help fight rival samurai.
C) They set up a commoner-run government that collected taxes and settled disputes.
D) They were local warlords who operated independently of the government.

Question 30

Which of the following did the Qianlong emperor sometimes do when the Qing treasury became full from trade profits?

A) He gave people free land.
B) He offered rebates to taxpayers.
C) He paid people to not work.
D) He cancelled taxes.

Question 31

How did the daimyo deal with the violence of the civil war?

A) They moved to Kyoto.
B) They built castles surrounded by moats and stone walls.
C) They invited the Portuguese to build forts.
D) They made an alliance against the shogun.

Question 32

The Qing Dynasty was founded by what people?

A) Manchus
B) Mongols
C) Jerchens
D) Yuan

Question 33

What evidence is there in Map 21.1, "The Qing Empire, ca. 1800," of the lasting influence of the Qing Dynasty?

A) The Great Wall
B) The Grand Canal
C) The city of Beijing
D) Vietnam

Question 34

What was used most commonly for money in the Ming period?

A) Paper
B) Silver
C) Copper
D) Rice

Question 35

What military advantage did the Qing have over the Mongols?

A) Cannon
B) Bows
C) Catapults
D) Body armor

Question 36

What were two dominant Chinese exports during the Ming period?

A) Rice and tea
B) Porcelain and silk
C) Opium and sugar
D) Cotton and tobacco

Question 37

Where can the influence of the Tokugawa government be seen in the illustration "Interior View of a Kabuki Theater"?

A) The participants' manner of dress
B) The intricate, multilayer design of the theater
C) The mixture of classes in attendance
D) The absence of actresses on the stage

Question 38

Which of the following referred to units of the Qing army that were composed of soldiers, their families, and slaves?

A) Banners
B) Circles
C) Clans
D) Phalanxes

Question 39

What did Hideyoshi have in common with the Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang?

A) They were from peasant families.
B) They were monks before gaining power.
C) They were scholars as well as soldiers.
D) They were afraid of dying and sought out magic for protection.

Question 40

In the fifteenth century, Japanese Muromachi culture was heavily influenced by which of the following?

A) European absolutism
B) Zen Buddhism
C) Confucian ethics
D) Repeated foreign invasions

Question 41

In a policy reminiscent of France's Louis XIV, how did Tokugawa Ieyasu control the feudal lords?

A) He confiscated their estates.
B) He forced them to periodically reside at his capital.
C) He employed men from the merchant class as government officials.
D) He required them to perform military service.

Question 42

What was the market culture of the Ming like?

Question 43

How did Japan's trade relations evolve between the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries?

A) Trade relations increasingly favored the interests of Portugal.
B) European business accounted for half of the government's annual revenue.
C) The Japanese excluded the British from trade opportunities.
D) Japan's trade relations with Europeans became more limited and restrictive.

Question 44

What factors contributed to the rise in population in Qing China?

Question 45

What was the status of merchants in Tokugawa Japan?

A) They had tremendous influence over the shogun.
B) They had the right to one-third of all tax-rice in the cities.
C) They had no relationships with the daimyo.
D) They had economic wealth but no political power.

Question 46

What factors limited the success of Christian missionaries in China and Japan?

Question 47

Describe the voyages of Zheng He. What was their purpose, and were they successful?

Question 48

Under the Tokugawa, how were the roles of many daimyo transformed?

A) Many daimyo became wealthy merchants.
B) War and poverty turned many daimyo into rural peasants.
C) To atone for their violence, many daimyo became Shinto priests.
D) Many daimyo became idle urban consumers.

Question 49

Although the shoguns forbade travel by commoners, commoners could get permission to do which of the following?

A) Go on a pilgrimage
B) Visit relatives in China
C) Work on someone else's farm
D) Travel in search of different prices for goods

Question 50

What forces encouraged the growth of cities under the Tokugawa?

Question 51

Was divorce possible among the peasant classes in Tokugawa Japan?

A) Yes; it was available to both men and women.
B) No; it was essentially nonexistent.
C) It was possible for men but widely condemned by Buddhist priests.
D) Yes, but it was an option only husbands could exercise.

Question 52

What role did education play in Ming society and government?

Question 53

During the Edo period, which remained an important trading partner for Japan?

A) Portugal
B) China
C) Korea
D) Mongolia

Question 54

In 1557, where did the Chinese allow the Portuguese to set up a trading base?

A) Macao
B) Shanghai
C) Canton
D) Hong Kong

Question 55

What Mongol practices did Taizu retain in his new Ming empire?

Question 56

What role did the daimyo play in shaping the politics of Japan in the late Ashikaga era?

Question 57

How does this illustration reflect common perceptions of clothing during the Edo period?

A) Females were expected to always adorn themselves with fans.
B) Patterns and colors were of special interest during the Edo period.
C) People preferred only modest variations of color in their clothing.
D) Perceptions of clothing during the Edo period differed very little from past eras.

Question 58

What kinds of books were popular in the Ming period? What does this reveal about Ming culture in general?

Question 59

Hideyoshi's great sword hunt of 1588 disarmed which class?

A) Samurai
B) Daimyo
C) Mercenaries
D) Farmers

Question 60

Was Macartney's mission to China a success? Why or why not?

Question 61

Use the following to answer questions :
daimyo

A)The Chinese dynasty in power from 1368 to 1644; it marked a period of vibrant urban culture.
B)A highly competitive series of written tests held at the prefecture, province, and capital levels in China to select men to become officials.
C)The dynasty founded by the Manchus that ruled China from 1644 to 1911.
D)Units of the Manchu army, composed of soldiers, their families, and slaves.
E)A type of Japanese theater performed on a bare stage by one or two actors wearing brilliant brocade robes, one actor wearing a mask. The performers conveyed emotions and ideas as much through gestures, stances, and dress as through words.
F)Regional lords in Japan, many of whom were self-made men.
G)The Japanese government in Edo founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It lasted from 1603 to 1867.
H)Arrangement in which Japanese lords were required to live in Edo every other year and left their wives and sons there as hostages to the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Question 62

Compare and contrast the Qing Dynasty in China with the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan. How do they reflect their respective societies?

Question 63

Use the following to answer questions :
Tokugawa Shogunate

A)The Chinese dynasty in power from 1368 to 1644; it marked a period of vibrant urban culture.
B)A highly competitive series of written tests held at the prefecture, province, and capital levels in China to select men to become officials.
C)The dynasty founded by the Manchus that ruled China from 1644 to 1911.
D)Units of the Manchu army, composed of soldiers, their families, and slaves.
E)A type of Japanese theater performed on a bare stage by one or two actors wearing brilliant brocade robes, one actor wearing a mask. The performers conveyed emotions and ideas as much through gestures, stances, and dress as through words.
F)Regional lords in Japan, many of whom were self-made men.
G)The Japanese government in Edo founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It lasted from 1603 to 1867.
H)Arrangement in which Japanese lords were required to live in Edo every other year and left their wives and sons there as hostages to the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Question 64

Use the following to answer questions :
civil service examinations

A)The Chinese dynasty in power from 1368 to 1644; it marked a period of vibrant urban culture.
B)A highly competitive series of written tests held at the prefecture, province, and capital levels in China to select men to become officials.
C)The dynasty founded by the Manchus that ruled China from 1644 to 1911.
D)Units of the Manchu army, composed of soldiers, their families, and slaves.
E)A type of Japanese theater performed on a bare stage by one or two actors wearing brilliant brocade robes, one actor wearing a mask. The performers conveyed emotions and ideas as much through gestures, stances, and dress as through words.
F)Regional lords in Japan, many of whom were self-made men.
G)The Japanese government in Edo founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It lasted from 1603 to 1867.
H)Arrangement in which Japanese lords were required to live in Edo every other year and left their wives and sons there as hostages to the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Question 65

Although the Tokugawa shoguns attempted to freeze Japanese society in a single mold, in reality there was rapid social and economic change. Explain.

Question 66

Use the following to answer questions :
Qing Dynasty

A)The Chinese dynasty in power from 1368 to 1644; it marked a period of vibrant urban culture.
B)A highly competitive series of written tests held at the prefecture, province, and capital levels in China to select men to become officials.
C)The dynasty founded by the Manchus that ruled China from 1644 to 1911.
D)Units of the Manchu army, composed of soldiers, their families, and slaves.
E)A type of Japanese theater performed on a bare stage by one or two actors wearing brilliant brocade robes, one actor wearing a mask. The performers conveyed emotions and ideas as much through gestures, stances, and dress as through words.
F)Regional lords in Japan, many of whom were self-made men.
G)The Japanese government in Edo founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It lasted from 1603 to 1867.
H)Arrangement in which Japanese lords were required to live in Edo every other year and left their wives and sons there as hostages to the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Question 67

Use the following to answer questions :
Nō theater

A)The Chinese dynasty in power from 1368 to 1644; it marked a period of vibrant urban culture.
B)A highly competitive series of written tests held at the prefecture, province, and capital levels in China to select men to become officials.
C)The dynasty founded by the Manchus that ruled China from 1644 to 1911.
D)Units of the Manchu army, composed of soldiers, their families, and slaves.
E)A type of Japanese theater performed on a bare stage by one or two actors wearing brilliant brocade robes, one actor wearing a mask. The performers conveyed emotions and ideas as much through gestures, stances, and dress as through words.
F)Regional lords in Japan, many of whom were self-made men.
G)The Japanese government in Edo founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It lasted from 1603 to 1867.
H)Arrangement in which Japanese lords were required to live in Edo every other year and left their wives and sons there as hostages to the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Question 68

Use the following to answer questions :
banners

A)The Chinese dynasty in power from 1368 to 1644; it marked a period of vibrant urban culture.
B)A highly competitive series of written tests held at the prefecture, province, and capital levels in China to select men to become officials.
C)The dynasty founded by the Manchus that ruled China from 1644 to 1911.
D)Units of the Manchu army, composed of soldiers, their families, and slaves.
E)A type of Japanese theater performed on a bare stage by one or two actors wearing brilliant brocade robes, one actor wearing a mask. The performers conveyed emotions and ideas as much through gestures, stances, and dress as through words.
F)Regional lords in Japan, many of whom were self-made men.
G)The Japanese government in Edo founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It lasted from 1603 to 1867.
H)Arrangement in which Japanese lords were required to live in Edo every other year and left their wives and sons there as hostages to the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Question 69

Use the following to answer questions :
alternate residence system

A)The Chinese dynasty in power from 1368 to 1644; it marked a period of vibrant urban culture.
B)A highly competitive series of written tests held at the prefecture, province, and capital levels in China to select men to become officials.
C)The dynasty founded by the Manchus that ruled China from 1644 to 1911.
D)Units of the Manchu army, composed of soldiers, their families, and slaves.
E)A type of Japanese theater performed on a bare stage by one or two actors wearing brilliant brocade robes, one actor wearing a mask. The performers conveyed emotions and ideas as much through gestures, stances, and dress as through words.
F)Regional lords in Japan, many of whom were self-made men.
G)The Japanese government in Edo founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It lasted from 1603 to 1867.
H)Arrangement in which Japanese lords were required to live in Edo every other year and left their wives and sons there as hostages to the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Question 70

Between 1400 and 1800, both China and Japan came into increasing contact with Europe. How did each society respond to the increased European presence? How successful were China and Japan in controlling the impact of Europeans on their society?

Question 71

Historians describe Japanese society as "feudalistic." What were the key features of Japanese feudalism? How did feudalism affect the nation's social, political, and economic development?

Question 72

Use the following to answer questions :
Ming Dynasty

A)The Chinese dynasty in power from 1368 to 1644; it marked a period of vibrant urban culture.
B)A highly competitive series of written tests held at the prefecture, province, and capital levels in China to select men to become officials.
C)The dynasty founded by the Manchus that ruled China from 1644 to 1911.
D)Units of the Manchu army, composed of soldiers, their families, and slaves.
E)A type of Japanese theater performed on a bare stage by one or two actors wearing brilliant brocade robes, one actor wearing a mask. The performers conveyed emotions and ideas as much through gestures, stances, and dress as through words.
F)Regional lords in Japan, many of whom were self-made men.
G)The Japanese government in Edo founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It lasted from 1603 to 1867.
H)Arrangement in which Japanese lords were required to live in Edo every other year and left their wives and sons there as hostages to the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Question 73

Weigh the accomplishments and behavior of Zhu Yuanzhang to determine whether or not China benefited from his rule.