Deck 3: Matter and Minerals

Question 1

Which one of the following is NOT true for minerals?

A)They can be identified by characteristic physical properties.
B)They can be a liquid, solid, or gas.
C)They have a specific, predictable chemical composition.
D)They have a specific, internal, crystalline structure.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

exhibit a sheet- like silicate structure.

A)Pyroxenes
B)Feldspars
C)Clays
D)Carbonates

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Each atom of the same element, zinc for example, has the same number of .

A)electrons in the nucleus
B)electrons in the valence bond level
C)neutrons in the outer nuclear shell
D)protons in the nucleus

Answer 3

D

Question 4

denote positively charged, nuclear particles.

A)Neutrons
B)Isotrons
C)Electrons
D)Protons

Question 5

Which of the following minerals is a ferromagnesian silicate?

A)hornblende
B)muscovite
C)quartz
D)orthoclase

Question 6

How many elements compose the majority of rock- forming minerals?

A)4
B)6
C)8
D)10

Question 7

How do the electrons behave in a mineral with metallic bonding?

A)They can move relatively easily from atom to atom inside the mineral.
B)They are tightly bound to certain atoms and cannot readily move.
C)They move to adjacent negative ions, forming positive ions.
D)They react with protons to make neutrons in the outer valence shells.

Question 8

The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as .

A)streak
B)cracking luster
C)crystal form
D)cleavage

Question 9

Which common nonsilicate mineral is used in wallboard?

A)halite
B)bentonite
C)pyrite
D)gypsum

Question 10

A(n)is not a fundamental particle found in atoms.

A)neutron
B)proton
C)selectron
D)electron

Question 11

Why does garnet have less silicon than quartz?

A)As more silicon atoms are shared in a silicate polymer, the percentage of silicon increases.
B)Garnet has a three- dimensional structure.
C)As more oxygen atoms are shared in a silicate polymer, the percentage of silicon increases.
D)A and C

Question 12

In which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms?

A)ionic
B)covalent
C)subatomic
D)isotopic

Question 13

Which of the following minerals is a silicate?

A)halite
B)hematite
C)calcite
D)muscovite

Question 14

All silicate minerals contain and .

A)iron; silicon
B)silicon; oxygen
C)oxygen; carbon
D)silicon; sodium

Question 15

What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight?

A)oxygen
B)sodium
C)carbon
D)chlorine

Question 16

Ruby and sapphire are red and blue forms of the mineral .

A)emerald
B)diamond
C)corundum
D)turquoise

Question 17

Which of the following minerals is in the mineral group known as mica?

A)orthoclase
B)augite
C)olivine
D)muscovite

Question 18

What are the lightest or least massive of the fundamental atomic particles?

A)protons
B)neutrons
C)uranium nuclei
D)electrons

Question 19

The ion at the center of a silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by .

A)4 sodium ions
B)6 sodium ions
C)6 oxygen ions
D)4 oxygen ions

Question 20

Which of the following is an accurate description of ionic bonding?

A)Nuclei of two different atoms share electrons, and the resulting compound is tightly bonded by the very strong, induced, electronuclear bonds.
B)Atoms of two different elements share electrons and protons; the resulting compound is bonded together by the strong, binding energy of shared protons.
C)Atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, form negative and positive ions that are bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite charges.
D)Nuclei of bonding atoms exchange electrons; the resulting ions are bonded together by the attractive forces between the negative and positive nucleons.

Question 21

has the highest specific gravity.

A)Water
B)Quartz
C)Wood
D)Gold

Question 22

Which one of the following is a typical product of weathering?

A)micas
B)clays
C)feldspars
D)ferromagnesians

Question 23

What is the name of the dark- colored mica?

A)olivine
B)quartz
C)biotite
D)calcite

Question 24

What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature?

A)diamond
B)silicate
C)native gold
D)muscovite

Question 25

Silicate minerals polymerize to form a variety of structures. Three- dimensional structures have silicon than those composed of independent tetrahedra.

A)less
B)more

Question 26

A denotes the purity of gold used in jewelry.

A)carette
B)carnot
C)karat
D)carlot

Question 27

A cubic centimeter of quartz, olivine, and gold weigh 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 grams respectively. This indicates that .

A)gold and olivine are silicates, quartz is elemental silicon
B)gold is 6 to 7 times harder than olivine and quartz
C)olivine and quartz powders are harder than metallic gold
D)gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine

Question 28

What in the name given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction?

A)nucleon
B)ion
C)isotope
D)molecule

Question 29

Gold's tenacity can be described as .

A)sectile
B)brittle
C)malleable
D)elastic

Question 30

Which mineral is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2)?

A)olivine
B)diamond
C)quartz
D)calcite

Question 31

Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock?

A)A rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement; a mineral is a consolidated aggregate of different rock particles.
B)In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains.
C)A rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks.
D)A mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock, the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern.

Question 32

Cell phones are often recycled to collect gold and other metals from them. This is profitable because .

A)the demand for the precious metals has increased.
B)technological advances allow the metals to be extracted more efficiently.
C)it is a renewable resource.
D)A and B
E)B and C

Question 33

Which of the following best characterizes ferromagnesian silicates?

A)They are mostly clear, colorless, and rich in the elements magnesium and ferrium.
B)They contain iron and magnetite, are black in color, and they have metallic lusters.
C)They contain magnetite and ferroite, and they are clear to light green.
D)They are black to dark- green silicate minerals containing iron and magnesium.

Question 34

Which of the following describes the light reflecting characteristics of a mineral?

A)color streak
B)virtual absorption
C)luster
D)fluorescence

Question 35

How does one classify a nonsilicate mineral group?

A)negatively charged ion or complex ion
B)positively charged ion or complex ion
C)silicon tetrahedra

Question 36

reacts readily with acids such as hydrochloric.

A)Quartz
B)Diamond
C)Talc
D)Calcite

Question 37

An atom's mass number is 14 and its atomic number is 7. How many neutrons are in its nucleus?

A)21
B)7
C)6
D)14

Question 38

Hornblende and the other amphiboles have what type of silicate structure?

A)3- D framework
B)metallic
C)sheet
D)double chains

Question 39

Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth's crust?

A)chlorides
B)sulfides
C)silicates
D)carbonates

Question 40

is not a mineral.

A)Oxygen
B)Gold
C)Halite
D)Calcite

Question 41

What is the smallest particle of matter that exhibits and defines the distinctive chemical characteristics of the individual elements?

Question 42

What is the dominant form of chemical bonding exhibited by minerals such as native gold, native copper and copper- rich sulfides?

Question 43

Moh's scale is a relative measure of which physical property of minerals?

Question 44

The physical property denoting a mineral's tendency to crack along parallel, planar surfaces is known as what?

Question 45

Considering the composition and structure of Earth discussed in chapter 1, do you think all of the possible silicate (and even mineral)structures have been identified by scientists? Discuss why or why not. Also, does this same reasoning apply to all possible chemical elements of Earth?

Question 46

What mineral group forms by the breakdown and weathering of rock- forming silicate minerals and are important constituents of soils?

Question 47

A compound is a stable chemical substance composed of two or more what?

Question 48

Based on the brief discussion of chemistry and chemical bonding in chapter 3, why do minerals rarely exhibit pure chemical compositions (100% always the same chemical composition)?

Question 49

Parallel, straight, linear imperfections visible on the cleavage surfaces of plagioclase feldspar are called what?

Question 50

In atoms, which electrons are involved in chemical bonding?

Question 51

Which one of the following is a sodium and calcium feldspar with striations?

A)plagioclase
B)sanidine
C)orthoclase
D)microcline

Question 52

What two major characteristics differentiate minerals from the noble gases?

Question 53

What is the hardest mineral known?

Question 54

Overall, the physical properties of minerals provide a reliable means to identify common minerals. However, certain properties can exhibit a range of characteristics or values making them less useful for identification purposes. Choose three physical properties that might vary considerably between samples of the same mineral and explain why such variability would exist.

Question 55

Most glasses and some minerals exhibit a type of fracture characterized by nested and curved, cracked surfaces. What term describes this property?

Question 56

What is the chemical composition of graphite and diamond?

Question 57

What physical property denotes the color of a powdered mineral?