Deck 1: An Introduction to Lifespan Development

Question 1

Approximately how many babies have been born through in vitro fertilization (IVF)?

A)15000
B)150000
C)1.5 million
D)15 million

Answer 1

1.5 million

Question 2

A developmental researcher who is interested in studying which senses are used most often by a child would be studying ___________ development.

A)social
B)physical
C)personality
D)cognitive

Answer 2

physical

Question 3

A shared notion of reality that is widely accepted but is a function of society and culture at a given time is/are called

A)topical areas of lifespan development.
B)social construction.
C)age ranges.
D)social development.

Answer 3

social construction.

Question 4

A lifespan developmentalist whose topical focus is the body's makeup is interested in _____ development.

A)cognitive
B)physical
C)personality
D)social

Question 5

The vast majority of the field of lifespan development focuses on

A)nonhuman species.
B)test tube babies.
C)biological and environmental development.
D)human development.

Question 6

Researchers in the early learning department of a university are conducting a long-term study to see how problem-solving skills change over time as school-age students move from elementary school to high school to college.What type of development are the researchers most likely studying?

A)cognitive
B)personality
C)social
D)physical

Question 7

_______ development is the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behaviour that occur throughout the entire lifespan.

A)Biological
B)Lifespan
C)Psychological
D)Research

Question 8

The concept of childhood as a special period did not exist during the ________ century.

A)sixteenth
B)seventeenth
C)nineteenth
D)twentieth

Question 9

A student reads a flyer on the campus bulletin board that says a researcher is searching for students to volunteer for a long-term study.Participation includes completing testing that measures traits such as temperament, attitudes, and adaptability, traits that differentiate one person from another.The researcher who is developing this study is most likely interested in ___________ development.

A)personality
B)social
C)cognitive
D)physical

Question 10

If a developmental researcher is studying the intellectual consequences of watching television, which developmental area is the researcher studying?

A)social
B)physical
C)cognitive
D)personality

Question 11

A researcher is interested in conducting a study to determine whether people who experienced a devastating event, such as a house fire where the family lost everything, perform differently on problem solving tasks long afterwards.This researcher is interested in the ________ development of the subject(s).

A)personality
B)social
C)cognitive
D)physical

Question 12

Researchers who use intellectual (IQ) testing as part of their research project with elementary age students are likely to be researching _________ development.

A)personality
B)cognitive
C)social
D)physical

Question 13

_________ development involves the way in which individuals' interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change and remain stable over the course of life.

A)Cognitive
B)Physical
C)Personality
D)Social

Question 14

Which of the following subjects would be studied by a developmental psychologist?

A)Investigating whether influences on an unborn fetus can affect its behaviour after birth.
B)Investigating whether studying regularly or immediately before a test improves test scores.
C)Completing a cross-sectional study comparing males' and females' eye-hand coordination.
D)Examining how the presence of other people affects the amount of money donated to charity.

Question 15

In its study of growth, change, and stability, lifespan development takes a(n) ______ approach.

A)intuitive
B)scientific
C)social
D)environmental

Question 16

A researcher working with CFL players is conducting a longitudinal study to examine an athlete's decline in physical performance as the athlete ages.What type of development would the researcher most likely be studying?

A)cognitive
B)personality
C)physical
D)social

Question 17

What type of lifespan developmentalist is interested in how a person who experiences a significant or traumatic event early in life would remember that event later in life?

A)physical
B)social
C)cognitive
D)personality

Question 18

Lifespan developmentalists typically look at which of the following areas?

A)a particular family
B)a particular age range
C)a particular town/city
D)a particular country

Question 19

Developmentalists generally agree with which of the following statements?

A)Human development is almost exclusively determined by nature
B)Human development is almost exclusively determined by nurture
C)Human development is always determined by a unique combination of nature and nurture.
D)We do not currently have enough information to determine the roles of nature and nurture.

Question 20

________ development involves the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behaviour.

A)Cognitive
B)Physical
C)Personality
D)Social

Question 21

Some theorists see human development as moving from one distinct stage to another, often suddenly.Which developmental pattern does this reflect?

A)discontinuous change.
B)continuous change.
C)critical period.
D)sensitive period.

Question 22

Biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment are called _______ influences.

A)age-graded
B)history-graded
C)biological
D)environmental

Question 23

__________ is an example of a biological universal event that occurs at relatively the same time throughout all societies.

A)Young adulthood
B)Puberty
C)Adulthood
D)Death

Question 24

When discussing developmental diversity, what characteristic of good parenting do Mayan mothers consider essential?

A)laying their infants down
B)maintaining constant contact between themselves and their infant children
C)providing constant nourishment of their children
D)allowing their infants to cry

Question 25

Alice's symptoms of menopause include hot flashes and cessation of her monthly menstrual cycle.Alice's doctor tells her she is experiencing a(n)

A)non-normative life event.
B)age-graded influence.
C)history-graded influence.
D)sociocultural-graded influence.

Question 26

Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behaviour that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behaviour at earlier stages is called _________ change.

A)discontinuous
B)continuous
C)critical
D)natural

Question 27

When Allison was completing her medical forms in the doctor's office, she was asked to indicate her race.What may be an appropriate reason(s) for the question on the forms?

A)to establish her skin colour
B)to establish her ethnic/cultural heritage
C)to establish her religion
D)to establish biological factors that may predispose her to certain diseases or conditions

Question 28

Walter is a student who is about to graduate from college.What age would hold the most significance in his life?

A)when he finished his third year of high school at age 17
B)when he turned 20 years of age
C)when he leaves college and enters the workforce at age 22
D)no specific age, because of individual differences and cultural influences

Question 29

A group of people who are born around the same time and place is called a(n)

A)race.
B)cohort.
C)ethnic group.
D)normative group.

Question 30

Race is what kind of a concept?

A)cognitive
B)cultural
C)biological
D)social

Question 31

According to developmentalists, at what age does young adulthood begin?

A)16
B)18
C)20
D)21

Question 32

Consider a situation where a woman comes down with a case of rubella (German measles) in the eleventh week of pregnancy, as opposed to the thirtieth week of pregnancy.The difference in the way rubella would affect the unborn child at these two times is an example of

A)continuous change.
B)discontinuous change.
C)critical period.
D)sensitive period.

Question 33

People who lived in areas affected by the widespread power outages of 2003 shared challenges that are called ________ effects.

A)biological
B)environmental
C)cohort
D)Millennial Generation

Question 34

In ____________, each stage is _______________.

A)discontinuous change; distinct.
B)continuous change; distinct.
C)distinct change; discontinuous.
D)distinct change; gradual.

Question 35

Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of where they are raised, are called ______influences.

A)age-graded
B)history-graded
C)biological
D)environmental

Question 36

In ___________, development is ________, with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels.

A)discontinuous change; distinct
B)continuous change; gradual
C)discontinuous change; gradual
D)continuous change; distinct

Question 37

Which period is considered a social construction and does not have a clear-cut boundary?

A)infancy begins with birth
B)adolescence starts with sexual maturity
C)middle adulthood ends with retirement
D)preschool period ends with entry into public school

Question 38

When social and cultural factors affect an individual at a particular time and include variables such as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership, these factors are called

A)age-graded influences.
B)non-normative life events.
C)history-graded influences.
D)sociocultural-graded influences.

Question 39

Biological and environmental factors that are associated with a certain historical event, such as the Quebec sovereignty referendum of 1995, can be considered

A)age-graded influences.
B)history-graded influences.
C)sociocultural-graded influences.
D)non-normative life events.

Question 40

The concept of race is exceedingly imprecise because

A)there are well over 300 genetically distinct races.
B)there are no known genetic markers that indicate race.
C)the question of race seems comparatively insignificant because 99.9 percent of humans' genetic makeup is identical.
D)surnames often best reflect different races and ethnic groups.

Question 41

Changes in bone density and muscle composition that are due to automatic, genetic processes are known as

A)nurture.
B)maturation.
C)environmental influences.
D)conception.

Question 42

The predetermined unfolding of genetic information is known as

A)nurture.
B)influences of the physical and social environment.
C)maturation.
D)conception.

Question 43

Genetically-determined traits not only directly influence a child's ______, but also indirectly shape the child's _________.

A)behaviour; environment
B)environment; behaviour
C)maturation; circumstances
D)circumstances; personality

Question 44

Advocates of the __________ perspective believe that much of behaviour is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control.

A)psychodynamic
B)psychosocial
C)behavioural
D)psychosexual

Question 45

According to the textbook, which statement best reflects how many researchers view the nature-nurture question?

A)Nature is clearly dominant in most cases.
B)Nurture is clearly dominant in most cases.
C)Both sides should be considered because most behaviours fall somewhere in between.
D)Neither side should be considered because most behaviours are not explained by either factor.

Question 46

Research on infant brain development shows that some brain functions, such as motor coordination and sensory acuity, are most able to develop during key periods of infancy although later experience is still able to refine these brain functions.This is called a

A)discontinuous change.
B)continuous change.
C)sensitive period.
D)critical period.

Question 47

In a ______, organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences.

A)sensitive period
B)continuous change
C)critical period
D)discontinuous change

Question 48

Freud believed that the _________ contains infantile wishes, desires, demands, and needs that are hidden from conscious awareness because they are disturbing.

A)superego
B)id
C)ego
D)unconscious

Question 49

Early developmentalists focused their attention on

A)infancy to preschool years.
B)preschool to adolescence.
C)infancy and adolescence.
D)adolescence and adulthood.

Question 50

The psychodynamic perspective is closely associated with

A)Freud.
B)Erikson.
C)Skinner.
D)Piaget.

Question 51

"Nature" refers to

A)traits, abilities, and capacities inherited from parents.
B)biological forces within the environment that affect change.
C)how people's growth and change are affected at the cellular level.
D)socioeconomic surroundings that affect people's growth and change.

Question 52

A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally is called

A)discontinuous change.
B)continuous change.
C)critical period.
D)natural change.

Question 53

According to the textbook, which statement best reflects how many researchers view the scope of human development?

A)It is limited to infancy and early childhood.
B)It is limited to infancy, childhood, and adolescence.
C)It is limited to adolescence and young adulthood.
D)It occurs throughout the lifespan.

Question 54

Broad, organized explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest are called _________________ and provide a framework for understanding the relationships among an unorganized set of facts or principles.

A)concepts
B)hypotheses
C)theories
D)perspectives

Question 55

Wilma used both cocaine and alcohol during her pregnancy.This __________ influence is known as ________.

A)biological; nurture
B)biological; nature
C)biological; maturation
D)social; nature

Question 56

Environmental influences that shape behaviour are referred to as

A)nurture.
B)maturation.
C)nature.
D)social evolution.

Question 57

Which of the following answer choices suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behaviour?

A)psychosexual development
B)pleasure principle
C)reality principle
D)psychoanalytic theory

Question 58

Sigmund Freud is responsible for revolutionary ideas and the __________ theory.

A)behavioural
B)psychoanalytic
C)phallic
D)reality

Question 59

Freud proposed a theory that suggests that unconscious forces act to influence personality and behaviour.This is called the ______ perspective.

A)psychosocial
B)psychosexual
C)psychoanalytic
D)behavioural

Question 60

What issue is the most prominent in lifespan development?

A)Identifying which stages of a person's lifespan are the most important
B)Determining how much of a person's behaviour is due to their genetically-determined nature, and how much is determined by environmental influences
C)Identifying the historical roots of lifespan development
D)Establishing how are developmental research studies are developed

Question 61

Adults engaging in excessive eating, talking, or chewing gum may be experiencing a(n) __________ fixation.

A)anal
B)oral
C)phallic
D)psychosexual

Question 62

Thom is an adolescent who has an awareness of uniqueness of self and knowledge of roles to be followed.He can be said to have passed through Erikson's ________ stage of psychosocial development.

A)trust vs.mistrust
B)initiative vs.guilt
C)industry vs.inferiority
D)identity vs.role diffusion

Question 63

Freud believed that the ego operates on the

A)unconscious.
B)reality principle.
C)pleasure principle.
D)conscious.

Question 64

If a child develops into a person who integrates into society and maintains a good awareness of personal safety, Freud may say that person has a well-developed

A)id.
B)superego.
C)consciousness.
D)ego.

Question 65

Jerry is 53 years old.According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which of the following would be the key crisis for him during this stage of life?

A)Developing a sense of competence in his abilities
B)Understanding his unique identity and sense of self
C)Developing close and intimate relationships
D)Contributing positively to future generations

Question 66

The ________ is Freud's representation of the distinction between right and wrong.

A)ego
B)id
C)superego
D)unconscious

Question 67

Freud believed that the goal of the pleasure principle was to

A)reduce satisfaction and maximize tension.
B)maximize satisfaction and reduce tension.
C)reduce inhibition and maximize unconscious awareness.
D)increase inhibition and reduce unconscious awareness.

Question 68

According to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part is called

A)psychosexual development.
B)the psychosexual approach.
C)the psychoanalytic theory.
D)the psychoanalytical approach.

Question 69

As Warren looks back over his long life, he feels a sense of unity in his life's accomplishments.He can be said to be in Erikson's ________ stage of psychosocial development.

A)industry vs.inferiority
B)ego-integrity vs.despair
C)identity vs.role diffusion
D)generativity vs.stagnation

Question 70

Freud believed that the _____ is the part of the personality that is rational and reasonable.

A)id
B)superego
C)conscious
D)ego

Question 71

According to Freud, which part of everyone person's personality operates according to the "pleasure principle"?

A)unconscious
B)ego
C)superego
D)id

Question 72

Kimberly is a young woman who has a fear of relationships with others.She can be said to have had a negative outcome in Erikson's ________ stage of psychosocial development.

A)initiative vs.guilt
B)autonomy vs.shame and doubt
C)intimacy vs.isolation
D)generativity vs.stagnation

Question 73

Freud believed that the ______ begins to develop around age five or six and is learned from significant authority figures.

A)id
B)superego
C)conscious
D)ego

Question 74

Suri identifies with her mother as a role model.She has passed through Freud's _______ stage of psychosexual development.

A)anal
B)oral
C)phallic
D)latent

Question 75

Psychoanalyst ________ provided an alternative psychodynamic view in his theory of psychosocial development.

A)Skinner
B)Freud
C)Erikson
D)Piaget

Question 76

Erikson proposed a ____________ theory, which emphasized that society and culture influence and shape us.

A)psychosocial
B)psychodynamic
C)psychoanalytic
D)behavioural

Question 77

The approach stating that behaviour is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond peoples' awareness and control is called the

A)clinical approach.
B)investigative approach.
C)psychodynamic perspective.
D)analytical perspective.

Question 78

Erikson's psychosocial theory of development proposes ________ distinct stages.

A)3
B)5
C)8
D)2

Question 79

Weston is 16 years old.According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which of the following would be the key crisis for him during this stage of life?

A)Developing a sense of competence in his abilities
B)Understanding his unique identity and sense of self
C)Developing close and intimate relationships
D)Contributing positively to future generations

Question 80

Freud believed that if children are unable to gratify themselves in a particular stage of development, or if they are over-gratified in a particular stage of development, ______ may occur.

A)fixation
B)conflict
C)stages
D)patterns