Deck 14: Two-Way Between-Groups Anova

Question 1

The owners of the Syfy channel are interested in whether watching the Syfy channel causes people to become "geeky," and if so, whether any such effects depend on a person's gender.They hire a researcher to design and carry out the appropriate study.The researcher randomly assigns an equal number of men and women to watch 0, 3, 5, or 9 hours of the Syfy channel each week for 6 weeks.How should the ANOVA used to analyze the data be labeled?

A) 4 × 2 between-groups ANOVA
B) 4 × 2 within-groups ANOVA
C) 2 × 2 between-groups ANOVA
D) 2 × 2 within-groups ANOVA

Answer 1

4 × 2 between-groups ANOVA

Question 2

A researcher wants to statistically test whether gender affects math test scores.Which type of ANOVA design should the researcher use?

A) between-groups
B) within-groups
C) mixed-groups
D) repeated-measures

Answer 2

between-groups

Question 3

Forys and Dahlquist (2007) investigated the effects of coping style and cognitive strategy on dealing with pain.Participants were first classified as having a monitoring or avoiding coping style.Participants were then randomly assigned to one of two cognitive strategy conditions, distraction or sensation monitoring.Participants were next instructed to use the cognitive strategy while submerging their hand in ice water.The researchers measured pain tolerance as the number of seconds participants were able to keep their hand in the ice water.How many cells does this study have?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Answer 3

4

Question 4

Roediger and Karpicke (2006) investigated whether the test-enhanced learning effect (the demonstration that repeated testing improves memory for material) was due merely to repeated exposure to material.They randomly assigned participants to one of two study conditions (study-study or study-test) and to one of three retention interval conditions (final test at a delay of 5 minutes, 2 days, or 1 week).The dependent variable was the proportion of idea units recalled from an encyclopedia passage.How many cells does this study have?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 10

Question 5

A researcher is interested in whether circadian rhythms influence participants' performance on different kinds of memory tests.The researcher first classifies participants according to whether each is a morning person or evening person.The researcher then randomly assigns participants to receive either an implicit memory test or an explicit memory test.The researcher next tests everyone at 8 a.m.How many cells does this study have?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 6

The owners of the Syfy channel are interested in whether watching the Syfy channel causes people to become "geeky," and if so, whether any such effects depend on a person's gender.They hire a researcher to design and carry out the appropriate study.The researcher randomly assigns an equal number of men and women to watch 0, 3, 5, or 9 hours of the Syfy channel each week for 6 weeks.What is(are) the main effect(s) being tested in the study?

A) gender
B) hours of Syfy watched
C) gender and hours of Syfy watched
D) hours of Syfy watched and "geekiness"

Question 7

A researcher wants to statistically test whether gender and political affiliation affect IQ scores.Which test should the researcher use?

A) one-way ANOVA
B) two-way ANOVA
C) three-way ANOVA
D) within-groups ANOVA

Question 8

A(n) _____ occurs when _____ independent variable(s) have an effect on the dependent variable in combination with one another.

A) interaction; two or more
B) interaction; two or less
C) main effect; two or more
D) main effect; two or less

Question 9

A researcher performs a 2 × 3 ANOVA with five participants in each cell of the study design.How many cells are in this design?

A) 6
B) 5
C) 3
D) 2

Question 10

A researcher wants to statistically test whether gender affects math test scores.Which test should the researcher use?

A) one-way ANOVA
B) two-way ANOVA
C) three-way ANOVA
D) within-groups ANOVA

Question 11

If at least one independent variable is between-groups and at least one is within-groups, the design is referred to as:

A) an interaction.
B) one-way.
C) mixed.
D) two-way.

Question 12

Roediger and Karpicke (2006) investigated whether the test-enhanced learning effect (the demonstration that repeated testing improves memory for material) was due merely to repeated exposure to material.They randomly assigned participants to one of two study conditions (study-study or study-test) and to one of three retention interval conditions (final test at a delay of 5 minutes, 2 days, or 1 week).The dependent variable was the proportion of idea units recalled from an encyclopedia passage.How should the analysis of these data be labeled?

A) 4 × 2 between-groups ANOVA
B) 2 × 3 within-groups ANOVA
C) 2 × 3 between-groups ANOVA
D) 2 × 2 within-groups ANOVA

Question 13

_____ is a term used to describe an independent variable in a study with more than one independent variable.

A) Interaction
B) Subjects effect
C) Effect
D) Factor

Question 14

Main effects refer to the:

A) combined effects of two dependent variables.
B) combined effects of two independent variables.
C) effect of one level of the independent variable on the dependent variable, disregarding other levels of the independent variable.
D) effect of a single independent variable on the dependent variable, disregarding all other variables in the study.

Question 15

Forys and Dahlquist (2007) investigated the effects of coping style and cognitive strategy on dealing with pain.Participants were first classified as having a monitoring or avoiding coping style.Participants were then randomly assigned to one of two cognitive strategy conditions, distraction or sensation monitoring.Participants were next instructed to use the cognitive strategy while submerging their hand in ice water.The researchers measured pain tolerance as the number of seconds participants were able to keep their hand in the ice water.How should the ANOVA used to analyze the data be labeled?

A) 4 × 2 between-groups ANOVA
B) 4 × 2 within-groups ANOVA
C) 2 × 2 between-groups ANOVA
D) 2 × 2 within-groups ANOVA

Question 16

A researcher is interested in whether circadian rhythms influence participants' performance on different kinds of memory tests.The researcher first classifies participants according to whether each is a morning person or an evening person.The researcher then randomly assigns participants to receive either an implicit memory test or an explicit memory test.The researcher then tests everyone at 8 a.m.How should the ANOVA used to analyze the data be labeled?

A) 4 × 2 between-groups ANOVA
B) 4 × 2 within-groups ANOVA
C) 2 × 2 between-groups ANOVA
D) 2 × 2 within-groups ANOVA

Question 17

A hypothesis test with two nominal independent variables and a scale dependent variable is a:

A) one-way ANOVA.
B) two-way ANOVA.
C) two-groups t test.
D) two-groups z test.

Question 18

The owners of the Syfy channel are interested in whether watching the Syfy channel causes people to become "geeky," and whether any such effects depend on a person's gender.They hire a researcher to design and carry out the appropriate study.The researcher randomly assigns an equal number of men and women to watch 0, 3, 5, or 9 hours of the Syfy channel each week for 6 weeks.How many cells does this study have?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 19

An interaction occurs when:

A) the dependent variable does not depend on any of the independent variables.
B) two independent variables both influence the dependent variable.
C) the effects of one independent variable depend on the level of the other independent variable.
D) a single independent variable changes the dependent variable, disregarding all other variables in the study.

Question 20

In addition to assessing whether each independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable, a factorial ANOVA also allows one to:

A) use multiple dependent measures in a single analysis.
B) control for a third variable that might be related to the dependent measure, prior to investigating the independent variable of interest.
C) determine whether the effects of one factor depend on the other factor.
D) partition out the variability due to individual differences and the variability due to measurement error.

Question 21

A two-way ANOVA accounts for _____ sources of variability.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 22

The correct formula for calculating the total sum of squares is:

A) $\Sigma$ (N - 1)/2.
B) $\Sigma$ (X - GM)².
C) $\Sigma$ (X - GM)/(N - 1).
D) $\Sigma$ (X - GM)/N.

Question 23

A researcher performs a 2 × 4 ANOVA with six participants in each cell of the study design.What is the within-groups degrees of freedom?

A) 48
B) 40
C) 15
D) 14

Question 24

A researcher performs a 2 × 4 ANOVA with six participants in each cell of the study design.What is the degrees of freedom for the interaction?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 6

Question 25

Within-groups degrees of freedom in a two-way ANOVA is calculated by:

A) multiplying together the degrees of freedom associated with each of the main effects.
B) adding together the degrees of freedom associated with each of the main effects.
C) subtracting the degrees of freedom for the first main effect from that of the second main effect.
D) subtracting a single participant from each cell of the study and then adding the results for all the cells.

Question 26

The owners of the Syfy channel are interested in whether watching the Syfy channel causes people to become "geeky," and if so, whether any such effects depend on a person's gender.They hire a researcher to design and carry out the appropriate study.The researcher randomly assigns an equal number of men and women to watch 0, 3, 5, or 9 hours of the Syfy channel each week for 6 weeks.What is the null hypothesis for the main effect of hours watched?

A) On average, men and women are equally geeky.
B) On average, men are geekier than women.
C) On average, watchers are equally geeky regardless of the hours of the Syfy channel they watch.
D) On average, men are geekier than women when watching fewer hours but less geeky than women when watching more hours of the Syfy channel.

Question 27

A researcher is interested in whether circadian rhythms influence participants' performance on different kinds of memory tests.The researcher first classifies participants according to whether each is a morning person or an evening person.The researcher then randomly assigns participants to receive either an implicit memory test or an explicit memory test.The researcher then tests everyone at 8 a.m.What is(are) the main effect(s) being tested in the study?

A) type of person
B) memory test
C) type of person and performance
D) type of person and memory test

Question 28

In a two-way factorial ANOVA, between-groups variance is divided into:

A) two main effects and a single interaction.
B) one main effect and two interactions.
C) two main effects and two interactions.
D) one main effect and a single interaction.

Question 29

The owners of the Syfy channel are interested in whether watching the Syfy channel causes people to become "geeky," and if so, whether any such effects depend on a person's gender.They hire a researcher to design and carry out the appropriate study.The researcher randomly assigns an equal number of men and women to watch 0, 3, 5, or 9 hours of the Syfy channel each week for 6 weeks.What is the research hypothesis for the main effect of hours watched?

A) On average, men and women differ in their geekiness levels.
B) On average, watchers differ in their geekiness levels across the various hours of the Syfy channel watched.
C) On average, watchers are equally geeky regardless of the hours of the Syfy channel they watch.
D) On average, men are geekier than women when watching fewer hours but less geeky than women when watching more hours of the Syfy channel.

Question 30

The owners of the Syfy channel are interested in whether watching the Syfy channel causes people to become "geeky," and if so, whether any such effects depend on a person's gender.They hire a researcher to design and carry out the appropriate study.The researcher randomly assigns an equal number of men and women to watch 0, 3, 5, or 9 hours of the Syfy channel each week for 6 weeks.What is the research hypothesis for the interaction effect?

A) Men and women are equally geeky, regardless of the hours of the Syfy channel they watched.
B) The effect of geekiness is dependent on hours of the Syfy channel watched.
C) The effect of geekiness is dependent on the gender of the Syfy channel watcher.
D) The effect of hours of the Syfy channel watched is dependent on gender.

Question 31

The owners of the Syfy channel are interested in whether watching the Syfy channel causes people to become "geeky," and if so, whether any such effects depend on a person's gender.They hire a researcher to design and carry out the appropriate study.The researcher randomly assigns an equal number of men and women to watch 0, 3, 5, or 9 hours of the Syfy channel each week for 6 weeks.What is the null hypothesis for the main effect of gender?

A) On average, men and women are equally geeky.
B) On average, men are geekier than women.
C) On average, watchers are equally geeky regardless of the hours of the Syfy channel they watch.
D) On average, men are geekier than women when watching fewer hours but less geeky than women when watching more hours of the Syfy channel.

Question 32

The degrees of freedom for the interaction in a two-way ANOVA is calculated by:

A) multiplying together the degrees of freedom associated with each of the main effects.
B) adding together the degrees of freedom associated with each of the main effects.
C) subtracting the degrees of freedom for the first main effect from that of the second main effect.
D) subtracting a single participant from each cell of the study and then adding the results for all the cells.

Question 33

In a two-way ANOVA, the researcher makes decisions regarding _____ null hypotheses.

A) three separate
B) two separate
C) three interdependent
D) two interdependent

Question 34

Forys and Dahlquist (2007) investigated the effects of coping style and cognitive strategy on dealing with pain.Participants were first classified as having a monitoring or avoiding coping style.Participants were then randomly assigned to one of two cognitive strategy conditions, distraction or sensation monitoring.Participants were next instructed to use the cognitive strategy while submerging their hand in ice water.The researchers measured pain tolerance as the number of seconds participants were able to keep their hand in the ice water.What is(are) the main effect(s) being tested in the study?

A) coping style
B) coping style and cognitive strategy condition
C) pain tolerance and coping style
D) pain tolerance and cognitive strategy condition

Question 35

In a two-way ANOVA, if there is a significant interaction:

A) at least one of the main effects is significant.
B) the interpretation of significant main effects is independent of the interaction.
C) the interpretation of any significant main effects should be ignored.
D) both of the main effects are also significant.

Question 36

The owners of the Syfy channel are interested in whether watching the Syfy channel causes people to become "geeky," and whether any such effects depend on a person's gender.They hire a researcher to design and carry out the appropriate study.The researcher asks an equal number of men and women to watch 0, 3, 5, and 9 hours of the Syfy channel each week for 6 weeks.At the end of each week, the researcher measures the "geekiness" of the men and women on a scale from 1 to 10.How many cells are in this design?

A) 6
B) 8
C) 12
D) 48

Question 37

The owners of the Syfy channel are interested in whether watching the Syfy channel causes people to become "geeky," and if so, whether any such effects depend on a person's gender.They hire a researcher to design and carry out the appropriate study.The researcher randomly assigns an equal number of men and women to watch 0, 3, 5, or 9 hours of the Syfy channel each week for 6 weeks.What is the null hypothesis for the interaction effect?

A) Men and women are equally geeky, regardless of the hours of the Syfy channel they watched.
B) The effect of geekiness is not dependent on hours of the Syfy channel watched.
C) The effect of geekiness is not dependent on the gender of the Syfy channel watcher.
D) The effect of hours of the Syfy channel watched is not dependent on gender.

Question 38

Roediger and Karpicke (2006) investigated whether the test-enhanced learning effect (the demonstration that repeated testing improves memory for material) was due merely to repeated exposure to material.They randomly assigned participants to one of two study conditions (study-study or study-test) and to one of three retention interval conditions (final test at a delay of 5 minutes, 2 days, or 1 week).The dependent variable was the proportion of idea units recalled from an encyclopedia passage.What is(are) the main effect(s) being tested in the study?

A) study condition
B) retention interval condition and idea units recalled
C) study condition and idea units recalled
D) study condition and retention interval condition

Question 39

The owners of the Syfy channel are interested in whether watching the Syfy channel causes people to become "geeky," and if so, whether any such effects depend on a person's gender.They hire a researcher to design and carry out the appropriate study.The researcher randomly assigns an equal number of men and women to watch 0, 3, 5, or 9 hours of the Syfy channel each week for 6 weeks.What is the research hypothesis for the main effect of gender?

A) On average, men and women are equally geeky.
B) On average, men and women differ in their geekiness levels.
C) On average, men are geekier when they watch more hours of the Syfy channel than fewer hours.
D) On average, men are geekier than women when watching fewer hours but less geeky than women when watching more hours of the Syfy channel.

Question 40

In a table depicting the cells of a two-way ANOVA, the marginal means reflect:

A) the interaction.
B) the two main effects.
C) one of the main effects.
D) within-groups variance.

Question 41

An effect size of 0.20 for a two-way ANOVA is considered to be:

A) small.
B) medium.
C) large.
D) an error.

Question 42

The correct formula for calculating the sum of squares for within-groups variability is:

A) $\Sigma$ (X - GM)².
B) $\Sigma$ (M_{row or column} - GM)².
C) $\Sigma$ (X - M_cell)².
D) $\Sigma$ (M_cell - X)².

Question 43

The owners of the Syfy channel are interested in whether watching the Syfy channel causes people to become "geeky," and whether any such effects depend on a person's gender.They hire a researcher to design and carry out the appropriate study.The researcher asks an equal number of men and women to watch 0, 3, 5, and 9 hours of the Syfy channel each week for 6 weeks.At the end of each week, the researcher measures the "geekiness" of the men and women on a scale from 1 to 10.How should the researcher label the ANOVA used to analyze the data?

A) a 2 × 4 × 6 mixed-design ANOVA
B) a 2 × 4 × 6 mixed-design MANOVA
C) a 4 × 2 within-groups ANOVA
D) a 2 × 2 mixed-design ANOVA

Question 44

A factor is another word to describe the independent variable in a two-way ANOVA.

Question 45

A two-way factorial experimental design yields no more information than two single-factor experiments.

Question 46

If an analysis of variance includes both within-groups factors and between-groups factors, it is called a _____ ANOVA.

A) two-way
B) complex-design
C) between-within
D) mixed-design

Question 47

The covariate in analysis of covariance must be measured as what type of variable?

A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) scale
D) integer

Question 48

A 3 × 4 ANOVA will have 7 cells.

Question 49

For a two-way ANOVA, _____ is the measure of effect size.

A) Cohen's d
B) R²
C) r
D) R - 1

Question 50

What form of ANOVA should be used to analyze data when there is more than one dependent variable?

A) two-way analysis of variance
B) analysis of covariance
C) multivariate analysis of variance
D) mixed-design analysis of variance

Question 51

The correct formula for calculating the sum of squares for the between-groups variables, represented as rows or columns, is:

A) $\Sigma$ (X - GM)².
B) $\Sigma$ (M_{row or column} - GM)².
C) $\Sigma$ (X - M_cell)².
D) $\Sigma$ (M_cell - X)².

Question 52

Analysis of variance is a statistical tool that can be applied to within-groups designs.

Question 53

An effect size of 0.062 for a two-way ANOVA is considered to be:

A) small.
B) medium.
C) large.
D) an error.

Question 54

A 3 × 4 ANOVA will have 12 cells.

Question 55

Analysis of covariance involves:

A) analyzing more than one dependent variable.
B) analyzing the residuals in an interaction.
C) determining all relevant variables that are correlated with the dependent variable prior to collecting the data.
D) statistically controlling for a third variable that is associated with the dependent measure.

Question 56

Educators in Cook County want to assess the efficacy of a new reading program they put in place.Therefore, they randomly assign some schools in the county to institute the new reading program and other schools to remain on the traditional reading program.When performing the analysis to determine whether students using the new reading program perform better, the educators control for socioeconomic status, a variable known to be related to educational outcomes.What kind of analysis have the educators performed?

A) two-way ANOVA
B) MANOVA
C) ANCOVA
D) one-way ANOVA

Question 57

An effect size of 0.131 for a two-way ANOVA is considered to be:

A) small.
B) medium.
C) large.
D) an error.

Question 58

A factor is another word to describe the dependent variable in a two-way ANOVA.

Question 59

Which design has more than one dependent variable?

A) mixed-design ANOVA
B) ANCOVA
C) MANCOVA
D) two-way ANOVA

Question 60

An effect size of 0.02 for a two-way ANOVA is considered to be:

A) small.
B) medium.
C) large.
D) an error.

Question 61

A significant interaction found in a two-way between-groups ANOVA trumps any main effects.

Question 62

A significant main effect found in a two-way between-groups ANOVA trumps any significant interaction.

Question 63

Including a covariate in an analysis means the effects of the independent variables are looked at after statistically adding the effect of another variable.

Question 64

Interactions are evident in intersecting or eventually intersecting lines in a bar graph of the cell means.

Question 65

Interactions are evident in parallel lines in a bar graph of the cell means.

Question 66

In a two-way ANOVA, differences among row means are used to assess the interaction effect.

Question 67

When performing a two-way ANOVA, there will be three critical values, one for each main effect and one for the interaction.

Question 68

When looking up a critical value for F, the within-groups degrees of freedom is the same for each test in a two-way between-groups ANOVA.

Question 69

A researcher wants to examine the effect of drugs and diet on systolic blood pressure.She randomly assigns 20 individuals with high blood pressure to one of four treatments: control (no diet or drugs), diet modification only, drug only, drug and diet modification.What type of design is appropriate for this study?

A) one-way within-groups ANOVA
B) two-way within-groups ANOVA
C) two-way between-groups ANOVA
D) mixed-design ANOVA

Question 70

An interaction is more likely to occur in a two-way ANOVA when at least one of the main effects is significant.

Question 71

An effect size calculation of 0.10 for a two-way between-groups ANOVA is considered to be a small effect.

Question 72

The variations on ANOVA, MANOVA and MANCOVA, both include more than one dependent variable.

Question 73

The variations on ANOVA, MANOVA and MANCOVA, both include a covariate in the design.

Question 74

A two-way between-groups ANOVA has three hypotheses.

Question 75

The effect size measure for a two-way between-groups ANOVA is R², the same as for a one-way ANOVA.

Question 76

What does a two-way ANOVA offer beyond what two separate one-way ANOVAs can tell about the data?

A) clarification on how one variable is correlated with another variable
B) a chance to see how the effect of one variable can depend on the levels of another variable
C) information about the primary effect of one variable as the cause of another
D) quantitative assessment of main effects

Question 77

The variations on ANOVA, ANCOVA and MANCOVA, both include a covariate in the design.

Question 78

In a two-way between-groups ANOVA, there are four sources of variability.

Question 79

A two-way between-groups ANOVA has just two hypotheses.

Question 80

In a two-way between-groups ANOVA, there are three sources of variability, one for each effect.