Deck 3: Infancy

Question 1

What is the principle that states that different body systems grow at different rates?

A)principle of the independence of systems
B)cephalocaudal principle
C)principle of hierarchical integration
D)proximodistal principle

Answer 1

principle of the independence of systems

Question 2

After birth, when does the greatest increase in height and weight occur?

A)During the first year of life
B)During early childhood
C)During mid-childhood
D)During adolescence

Answer 2

During the first year of life

Question 3

Neurons communicate with each other using chemical substances called

A)myelin
B)dendrites
C)neurotransmitters
D)axons

Answer 3

neurotransmitters

Question 4

Neurons have a distinct ability to communicate with other cells using a cluster of fibres called

A)nucleus.
B)myelins.
C)synapses.
D)dendrites.

Question 5

If you examine the different growth patterns of a child's body size, nervous system, and sexual characteristics, you would apply which principle?

A)principle of the independence of systems
B)cephalocaudal principle
C)principle of hierarchical integration
D)proximodistal principle

Question 6

Which principle states that development proceeds from the centre of the body outward.

A)cephalocaudal principle
B)principle of independence of systems
C)proximodistal principle
D)principle of hierarchical integration

Question 7

What principle refers to the trunk of the body growing before the extremities of the arms and legs?

A)principle of independence of systems
B)proximodistal principle
C)cephalocaudal principle
D)principle of hierarchical integration

Question 8

Like all of the body's cells, ________ contain a(n) ________.

A)synapses; axon
B)neurons; nucleus
C)myelin; nucleus
D)dendrites; axon

Question 9

The basic nerve cell of the nervous system is called a
synapse.
dendrite.
neuron.
myelin.

Question 10

What is the name of the principle that is based on Greek and Latin roots meaning "head-to-tail"?

A)proximodistal principle
B)principle of hierarchical integration
C)principle of independence of systems
D)cephalocaudal principle

Question 11

What principle means that we develop visual abilities (located in the head) well before we master the ability to walk (closer to the end of the body)?

A)principle of independence of systems
B)principle of hierarchical integration
C)cephalocaudal principle
D)proximodistal principle

Question 12

During the first ____ year(s) of life, a baby's brain will establish billions of new connections between neurons.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)5

Question 13

By the infant's first birthday, the average infant's weight has

A)doubled.
B)tripled.
C)quadrupled.
D)increased nearly five times.

Question 14

The gap at the connection between neurons, through which neurons chemically communicate with one another, is called

A)synapse.
B)dendrite.
C)neuron.
D)myelin.

Question 15

Communication with other neurons is done by means of _________ that travel across the small gaps called ________.

A)myelin; synapses
B)dendrites; myelin
C)neurotransmitters; synapses
D)axons; synapses

Question 16

_________ receive messages from other cells, and at their opposite end there is a long extension called a(n) ________ which carries the messages.

A)Neurons; dendrite
B)Dendrites; axon
C)Axons; synapse
D)Synapses; neuron

Question 17

What is the principle that is based on the Latin words for "near" and "far"?

A)proximodistal principle
B)cephalocaudal principle
C)principle of hierarchical integration
D)principle of independence of systems

Question 18

What is the principle that states that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body?

A)cephalocaudal principle
B)principle of hierarchical integration
C)principle of the independence of systems
D)proximodistal principle

Question 19

According to the ___________________, simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills.

A)cephalocaudal principle
B)proximodistal principle
C)principle of the independence of systems
D)principle of hierarchical integration

Question 20

A baby grasps for his/her rattle at 3 months of age, but cannot quite get hold of it.However, by 11 months, the baby is holding and moving the rattle with total control.This is an example of the

A)principle of hierarchical integration.
B)proximodistal principle.
C)cephalocaudal principle.
D)principle of the independence of systems.

Question 21

What is the fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses?

A)dendrites
B)axons
C)myelin
D)synapse

Question 22

What is a specific, but limited, time usually early in an organism's life, during which the organism is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating to some particular facet of development?

A)latent period
B)sensitive period
C)critical period
D)plasticity period

Question 23

Synaptic pruning means

A)unused myelin is being removed in the brain.
B)unused dendrites are being removed in the brain.
C)unused axons are being removed in the brain.
D)unused neural connections are being removed in the brain.

Question 24

What is the term for the degree of awareness an infant displays to both internal and external stimulation?

A)rhythm
B)attention
C)sensitive period
D)state

Question 25

As we age, the proportion of REM sleep _________ as the proportion of non-REM sleep________.

A)decreases; declines
B)decreases; stays the same
C)increases; declines
D)increases; stays the same

Question 26

By approximately ____ weeks infants typically begin to sleep 6 continuous hours through the night, and daytime sleep falls into a regular, nap-like pattern.

A)4
B)8
C)16
D)24

Question 27

The elimination of neurons as the result of non-use or lack of stimulation is called

A)independence of systems.
B)synaptic pruning.
C)myelination.
D)hierarchical integration.

Question 28

The Canadian Paediatric Society now suggests that babies sleep on their backs rather than on their sides or stomachs to prevent

A)rhythms.
B)SIDS.
C)autostimulation.
D)rapid eye movement.

Question 29

A form of brain injury in infants in which blood vessels and neural connections are destroyed is known as

A)neonatal concussive disorder.
B)brain plasticity.
C)infant vascular trauma disorder.
D)shaken baby syndrome.

Question 30

_________ is the degree to which a developing structure or behaviour is modifiable due to experience.

A)Synaptic pruning
B)Principle of Independence of Systems
C)Myelination
D)Plasticity

Question 31

Bart and Muriel put their infant to bed for her regular afternoon nap.When they go to check on her several hours later, the baby is unresponsive and never wakes up.What is the term for this?

A)REM
B)autostimulation
C)sleep decline
D)SIDS

Question 32

What is the term for repetitive, cyclical patterns of behaviour?

A)training
B)cycles
C)rhythms
D)patterns

Question 33

The degree to which a developing structure or behaviour is modifiable due to experience is

A)brain plasticity.
B)a neural network.
C)the cerebral cortex.
D)subcortical re-organization.

Question 34

Developing neurons arrange themselves into layers.The cells that form the outermost layer are known as

A)the nervous system.
B)the peripheral nervous system.
C)the cerebral cortex.
D)subcortical levels.

Question 35

Despite wide variations, on average newborn infants sleep about ____ hours a day.

A)8
B)11
C)14
D)17

Question 36

Some researchers think that the function of _________ is to provide a means for an infant's brain to stimulate itself.

A)SIDS
B)rhythms
C)REM
D)state

Question 37

SIDS strikes about __________ infants in Canada each year.

A)1 in 200
B)1 in 2000
C)1 in 20 000
D)1 in 200 000

Question 38

One of the most important ways that behaviour becomes integrated is through the development of

A)plasticity.
B)synapses.
C)neurons.
D)rhythms.

Question 39

Waking, eating, sleeping, and elimination are important parts of a baby's

A)patterns.
B)cycles.
C)training.
D)rhythms.

Question 40

What term refers to an infant's various levels of wakeful behaviours, such as alertness, fussing, and crying, and different levels of sleep?

A)sensitive period
B)state
C)rhythm
D)alternation

Question 41

What is the possible function of the swimming reflex in infants?

A)It prepares the infant for independent locomotion.
B)Its function is unknown.
C)Avoidance of danger.
D)It is similar to primates' protection from falling.

Question 42

What is the term for unlearned, unorganized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli?

A)autostimulation
B)reflexes
C)rhythms
D)cycles

Question 43

Many of the reflexes that infants are born with have ________ value.

A)limited
B)no
C)survival
D)fleeting

Question 44

What is the term for the reflex that disappears around 6 months of age, and is activated when support for the neck and head is suddenly removed? The arms of the infant are thrust outward and then appear to grasp onto something.

A)Babinski
B)rooting
C)Moro
D)startle

Question 45

Which of the following conditions is associated with a decreased risk of SIDS?

A)Bedsharing with an adult
B)Use of a monitor
C)Frequent naps
D)Giving the baby a pacifier during naps and bedtime

Question 46

What is the term for the reflex that scientists feel represents a leftover response that humans inherited from their nonhuman ancestors?

A)Babinski
B)rooting
C)swimming
D)Moro

Question 47

Mary is preparing to breastfeed her infant daughter and, in doing so, the baby's cheek brushes across her mother's blouse.The baby immediately turns its head toward Mary's chest in preparation for feeding.This is called the _______ reflex.

A)Babinski
B)rooting
C)Moro
D)startle

Question 48

What is the term for the reflex in which the neonate tends to turn its head toward things that touch its cheek?

A)Babinski
B)Moro
C)startle
D)rooting

Question 49

Which factor is linked to a decrease in the incidents of SIDS?

A)Improved crib and toy design regulations
B)Better prenatal care
C)Back-to-sleep guidelines
D)Reduction in the number of low-birth-weight babies

Question 50

What is the term for the reflex that makes a baby, who is lying face down in a body of water, paddle and kick?

A)rooting
B)swimming
C)Moro
D)Babinski

Question 51

A newborn's body lacks easy mobility because

A)the baby's head is disproportionately larger than its body.
B)babies cannot get enough nourishment to increase their strength.
C)baby's brains are not yet able to control their muscle activity.
D)babies have no innate interest in exploring their environment.

Question 52

What is the term for the reflex that protects the eye from too much direct light that might damage the retina?

A)Babinski
B)rooting
C)eye-blink
D)Moro

Question 53

What is the term for the reflex that does not disappear, and is demonstrated when an infant tries to clear his or her throat?

A)sucking
B)rooting
C)gag
D)startle

Question 54

What does the Canadian Paediatric Society suggest to prevent SIDS?

A)Babies sleeping on their backs
B)Autostimulation
C)Bedsharing with an adult
D)Frequent naps

Question 55

What is the leading cause of death of children under the age of 1 year?

A)SIDS
B)autostimulation
C)REM
D)being born prematurely

Question 56

What is the term for the reflex that does not disappear, and is demonstrated by the infant's tendency to suck at things that touch its lips?

A)rooting
B)sucking
C)gag
D)startle

Question 57

What is the term for the reflex that disappears around 8-12 months, and occurs when an infant fans out its toes in response to a stroke on the outside of its foot?

A)Babinski
B)Moro
C)startle
D)stepping

Question 58

What is the term for the reflex where the baby moves its legs when held upright with feet touching the floor?

A)stepping
B)rooting
C)Babinski
D)Moro

Question 59

What is the possible function of the Babinski reflex in infants?

A)It prepares the infant for independent locomotion.
B)Its function is unknown.
C)It is similar to primates' protection from falling.
D)It provides general protection,

Question 60

What is the possible function of the Moro reflex in infants?

A)It prepares the infant for independent locomotion.
B)Its function is unknown.
C)It is similar to primates' protection from falling.
D)If provides general protection.

Question 61

By the age of ____ months, babies can move themselves in different directions.

A)4
B)6
C)9
D)12

Question 62

Babies are typically able to crawl between _______ months of age.

A)5 and 8
B)6 and 10
C)8 and 10
D)10 and 12

Question 63

Baby Janice is just over 8 months of age.It is likely that she is just beginning to

A)walk while supporting herself on furniture.
B)walk by herself.
C)sit without support.
D)crawl.

Question 64

At what age is a baby able to grasp with its thumb and fingers?

A)4 months
B)6 months
C)8 months
D)10 months

Question 65

At what age can a child hold crayon adaptively?

A)8 months
B)9 months
C)10 months
D)11 months

Question 66

Thomas is 6 months of age.It is likely that he is able to

A)walk while supporting himself on furniture.
B)walk by himself.
C)sit without support.
D)crawl.

Question 67

The condition of having an improper amount and balance of nutrients is called

A)starvation.
B)malnutrition.
C)obesity.
D)undernutrition.

Question 68

At approximately what age is a baby able to prominently open its hand and grasp a rattle?

A)1 month
B)3 months
C)6 months
D)9 months

Question 69

Infants should consume about ___ calories per day for each kilogram of weight.

A)25
B)50
C)100
D)125

Question 70

Babies are typically able to walk independently around _______ months of age.

A)8
B)9
C)11
D)12

Question 71

At what age can a child build a tower of two cubes?

A)8 months
B)11 months
C)12 months
D)14 months

Question 72

What is one of the most widely used techniques to determine infants' normative standing? It includes 27 separate categories of responses that constitute four general aspects of infants' behaviour.

A)Cultural dimensions of motor development
B)Brazelton Neonatal Behaviour Assessment Scale
C)Dynamic systems theory
D)Apgar score

Question 73

At what age are babies able to hold a cup to their lips and take a drink without spilling a drop?

A)8 months
B)12 months
C)16 months
D)24 months

Question 74

Babies are typically able to walk by supporting themselves at around ______ months of age.

A)6
B)9
C)11
D)12

Question 75

The average performance of a large sample of children of a given age is called

A)standard.
B)median.
C)typical.
D)norm.

Question 76

Which of the following is one of the four general aspects of infants' behaviour, as measured by the Brazelton Neonatal Behaviour Assessment Scale?

A)language production
B)emotional expression
C)physiological control
D)response to the mother

Question 77

Infants are able to pick up small objects like marbles off the ground at

A)8 months.
B)11 months.
C)12 months.
D)14 months.

Question 78

Alex and Nadine watch their 8-month-old baby as he tries to pick up an item.What type of grasp is the baby likely to use?

A)whole hand
B)pincer grasp
C)3 finger
D)5 finger

Question 79

As William is laying his infant down in the crib at bedtime, he gently removes his hand from the back of the baby's head and neck.The baby thrusts its arms outward appearing to grasp onto something.This is known as the _______ reflex.

A)Moro
B)Babinski
C)startle
D)swimming

Question 80

Babies are able to sit upright without additional support at _______ months of age.

A)4
B)6
C)8
D)12