Deck 16: The Endocrine System

Question 1

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Most type 2 diabetics do NOT produce insulin.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Insufficient dietary iodine can cause Graves' disease.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Type 2 diabetes mellitus may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production.

Question 5

Thyroid hormone production requires the presence of both iodine and calcium.

Question 6

The beta cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin.

Question 7

The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis.

Question 8

The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin.

Question 9

LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin.

Question 10

Enteroendocrine cells of the GI tract produce some hormones that are chemically identical to neurotransmitters.

Question 11

Cyclic AMP (cAMP), diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol triphosphate (IP3), and calcium ions can serve as second messengers.

Question 12

The number of receptors for a particular hormone can change due to consistently high or low levels of that hormone, which is referred to as up- and down-regulation.

Question 13

Calcitonin is the main regulator of blood calcium levels.

Question 14

Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the posterior pituitary.

Question 15

The pineal gland is used as a brain orientation reference landmark for brain X-rays.

Question 16

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.

Question 17

Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters.

Question 18

Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system.

Question 19

Hypersecretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) can result in hypertension.

Question 20

Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions.

Question 21

The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid.

Question 22

Enterochromaffin-like cells of the gastric mucosa can be triggered to release histamine. Histamine, in this case, causes nearby parietal cells of the stomach lining to produce hydrochloric acid. The effect of histamine on parietal cells would best be described as a(n) _.

A) second messenger
B) exocrine
C) paracrine
D) autocrine

Question 23

Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of _.

A) cortisol
B) insulin
C) secretin
D) aldosterone

Question 24

Growth hormone solely exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones.

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?

A) polyphagia
B) polydipsia
C) polyuria
D) polycythemia

Question 26

Oxytocin .

A) is an anterior pituitary secretion
B) controls milk production
C) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
D) exerts its most important effects during menstruation

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?

A) induces secretory activity
B) alters plasma membrane permeability
C) stimulates production of an action potential
D) activates or deactivates enzymes

Question 28

Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine.

Question 29

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) .

A) increases urine production
B) promotes dehydration
C) secretion is inhibited by alcohol
D) is produced by the anterior pituitary

Question 30

All anterior pituitary hormones EXCEPT growth hormone affect their target cells via a cyclic AMP
second-messenger system.

Question 31

All amino acid-based hormones are lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane.

Question 32

Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

A) humoral
B) hormonal
C) enzymatic
D) neural

Question 34

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the .

A) adrenal medulla
B) thyroid gland
C) thymus gland
D) pancreas

Question 35

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called _.

A) enzymes
B) proteins
C) antibodies
D) hormones

Question 36

Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress.

Question 37

Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular .

A) nucleotides
B) calcium
C) deactivating ions
D) second messengers

Question 38

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract .

A) connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland
B) is the site of prolactin synthesis
C) runs through the infundibulum
D) conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis

Question 39

Which of the following can act on receptors inside the target cell that directly activate specific genes?

A) calcitonin
B) testosterone
C) growth hormone
D) melatonin

Question 40

Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?

A) gastrin
B) secretin
C) aldosterone
D) leptin

Question 41

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is .

A) thyroid hormone
B) parathyroid hormone
C) gonadotropic hormones
D) calcitonin

Question 42

Which of the following statements is true of amino acid-based hormones?

A) They cross the plasma membrane.
B) They are lipid soluble.
C) They require a receptor in the plasma membrane.
D) They are synthesized from cholesterol.

Question 43

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because .

A) the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized into functional amino acids
B) there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane
C) the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time
D) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

Question 44

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by .

A) altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA
B) synthesizing more than one hormone at a time
C) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ
D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cyclic AMP signaling mechanism?

A) G protein
B) steroid
C) hormone receptor
D) effector enzyme

Question 46

Steroid hormones exert their action by .

A) binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity
B) activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones
C) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
D) entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?

A) direct control of the nervous system
B) stimulation of mitosis
C) an increase in enzyme synthesis
D) a change in membrane potential

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT a steroid-based hormone?

A) epinephrine
B) aldosterone
C) estrogen
D) cortisol

Question 49

Hormones that bind to plasma proteins _ _.

A) are usually synthesized from cholesterol
B) must also bind to plasma membrane receptors
C) are usually water soluble
D) are usually made of amino acids

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?

A) inhibition of calcitonin synthesis
B) activation of osteoclasts
C) increased intestinal absorption of calcium ions
D) increased calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys

Question 51

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to .

A) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
B) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone
C) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide
D) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone

Question 52

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?

A) neural stimulation
B) catabolic inhibition
C) humoral stimulation
D) protein synthesis

Question 53

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because .

A) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release
B) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
C) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional
D) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location

Question 54

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to .

A) cortisol
B) testosterone
C) epinephrine
D) estrogen

Question 55

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

A) the heart
B) the skin
C) the spleen
D) the kidney

Question 56

Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland?

A) growth hormone (GH)
B) luteinizing hormone(LH)
C) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
D) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 57

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the _.

A) general circulatory system
B) hepatic portal system
C) hypophyseal portal system
D) feedback loop

Question 58

Leptin is secreted by _.

A) goblet cells
B) lymphocytes
C) fibroblasts
D) adipose cells

Question 59

The major targets of growth hormone are .

A) the liver and gall bladder
B) the blood vessels
C) liver, bones, and skeletal muscles
D) the thyroid and adrenal glands

Question 60

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on _ _.

A) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
B) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ
C) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path
D) nothing-all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific

Question 61

Melatonin _ .

A) is responsible for regulating the sleep cycle
B) triggers sexual maturation and puberty
C) is produced by the parathyroid glands
D) is at its highest levels at around noon

Question 62

At age 85, Lyle's immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he was younger. The atrophy of which endocrine gland is likely responsible for this?

A) anterior pituitary
B) adrenal
C) thymus
D) thyroid

Question 63

John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from your diet. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. Which of the following hormones is synthesized from cholesterol?

A) testosterone
B) thyroxine
C) growth hormone
D) oxytocin

Question 64

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-based hormones?

A) chlorine
B) calcium
C) iron
D) sodium

Question 65

Johanna, a 7-year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?

A) growth hormone
B) thyroid stimulating hormone
C) cortisol
D) parathyroid hormone

Question 66

A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.

A) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
B) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.
C) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore, it is not synthesized by males.
D) A hormone made in the anterior pituitary cannot influence fertility.

Question 67

Aldosterone .

A) presence increases potassium concentration in the blood
B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption
C) production is greatly influenced by ACTH
D) is secreted by the posterior pituitary

Question 68

Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone?

A) glucagon
B) melatonin
C) insulin
D) growth hormone

Question 69

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus .

A) travel by arteries to the pituitary
B) enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary
C) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
D) enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary

Question 70

Which of the following is correctly matched?

A) zona fasciculata - mineralocorticoids
B) zona reticularis - gonadocorticoids
C) zona glomerulosa - epinephrine and norepinephrine
D) adrenal medulla - glucocorticoids

Question 71

As a result of stress, the anterior pituitary releases , which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats.

A) ADH
B) ACTH
C) growth hormone
D) thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 72

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?

A) It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells.
B) It does not require a second messenger to cause a response.
C) It causes positive feedback.
D) It is very specific in the cell type it targets.

Question 73

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as .

A) up-regulation
B) sensitivity increase
C) cellular affinity
D) a stressor reaction

Question 74

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?

A) by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response
B) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
C) by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure
D) by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin

Question 75

A release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) will trigger _ .

A) increased osteoblast activity
B) increased activation of vitamin D by the kidney
C) a drop in blood calcium levels
D) a reduction of calcium reabsorption in the kidney tubules

Question 76

Dave has discovered a new lipid-soluble hormone. Which of the following is true regarding this hormone?

A) will likely act through a second-messenger system
B) receptor will be located on the plasma membrane
C) will be bound to a transport protein in the blood
D) can be stored in secretory vesicles

Question 77

The effect of a hormone on a target cell may be decreased by the presence of .

A) plasma membrane receptors
B) permissive hormones
C) antagonistic hormones
D) synergistic hormones

Question 78

Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts?

A) progesterone
B) prolactin
C) estrogen
D) oxytocin

Question 79

During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?

A) insulin
B) aldosterone
C) thyroxine
D) glucagon

Question 80

The parathyroid glands respond to which type of stimulus?

A) positive
B) hormonal
C) neural
D) humoral