Deck 4: The Early Childhood and Preschool Years

Question 1

Which of the following accurately describes the factors that affect how much a preschooler weighs and how tall he/she is?

A)Gender--Girls tend to gain more weight and height than boys during the preschool years.
B)Global economicsChildren in developing countries like Bangladesh gain more weight and height than children living in Sweden.
C)Poverty--Children living in families whose income falls below the poverty level are likely to be shorter than children from affluent homes.
D)The quality of preschool--Children who attend quality preschool programs receive better snacks and lunches.

Answer 1

Poverty--Children living in families whose income falls below the poverty level are likely to be shorter than children from affluent homes.

Question 2

What is the term used to describe a caregiver placing covers over electrical outlets, child locks on cabinets, using child car seats, and preventing long-term hazards such as lead poisoning?

A)quality child care
B)parenting
C)childproofing
D)supervision

Answer 2

childproofing

Question 3

Natalie is a 2-year-old child who weighs around 20 kilograms.What health problem is Natalie likely to have?

A)diabetes
B)obesity
C)psychosomatic illness
D)malnutrition

Answer 3

obesity

Question 4

Which of the following is a possible permanent result of lead poisoning in children?

A)lower intelligence and problems with verbal and auditory language processing
B)low weight and inadequate growth/height
C)depression and fatigue
D)poor physical coordination, tremors and muscle weakness

Question 5

What is the term for body weight that is more than 20% higher than the average weight for a person of a given age and height?

A)overweight
B)underweight
C)malnutrition
D)obesity

Question 6

The addition of myelin to the hippocampus is associated with the development of

A)attention and concentration
B)memory
C)speech and language comprehension
D)visual acuity

Question 7

Because the rate of Alex's growth during preschool years is ____ than during infancy, Alex needs ______ food to maintain his growth.

A)slower; less
B)faster; more
C)slower; more
D)faster; less

Question 8

Among children aged 1 to 4 years, most accidents occur

A)in the home.
B)during sports or leisure activities.
C)while under nonparental care.
D)in cars.

Question 9

As an infant, Baby Sarah had typical childhood illnesses and no significant earaches.However, now Sarah is 4 years old and she is experiencing frequent earaches.What is the most likely reason for this?

A)Sarah attends preschool and picks up many more infectious bacteria and viruses than she did at home.
B)Sarah attends preschool, and the noise level of the other children playing aggravates her hearing and gives her earaches.
C)Sarah's Eustachian tubes have moved position, and this change sometimes leads to an increase in earaches.
D)Sarah has developed an allergy to the shampoo her mother uses to wash her hair, and the result is inflammation in her Eustachian tubes.

Question 10

Foods which are high in __________ are particularly important for preschool children.

A)calcium (e.g., dairy products)
B)protein (e.g., meat, fish)
C)iron content (e.g., dark green vegetables, grains, and some kinds of meat)
D)carbohydrates e.g., .bread and cereals)

Question 11

Which of the following is considered a likely source for exposure to lead poisoning?

A)newly painted walls and window seals
B)cleaning products
C)some children's toys and games
D)foods such as fruits, vegetables, and milk

Question 12

What is considered the greatest risk to the health and well-being of a preschool-age child?

A)illness
B)nutritional problems
C)accidents
D)neglect

Question 13

The average preschool child has __________ colds and other respiratory illnesses in each of the years from age 3 to 5.

A)1–2
B)3–5
C)5–8
D)7–10

Question 14

Which of the following most likely contributes to the high level of accidents in the preschool age group?

A)parent neglect, parent working full time; lack of supervision
B)preschooler's high level of physical activity, curiosity, lack of judgment
C)dangerous furniture, unsafe living conditions, poor lighting
D)lack of quality day care, lack of supervision, poorly trained day care workers

Question 15

Between the ages of 4 and 5, Ethan's attention span and concentration improved dramatically.This is likely because of

A)the expansion of his corpus callosum.
B)the synaptic development of his cerebral cortex.
C)the addition of myelin to his reticular formation.
D)the myelination of the hippocampus.

Question 16

By the time a Canadian child is 6 years old, he/she weighs, on average, about _______ kilograms and stands approximately ______ centimetres tall.

A)30; 155
B)20; 120
C)15; 75
D)40; 100

Question 17

By age five, a child's brain weighs ____ of an average adult's brain.
60%
70%
80%
90%

Question 18

Of all of the different types of preschoolers, which preschooler is most likely to die of injuries?

A)A girl, raised in a mid-income urban home
B)A girl, raised in a low-income rural home
C)A boy, raised in a high-income rural home
D)A boy, raised in a low-income urban home

Question 19

Illnesses in childhood may have positive consequences, including

A)teaching the child the importance of proper hygiene.
B)developing the emotional coping skills to manage the stress of illness.
C)building a stronger immune system which may later help prevent more serious illnesses.
D)temporarily slows physical activity reducing the risk of accidents.

Question 20

By age 2, the average child in Canada weighs around _______ kilograms, and is close to ________ centimetres tall.

A)10–14; 90
B)10–14; 70
C)15–20; 90
D)15–20; 70

Question 21

Research suggests that the age at which toilet training takes place has risen over the years.In 1999, what percentage of children had been toilet trained by 18 months of age?
25%
45%
65%
85%

Question 22

In 1999, what percentage of 36-month-old toddlers had been toilet trained?
20%
40%
60%
80%

Question 23

The left hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the preschool years in which of the following areas?

A)understanding spatial relationships
B)recognition of patterns and drawings
C)processing music and emotional expression
D)thinking and reasoning

Question 24

By what age would a child be expected to jump, hop on one foot, skip, and run?

A)1 years
B)2 years
C)3 years
D)4 years

Question 25

During the preschool years, which part of the brain demonstrates a growth in nerve connections and is responsible for sophisticated information processing?

A)cerebral cortex
B)cerebellum
C)corpus callosum
D)hippocampus

Question 26

Neuroscientists have discovered growth spurts in the brains of children who are _________ years of age, a time associated with the development of language abilities.

A)1 to 1½
B)1½ to 2
C)2 to 3
D)3 to 4

Question 27

Research suggests that the age at which toilet training takes place has risen over the years.In 1957, what percentage of children had been toilet trained by 18 months of age?
32%
52%
72%
92%

Question 28

What is the name of the protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons and speeds the transmission of electrical impulses along brain cells but also adds to brain weight?

A)reticular formation
B)corpus callosum
C)myelin
D)cerebellum

Question 29

By the end of the preschool period, the ________ part of the brain has grown significantly because it becomes considerably thicker with individual fibers that help coordinate brain functioning between the two hemispheres.

A)cerebral cortex
B)frontal lobe
C)hypothalamus
D)corpus callosum

Question 30

What is the process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other?

A)cross-referencing
B)lateralization
C)hemispheric transference
D)transmission

Question 31

The Wilson family went to their family reunion picnic, and their two children were allowed to participate in different games.Which of the following is a game that the 4-year-old would likely have enough fine motor skills to play?

A)throwing a ball
B)tossing a ring around a peg
C)bike races
D)potato sack race

Question 32

During the preschool years, which part of the brain demonstrates a growth in nerve connections and is responsible for balance and movement?

A)cerebellum
B)cerebral cortex
C)corpus callosum
D)hippocampus

Question 33

During early childhood, boys typically _______________, while girls _______________.

A)have greater muscle strength; have greater limb coordination
B)have greater limb coordination; are more physically active
C)have greater muscle strength; are more physically active
D)are more physically active; have greater muscle strength

Question 34

Which of the following stages is a period during which the general level of activity is extraordinarily high?

A)infancy
B)preschool years
C)adolescent years
D)young adult years

Question 35

Which of the following fine motor skills can a 3-year-old preschooler perform?

A)folding paper into a triangular design.
B)holding and manipulating a pencil.
C)fitting shaped blocks into matching shaped holes.
D)throwing a ball to a friend so a friend can catch it.

Question 36

The left hemisphere of the brain processes information _________, while the right hemisphere of the brain processes information ________.

A)globally; sequentially
B)sequentially; globally
C)sequentially; one piece of data at a time
D)reflecting on it as a whole; sequentially

Question 37

The right hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the preschool years in which of the following areas?

A)logical reasoning
B)comprehending patterns and drawings
C)reading
D)speaking

Question 38

What area of the brain that is associated with memory is completely myelinated in the preschool years?

A)corpus callosum
B)hippocampus
C)cerebral cortex
D)cerebellum

Question 39

Considering the hemispheric differences in lateralization related to gender and culture, boys show a greater lateralization of language in the ____________ hemisphere; while girls develop language in _______.

A)right; the right hemisphere
B)left; the right hemisphere
C)left; both hemispheres
D)right; both hemispheres

Question 40

What area of the brain associated with attention and concentration is completely myelinated by the time a child is 5 years of age?

A)corpus callosum
B)cerebral cortex
C)cerebellum
D)reticular formation

Question 41

Three-year-old Randy occasionally talks to himself in front of others, and ignores his mother's instructions to come to the table and eat with his family.In this example, Randy is demonstrating

A)childhood schizophrenia.
B)conservation of thought.
C)intuitive thought.
D)egocentric thought.

Question 42

Thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others is called

A)conservation.
B)centration.
C)intuitive thought.
D)egocentric thought.

Question 43

Which of the following is the best description of Piaget's symbolic function?

A)A child is able to understand that symbols on a page (letters or numbers) mean something.
B)A child is able to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to stand for or represent something that is not physically present.
C)A child is able to use organized, formal, logical mental processes.
D)A child is able to use his/her imagination.

Question 44

According to Piaget, what is the key aspect of the preoperational stage?

A)symbolic function
B)organized, formal, logical mental processes
C)increased memory for objects
D)increased fine motor skill development

Question 45

In 1999, what percentage of 4-year-old toddlers were not yet toilet trained?
2%
12%
22%
32%

Question 46

Madeline is working to teach her 4-year-old daughter, Eliza, how to count.She places 10 buttons in one row with very little space between the buttons, and 8 buttons in another row with more space between the buttons; therefore, the second row is longer than the first.Then Madeline asks her daughter which row has more buttons.Inevitably, Eliza chooses the second row, even though she knows that 10 is more than 8.What is this an example of?

A)symbolic functioning
B)concrete operations
C)preoperational functioning
D)centration

Question 47

If a 4½-year-old child is asked to draw a person who is first standing upright and then has fallen down, the child is likely to draw the figure in the vertical position, and then the figure lying in the horizontal position with no other pictures in between to demonstrate the person falling.This child would be demonstrating a lack of

A)egocentric thought.
B)intuitive thought.
C)conservation.
D)transformation.

Question 48

Which of the following is considered a signs that a toddler is ready to begin toilet training?

A)the ability to thoroughly wipe/cleanse themselves after urination or elimination
B)staying dry at least 4 hours at a time during the day
C)communicating, through facial expressions or words, that urination or elimination is about to occur
D)the child has reached 30 months of age

Question 49

What is the term that Piaget used for the process in which one state is changed into another?

A)transformation
B)conservation
C)centration
D)concrete operations

Question 50

Piaget believed that children from _______ years of age fall into the _________ stage.

A)2 to 7; concrete operational
B)2 to 7; preoperational
C)5 to 7; concrete operational
D)5 to 7; preoperational

Question 51

Piaget believed that the _______ fit entirely in a single stage of cognitive development called the ___________ stage.

A)preschool years; operational
B)preschool years; preoperational
C)school years; concrete
D)school years; operational

Question 52

What is the term for the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects?

A)symbolic functioning
B)language acquisition
C)centration
D)concrete operations

Question 53

What was Piaget's explanation as to why preschool-age children in the preoperational stage make errors on tasks requiring conservation?

A)Preschool-age children's neural-visual network is not fully matured.
B)Ppreschool-age children have not lived long enough and accrued enough experience to know the difference between quantities.
C)Preschool-age children's tendency toward centration prevents them from focusing on other relevant features of a situation.
D)Preschool-age children have not yet developed numerical understanding; therefore, different amounts are meaningless.

Question 54

Johnny is a 4-year-old who is having lunch with his mother and sister.When his mother pours the milk that is left in the carton into the children's glasses, she finds that there is not enough to fill both glasses; so she carefully pours half of the milk in the shorter, fatter glass in front of Johnny and half into a thin, taller glass in front of Johnny's sister.Immediately, Johnny complains that his sister got more milk than he did, and even when his mother tries to explain that they both got the same amount, Johnny insists he is right.In this example, Johnny is demonstrating a lack of development in the area of

A)centration.
B)conservation.
C)concrete operational thought.
D)preoperational thought.

Question 55

_____________is the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects.

A)Concrete operations
B)Conservation
C)Centration
D)Preoperational operations

Question 56

According to Piaget, _________ is at the heart of __________, which is a major advance for preschool children.

A)symbolic function; language
B)concrete operations; language
C)symbolic function; preoperations
D)symbolic function; concrete operations

Question 57

On Christmas morning, 3-year-old Billy opens one of his gifts from his mother and finds a new sweater.Disappointed that it is not a toy, Billy frowns and throws the sweater aside in front of his mother with no regard for her feelings.In this example, Billy is demonstrating

A)centration.
B)egocentric thought.
C)conservation.
D)intuitive thought.

Question 58

According to Piaget, which stage occurs from approximately age 2 to age 7 in which children's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases?

A)concrete operational
B)preoperational
C)abstract operational
D)symbolic functioning

Question 59

Approximately at what age does a child show signs of preference for the use of one hand over another?

A)in infancy
B)2 years of age
C)3 years of age
D)4 years of age

Question 60

Three-year-old Wendy is playing hide-and-seek with some older children.However, instead of running to find a hiding place away from the other children, Wendy simply covers her eyes.In this example, Wendy is demonstrating

A)intuitive thought.
B)egocentric thought.
C)centration.
D)conservation.

Question 61

Which claim of Piaget's has not stood up to experimental scrutiny?

A)Children do not show and understanding of conservation until the end of the preoperational stage.
B)Children are able to perform basic addition and subtraction tasks by three years of age.
C)Children do not show centration until the end of the preoperational stage.
D)Children do not develop intuitive thinking until the concrete operational stage.

Question 62

_____________ focuses on the reliability of children's autobiographical memories and considers children's abilities to recall events in their lives when they are witnesses or victims.

A)Developmental Psychopathology
B)Hypnosis
C)Information processing
D)Forensic developmental psychology

Question 63

What type of psychology focuses on the reliability of children's autobiographical memories in the context of the legal system?

A)pediatric psychology
B)forensic developmental psychology
C)developmental psychology
D)psychotherapy

Question 64

Vygotsky called the actual physical items that a child uses to learn (pencils, books, computers, etc.) as well as the intellectual and conceptual framework that the child uses to learn (language, alphabet, number/math systems, religious systems, etc.)

A)memory aids.
B)definition aids.
C)cultural tools.
D)learning aids.

Question 65

In 4-year-old Amanda's preschool class, the group discussion involved airplanes.After that, Amanda considered herself an expert on airplanes and believed she knew everything there was to know about airplanes, even though she was unable to provide a reasonable explanation about how she knew what she knew.In this example, Amanda is demonstrating

A)conservation.
B)intuitive thought.
C)egocentric thought.
D)centration.

Question 66

According to Vygotsky, if one child receives assistance he/she may improve substantially more than another child who does not receive help.The assistance or structuring provided by others is termed

A)schema.
B)scaffolding.
C)scripting.
D)mentoring.

Question 67

When discussing the reliability of memories, the memory of a(n) ____ is considered to be the most vulnerable to suggestion, and, therefore, perhaps the least reliable.

A)senior citizen
B)adult
C)school-aged child
D)preschool-aged child

Question 68

What is the term for a memory of particular events from one's own life?

A)picture memory
B)visual memory
C)autobiographical memory
D)biographical memory

Question 69

According to Vygotsky, what is the level at which a child cannot fully perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent?

A)schema
B)script
C)zone of proximal development
D)scaffolding

Question 70

According to developmental psychologist, Rochel Gelman, what skill does Piaget underestimate in children in the preoperational stage?

A)emotional stability
B)language comprehension
C)logical reasoning
D)counting

Question 71

Which developmental psychologist believed that the nature of the partnership between children, adults, and peers is determined through cultural and societal factors such as preschools, play groups, the emphasis on certain tasks that are valued by the culture and society, and that even the toys that children play with reflect the nature of the society in which the child lives?

A)Piaget
B)Vygotsky
C)Watson
D)Skinner

Question 72

Which developmental psychologist believed that cognitive development is a result of social interactions in which children learn through guided participation and working with mentors to solve problems?

A)Skinner
B)Piaget
C)Watson
D)Vygotsky

Question 73

What is the term for the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth?

A)scaffolding
B)scripting
C)schema
D)mentoring

Question 74

Rochel Gelman suggests that in early childhood, children's counting behaviour follows set patterns such as

A)counting each item only once.
B)using the names for numbers interchangeably.
C)counting backwards and forwards unpredictably.
D)repeating numbers in the counting sequence.

Question 75

Preschoolers' memories are often organized in a broad representation of events in the order in which they occur called

A)autobiographical memory.
B)biographical memory.
C)scripts.
D)schema.

Question 76

By the end of the preoperational stage, children are able to understand the idea that actions, events, and outcomes are related to one another in fixed patterns.This is called

A)identity.
B)functionality.
C)intuitive thought.
D)egocentric thought.

Question 77

In the later stages of the preoperational stage, children show an understanding that certain things stay the same, regardless of changes in shape, size, and appearance.This is called

A)identity.
B)functionality.
C)intuitive thought.
D)egocentric thought.

Question 78

What is the term for thinking that reflects preschoolers' use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world?

A)egocentric thought
B)centration
C)intuitive thought
D)conservation

Question 79

What term refers to the way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences?

A)pragmatic speech
B)grammar
C)private speech
D)syntax

Question 80

From the later months of age 2 and into the mid-3s, the number of ways children combine words and phrases to form sentences _______ each month.

A)doubles
B)triples
C)quadruples
D)quintuples