Deck 1: Culture and Ethnography

Question 1

The process odiscovering and describing a particular culture is called

A)interviewing.
B)ethnocentrism.
C)participant observation.
D)ethnography.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A microculture is the patterned behavior characteristic oa subgroup within a larger society.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Which othe following is the besexample oan action based on a tacicultural rule for members oU.S.society?

A)chewing with one's mouth closed
B)driving on the right side of the street
C)giving your father "his" chair in front of the family television
D)moving to the opposite side of an elevator when there is only one other person in it

Answer 3

D

Question 4

HerberBlumer developed a theory osymbolic interactionism.

Question 5

The concepo"expliciculture" is a key paroHerberBlumer's theory osymbolic interaction.

Question 6

Anthropologists, such as George Hicks, look for inside meaning when they do ethnographic research.

Question 7

Taciculture refers to cultural knowledge thainformants consciously hide from the ethnographer.

Question 8

Spradley argues thaculture is more like a map, guiding human action, rather than a stricseorules requiring specific behavior.

Question 9

Culture shock is the process odiscovering and describing a particular culture.

Question 10

Sir Edward BurnetTylor is known for his early definition of

A)ethnography.
B)culture.
C)naive realism.
D)culture shock.

Question 11

According to Spradley, the term "ethnography" refers to

A)the discovery and description of the culture of a particular group.
B)the statistical testing of hypotheses in the field, using survey questionnaires.
C)the discovery of ethnic subgroups within complex societies.
D)the process of cross?cultural classification, comparison, and explanation.

Question 12

According to Spradley, culture, itself, is a kind of

A)behavior.
B)artifact.
C)knowledge.
D)ideal system.

Question 13

Culture is the patterned behavior characteristic oa group opeople.

Question 14

Detached observation is a research approach in which investigators observe human behavior and create their own categories and theories to describe and explain it.

Question 15

The belieand feeling thaone's own culture is besis called

A)cultural relativism.
B)naive realism.
C)detached observation.
D)ethnocentrism.

Question 16

When they do ethnographic fieldwork, anthropologists interview

A)objects.
B)subjects.
C)informants.
D)participants.

Question 17

According to Spradley, the beliethapeople everywhere interprethe world in the same way is called

A)naive realism.
B)cultural behavior.
C)explicit culture.
D)tacit culture.

Question 18

An informanis whaanthropologists call the individuals from whom they learn a culture.

Question 19

The view thaall people see and understand the world in the same way is called

A)naive realism.
B)culture shock.
C)ethnocentrism.
D)detached observation.

Question 20

Spradley defines culture as behavior, artifacts, and knowledge.

Question 21

The cross?cultural misunderstanding experienced between Lee and the !Kung occurred over

A)the cultural meaning of the gift of an ox.
B)the way Lee gave them the ox.
C)the cultural meaning of oxen.
D)the poor condition of the ox.

Question 22

!Kung expressed disappointmenwith the ox Lee gave them for the Christmas feasbecause

A)the animal was too thin and old.
B)this was their way to "cool" a giver's potential arrogance.
C)the animal came from an outsider.
D)they were afraid that Lee would take the animal back if they showed approval.

Question 23

According to Sterk, "Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era oAIDS," finding informansites, making contact, dealing with self-appointed key informants, gaining rapport, dealing with ethical dilemmas and leaving the field were all importanchallenges to doing ethnographic fieldwork among prostitutes.

Question 24

Lee's gifoa Christmas ox was ridiculed by the !Kung because he misunderstood their criteria for a desirable animal.

Question 25

The idea thahuman beings actoward things on the basis othe meanings they have for them is a teneof

A)naive realism.
B)explicit culture.
C)tacit culture.
D)symbolic interactionism.

Question 26

According to Lee, when a !Kung hunter kills a large animal, he is likely to tell others

A)"I have killed a large giraffe."
B)"I have killed a big one in the bush."
C)"I am no good for hunting.I saw nothing at all…just a little tiny one."
D)"A giraffe happened to step in front of my flying arrow."

Question 27

!Kung ridiculed the ox Lee gave them for their Christmas feasbecause the animal was too thin and old.

Question 28

According to Sterk, "Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era oAIDS," 30 prostitutes she
Interviewed were college graduates and 75 percenoher informants had graduated
from high school.

Question 29

According to Spradley, the actions generated by cultural knowledge are called

A)cultural behavior.
B)cultural generation.
C)cultural artifacts.
D)explicit culture.

Question 30

In "Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era oAIDS," Sterk found thaiwas essential to presenyourselas an experon the lives oinformants before interviewing them and to use such information to design interviews.

Question 31

In "Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era oAIDS," Sterk found iwas essential to interview prostitutes in the presence otheir pimps and other prostitutes in order to gain trust.

Question 32

According to Lee, a !Kung hunter

A)eats all of a kill himself.
B)shares game only with his own family.
C)gives all the meat from an animal he has killed to the man who made the arrow he used.
D)shares what he kills with others and expects them to reciprocate.

Question 33

The !Kung ridiculed the ox given them by Lee for their Christmas feasbecause this is the usual way they "cool" the arrogance opeople who provide importanthings for others.

Question 34

According to Sterk in her article, "Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era oAIDS,"
virtually all the prostitutes she interviewed or observed were hooked on drugs.

Question 35

In "Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era oAIDS," Sterk found thaAIDS affects the
lives oprostitutes buthacustomers often refuse to use condoms.

Question 36

Lee acquired the ox he intended to slaughter for the !Kung Christmas feast

A)from Herero pastoralists living nearby.
B)from a South African cattle rancher.
C)by catching it in the wild.
D)from a friend.

Question 37

The !Kung regularly understate their own hunting achievements to avoid looking arrogant.

Question 38

!Kung regularly express admiration for one another's hunting achievements.

Question 39

The way the !Kung treated Richard Lee's gifoa Christmas ox reveals how much they value

A)male dominance. b family solidarity.
C)identification with nature.
D)equality.

Question 40

The misunderstanding thaLee experienced with the !Kung was based on differencultural meanings for Lee's gifoa Christmas ox.

Question 41

Gmelch's article, "Nice Girls Don'Talk to Rastas," describes a confliccaused by his student's naive realism as she did fieldwork in a rural Barbadian community.

Question 42

According to Gmelch in "Nice Girls Don'Talk to Rastas," orthodox Rastafarians are

A)part of a religious sect whose members go without clothes and subsist off the land
B)part of a Muslim sect found largely on Caribbean islands.
C)a sub group practicing voodoo religious rights.
D)a monastic group that is based on a North African religious tradition.

Question 43

In "Nice Girls Don'Talk to Rastas," Gmelch concludes thaU.S.middle-class students do norealize thaface-to-face communities like the ones where his students lived in Barbados are homogeneous.

Question 44

According to Sterk, abou__________ percenothe prostitutes she interviewed were nodrug addicts.

A)10
B)25
C)40
D)15

Question 45

Three othe following statements made by Sterk in "Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era oAIDS" are true.Which one is not?

A)It is wise to watch out for self-appointed "gatekeepers."
B)The best way to gain rapport is to show interest in informants and do things for them.
C)Talking with informants in groups often inhibits ethnographic discovery.
D)It is best to give informants some control over the interview.

Question 46

According to Gmelch's article, "Nice Girls Don'Talk to Rastas," when his students do fieldwork in rural Barbadian communities

A)they fail to recognize that such communities are homogeneous.
B)they ignore the fact that class distinctions may be present in such communities.
C)they should expect to be looked down on by villagers.
D)they will be embraced warmly by the villagers.

Question 47

In "Nice Girls Don'Talk to Rastas," Gmelch notes thafemale students from the U.S.find inearly impossible to conducfieldwork in Barbados because they are unwittingly disrespectful to Barbadians.

Question 48

In "Nice Girls Don'Talk to Rastas," Gmelch describes how one ohis study abroad students ran into trouble when she began living with a Rastafarian.

Question 49

Which one othe following is a conclusion thaSterk reached in "Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era oAIDS" abouprostitutes and prostitution based on her field study?

A)Although the media portrays men as violent toward prostitutes, most are not.
B)Many women are able to leave their life of prostitution behind without any consequences.
C)Although police and health professionals insist that prostitutes are drug addicts, most are not.
D)First experiences as prostitutes often involve alienation from people outside the life.

Question 50

In his article "Nice Girls Don'Talk to Rastas," Gmelch argues thathe U.S.students often work on the idea opersonal autonomy, meaning thaithey see whathey believe is truth they can acwithouconcern for whaothers think.

Question 51

In "Nice Girls Don'Talk to Rastas," Gmelch notes thaAmerican students often behave according to a principle called personal autonomy when they live among people in other societies.This means that

A)if they see what they believe is "truth," they can act without concern for what others think.
B)they should be able to have their own private space in which to live.
C)they can feel free to criticize local people.
D)if they don't like a local custom, they can ignore it.

Question 52

According to Gmelch in "Nice Girls Don'Talk to Rastas," the firsthing he did after his student, Hanna, told him she was being shunned by the Barbadian villagers where she was doing her research was to

A)find and talk to the Rastafarians she had been seen with.
B)meet with local elders to discover their views on the problem.
C)explain to her homestay mother that Hanna meant no harm.
D)pull Hanna out of the village so she could work in a more receptive community.

Question 53

According to Sterk, "Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era oAIDS," the greatest
impedimento developing rapporin the field is the requirement, imposed by her
university, thainformants sign consenforms.

Question 54

In "Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era oAIDS," when Sterk firstried to make contacwith prostitutes on the street, they

A)became angry and tried to drive her away with threats.
B)largely ignored her.
C)called their pimps on cell phones causing their pimps to threaten her.
D)welcomed her warmly because she was interested in their lives.

Question 55

In "Nice Girls Don'Talk to Rastas," when Gmelch learned abouthe difficulties his study abroad studenwas having in her homestay village, he read her field notes and discovered thashe had been talking to and accompanying a Rastafarian named Joseph.

Question 56

In "Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era oAIDS," Sterk found thain-depth interviews

A)worked best if she had asked a list of carefully prepared questions.
B)worked best if held in private.
C)yielded little in-depth information.
D)were the most stressful part of fieldwork.

Question 57

On the basis ohis student's negative experience in a Barbadian village, Gmelch concludes in "Nice Girls Don'Talk to Rastas" that

A)it is difficult for U.S.women to find acceptance in Barbadian communities because people there think they are morally "loose."
B)American students unconsciously look down on Barbadians and are unable to hide their sense of superiority.
C)a great barrier to student research in places like Barbados is that local people view students as tourists.
D)U.S.students assume that Barbadian communities are homogeneous and fail to appreciate the social dynamics found in small face-to-face communities.

Question 58

According to Gmelch in "Nice Girls Don'Talk to Rastas," Barbadian villagers shunned his U.S.study abroad studenbecause she

A)had sexual relations with a Rastafarian named Joseph.
B)gave Joseph some of the fruit growing on her homestay mother's tree.
C)lived for a time with Joseph in his hillside cave.
D)was seen talking to and leaving the village with Joseph.

Question 59

Which one othe following is an observation thaSterk makes in "Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era oAIDS" abou"gatekeepers"? They

A)are not a vital part of fieldwork.
B)are important in gaining initial access to a scene.
C)may become more important to a study as time goes on.
D)tend to be individuals who exist on the periphery of a scene.

Question 60

According to Gmelch in "Nice Girls Don'Talk to Rastas," people living in the rural Barbadian community where his study abroad student, Hanna, was doing research believed that

A)Rastafarians had taken vows of celibacy and young women should not talk to them.
B)Rastafarians were low class because their ancestors had come from Africa.
C)Rastafarians were lazy, pot smoking people who stole things and bathed naked.
D)Rastafarians were members of a religion that revered Islam, not Christianity.