Deck 2: The Start of Life

Question 1

The ____ chromosomes in the new zygote contain the genetic blueprint that will guide cell activity for the rest of the individual's life.

A)52
B)46
C)54
D)32

Answer 1

46

Question 2

What is the name of the rod-shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs?

A)genes
B)gametes
C)chromosomes
D)ovum

Answer 2

chromosomes

Question 3

Chromosomes, rod-shaped portions of DNA, are organized in ____ pairs.

A)52
B)23
C)46
D)54

Answer 3

23

Question 4

All genes are composed of specific sequences of _______ molecules.

A)DNA
B)zygote
C)ovum
D)sperm

Question 5

What is the basic unit of genetic information?

A)zygote
B)sperm
C)gene
D)gametes

Question 6

Male and female reproductive cells are also known as

A)gametes.
B)zygotes.
C)genes.
D)chromosomes.

Question 7

The female reproductive cell is called the

A)gamete.
B)sperm.
C)zygote.
D)ovum.

Question 8

The male reproductive cell is called a(n)

A)sperm.
B)ovum.
C)gametes.
D)zygote.

Question 9

The potential for the vast diversity of human beings primarily resides in the nature of the processes that underlie __________ cell division.

A)sperm
B)ovum
C)chromosome
D)gamete

Question 10

Jason and Justin are twins and are genetically identical.They are ________ twins.

A)gamete
B)dizygotic
C)monozygotic
D)zygote

Question 11

About an hour or so after the sperm enters the ovum, the two gametes suddenly fuse, becoming one cell called a

A)chromosome.
B)ovum.
C)zygote.
D)genes.

Question 12

When gametes are formed in the human body, this is called

A)division.
B)meiosis.
C)mitosis.
D)genetic instruction.

Question 13

Twins who are genetically identical are called ________ twins.

A)gamete
B)monozygotic
C)dizygotic
D)zygote

Question 14

Name the substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of each cell in the body and how it will function.

A)chromosomes
B)gametes
C)zygotes
D)DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 15

The ultimate outcome of meiosis, in combination with other processes, is tens of _______ of genetic combinations.

A)billions
B)millions
C)thousands
D)trillions

Question 16

The blueprints for creating a person are stored and communicated in our

A)zygote.
B)genes.
C)gametes.
D)ovum.

Question 17

What is the name of the new cell formed by the process of fertilization?

A)sperm
B)zygote
C)ovum
D)gametes

Question 18

Genes are arranged in specific locations and in a specific order along ____ chromosomes.

A)52
B)23
C)46
D)54

Question 19

The process of _______ accounts for the replication of most types of cells, so nearly all the cells of the body will contain the same 46 chromosomes as the zygote.

A)meiosis
B)cell division
C)mitosis
D)reproduction

Question 20

Any differences in future development of monozygotic twins can be attributed only to _________ factors.

A)genetic
B)chromosome
C)environmental
D)DNA

Question 21

A trait within an organism that is present but not expressed is called

A)dominant.
B)genotype.
C)phenotype.
D)recessive.

Question 22

An observable trait, the trait that is actually seen, is labeled

A)dominant.
B)recessive.
C)a genotype.
D)a phenotype.

Question 23

If the child has an XX pairing on the 23^rd chromosome, the child will be

A)male.
B)monozygotic.
C)dizygotic.
D)female.

Question 24

The one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present is called

A)recessive.
B)genotype.
C)dominant.
D)phenotype.

Question 25

When a child receives different forms of a certain gene from his/her parents, he or she is said to be

A)dominant.
B)phenotype.
C)homozygous.
D)heterozygous.

Question 26

A child's sex is determined by which biological factor?

A)Random genetic assortment
B)The father's sperm
C)The mother's ovum
D)The characteristics of the prenatal environment

Question 27

When a child inherits similar genes for a given trait from his/her parents, the child is said to be ________ for that trait.

A)genotype
B)homozygous
C)phenotype
D)heterozygous

Question 28

The underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism is called

A)a genotype.
B)a phenotype.
C)dominant.
D)recessive.

Question 29

What is the term applied to studying the effects of heredity on psychological characteristics and behaviour?

A)gene sequence
B)mapping
C)behavioural genetics
D)human genome

Question 30

The 23^rd pair of chromosomes in males contains the ___- shaped chromosome.

A)XX
B)XY
C)YX
D)YY

Question 31

Evan and Evelyn are twins but are not genetically identical.They are ________ twins.

A)gamete
B)dizygotic
C)monozygotic
D)zygote

Question 32

Twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time are called ________ twins.

A)dizygotic
B)monozygotic
C)gamete
D)zygote

Question 33

In ________ inheritance, a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait.

A)X-linked
B)PKU
C)polygenic
D)heterozygous

Question 34

What percentage of genes are shared by all humans?
75%
90%
99%
99.9%

Question 35

What is the name of the inherited disorder in which a child is unable to make use of an essential amino acid present in proteins found in milk and other foods and that has the potential to cause brain damage and mental retardation?

A)heterozygous
B)phenylketonuria (PKU)
C)homozygous
D)chromosome deficiency

Question 36

What type of gene is considered recessive and located only on the X chromosome?
heterozygous
X-linked
homozygous
dominant

Question 37

Of the following, which are the least likely to have multiple births?

A)older women
B)women who take fertility drugs
C)families in which multiple births runs in the family
D)younger women

Question 38

________ twins are no more genetically similar than two siblings born at different times.

A)Dizygotic
B)Monozygotic
C)Gamete
D)Zygotic

Question 39

Eric has blue eyes.Since the gene for blue eyes is recessive, Eric must be ______ for that trait.

A)genotype
B)homozygous
C)phenotype
D)heterozygous

Question 40

Multiple births have _________ in the last 30 years due to fertility drugs and the rising average age of mothers giving birth.

A)decreased
B)remained the same
C)increased
D)varied up and down

Question 41

Scientists have discovered that carrying the sickle-cell gene raises immunity to _______, which is a common disease in West Africa.

A)hemophilia
B)blood pressure
C)malaria
D)anemia

Question 42

What is the name of the earliest prenatal test that occurs in the 11^th to 13^th week of pregnancy and can identify chromosomal abnormalities and other disorders, such as heart problems?

A)amniocentesis
B)chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
C)ultrasound sonography
D)first-trimester screen

Question 43

Which test is most often performed at 8 to 11 weeks, and involves inserting a needle (abdominally) or a catheter (cervically) into the substance of the placenta (but staying outside the amniotic sac) and removing 10 to 15 milligrams of tissue, which is cleaned of maternal uterine tissue, and then grown in a culture so that a karyotype can be made?

A)amniocentesis
B)chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
C)sonoembryology
D)embryoscopy

Question 44

Which test is carried out 15 to 20 weeks into the pregnancy and allows the analysis of fetal cells that can identify a variety of genetic defects with nearly 100% accuracy?

A)chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
B)ultrasound sonography
C)first-trimester screen
D)amniocentesis

Question 45

Humans have about ______ genes.

A)50000
B)25000
C)100000
D)10000

Question 46

Huela is going to have her first child and talks to her physician about assessing the health of her unborn child.The physician recommends a test which combines a blood test and ultrasound sonography.Which procedure was recommended?

A)amniocentesis
B)sonogram
C)first-trimester screen
D)embryoscopy

Question 47

Which prenatal test, usually performed between 8 and 11 weeks, produces a risk of miscarriage of 1 in 100 to 1 in 200 pregnancies?

A)amniocentesis
B)ultrasound sonography
C)chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
D)first-trimester screen

Question 48

Sue has an inherited disorder that is produced by an injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation.She has

A)Down syndrome.
B)Tay-Sachs disease.
C)Fragile X syndrome.
D)Klinefelter's syndrome.

Question 49

What is the profession that focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders?

A)Psychological counselling
B)Disorders counselling
C)Genetic counselling
D)Family counselling

Question 50

Sometimes genes, for no known reason, change their form in a process called

A)spontaneous acceleration.
B)spontaneous combustion.
C)spontaneous mutation.
D)spontaneous malformation.

Question 51

Amniocentesis is carried out _____ weeks into the pregnancy.

A)5–10
B)10–15
C)15–20
D)20–25

Question 52

Name the process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells that are drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus.

A)amniocentesis
B)karyotype
C)ultrasound sonography
D)chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Question 53

Jamal has an extra chromosome on the twenty-first pair of chromosomes, causing him to have

A)hemophilia.
B)fragile X syndrome.
C)Down syndrome.
D)sickle-cell anemia.

Question 54

What process is used to find genetic defects, and involves taking samples of the hair-like material that surrounds the embryo?

A)karyotype sampling
B)amniocentesis
C)ultrasound sonography
D)chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Question 55

What is the process in which high-frequency sound waves scan the mother's womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, whose size and shape can then be assessed?

A)First-trimester screen
B)Ultrasound sonography
C)Amniocentesis
D)Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Question 56

Tara has a disorder that is untreatable and produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death.Her diagnosis would be

A)Fragile X syndrome.
B)Tay-Sachs disease.
C)Klinefelter's syndrome.
D)hemophilia.

Question 57

Toni has a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of the red blood cells.She would be diagnosed with what disorder?

A)sickle-cell anemia
B)hemophilia
C)Klinefelter's syndrome
D)fragile X syndrome

Question 58

What is the more invasive prenatal test that can be employed if blood tests and ultrasound have identified a potential problem, or if there is a family history of inherited disorders?

A)sonogram
B)chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
C)ultrasound sonography
D)first-trimester screen

Question 59

Akili has the disorder that results from the presence of an extra X chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts.She has

A)Klinefelter's syndrome.
B)Down syndrome.
C)Tay-Sachs disease.
D)fragile X syndrome.

Question 60

Which test can be used to determine the sex of the child?

A)ultrasound sonography
B)amniocentesis
C)chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
D)first-trimester screen

Question 61

Which researcher argued that as much as 80% of intelligence is a result of heredity?

A)Freud
B)Erikson
C)Scarr
D)Jensen

Question 62

What is the procedure where cells are taken from an embryo and then replaced after the defective genes they contain have been repaired?

A)germ line therapy
B)genetic counselling
C)preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
D)fetal blood sampling

Question 63

Which "Big Five" personality trait refers to the degree to which a person seeks to be with others, to behave in an outgoing manner, and generally to be sociable?

A)neuroticism
B)gregariousness
C)social potency
D)extroversion

Question 64

Which test procedure is recommended if either parent carries Tay-Sachs, spina bifida, sickle-cell, Down syndrome, muscular dystrophy, or Rh disease?

A)amniocentesis
B)embryoscopy
C)chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
D)sonoembryology

Question 65

Nonhuman animals can be useful in identifying the relative influences of genetics and environment because

A)nonhuman animals can be bred to be genetically similar.
B)nonhuman animals are naturally more genetically similar than are humans.
C)nonhuman animals often have identical developmental patterns to humans.
D)there are no ethical challenges in studies using nonhuman animals.

Question 66

Which test examines the embryo or fetus during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy by means of a fibre-optic device inserted through the cervix?

A)embryoscopy
B)amniocentesis
C)sonoembryology
D)chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Question 67

Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual are called

A)genetics.
B)genotype.
C)temperament.
D)phenotype.

Question 68

Which test is performed as early as week 5 and allows access to the fetal circulation and direct visualization of the embryo, permitting the diagnosis of malformations?

A)amniocentesis
B)embryoscopy
C)chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
D)sonoembryology

Question 69

Nature has provided the potential to carry out various kinds of "natural experiments" in the form of

A)genotypes.
B)twins.
C)phenotypes.
D)genetics.

Question 70

Western parents are more likely to encourage higher _______ levels, while Asian parents are more likely to encourage greater ______.

A)passivity; activity.
B)neuroticism; social potency.
C)activity; passivity.
D)social potency; neuroticism.

Question 71

Which testing procedure uses high frequency sound waves and is used as an adjunct to other procedures, such as amniocentesis?

A)sonogram
B)sonoembryology
C)ultrasound sonography
D)embryoscopy

Question 72

The closer the genetic link between two individuals, the greater the correspondence between their

A)weight.
B)blood pressure.
C)IQ scores.
D)respiration rate.

Question 73

Which procedure, in combination with ultrasound, can detect more than 80% of all malformations during the second trimester?

A)sonoembryology
B)fetal blood sampling (FBS)
C)embryoscopy
D)amniocentesis

Question 74

What is the term for the determination of traits by a combination of both genetic and environmental factors, in which a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed?

A)multifactorial transmission
B)inheritance
C)natural selection
D)role of environment

Question 75

Which test is used to detect Down syndrome by collecting blood from the umbilical cord after the 18^th week of pregnancy?

A)fetal blood sampling (FBS)
B)embryoscopy
C)chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
D)amniocentesis

Question 76

Which "Big Five" personality trait refers to the degree of emotional stability an individual characteristically displays?

A)aggression
B)neuroticism
C)shyness
D)fear

Question 77

Which test is performed after 18 weeks of pregnancy by collecting a small amount of blood from the umbilical cord for testing?

A)embryoscopy
B)amniocentesis
C)fetal blood sampling (FBS)
D)chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Question 78

Huntington's disease typically does not appear until people reach what age?

A)20s
B)40s
C)50s
D)70s

Question 79

Which procedure produces a visual image of the uterus, fetus, and placenta?

A)amnioscentesis
B)sonogram
C)chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
D)first trimester screen

Question 80

What procedure is used to detect abnormalities in the first trimester of pregnancy, and involves high-frequency transvaginal probes and digital visual processing?

A)fetal blood sampling (FBS)
B)sonoembryology
C)embryoscopy
D)first-trimester screen