Deck 5: The Integumentary System

Question 1

The dermis contains blood vessels and nerve fibers while the epidermis does not.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the dermis.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The skin is not able to receive stimuli because the cells of the epidermis are not living and therefore there are no sensory receptors in the skin.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Thick skin has a more extensive dermal layer than thin skin.

Question 5

The skin cancer most likely to metastasize is cancer of the melanocytes.

Question 6

Joe just burned himself on a hot pot, and the burn is quite painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn.

Question 7

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.

A) Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant.
B) Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant.
C) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.
D) Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum.

Question 8

The protein found in large amounts in the superficial layer of epidermal cells is keratin.

Question 9

For a doctor, simply looking at a patient's skin can help towards making a diagnosis.

Question 10

The pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin
(contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis.

Question 11

The action of the arrector pili muscle is very similar in humans as it is in other mammals but its beneficial functions differ.

Question 12

Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes.

Question 13

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

A) corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
B) basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
C) granulosum, basale, spinosum, corneum
D) basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum

Question 14

Cells in the stratum corneum undergo mitosis to keep the layer thick and protective.

Question 15

When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body.

Question 16

During the regressive phase of hair growth, the matrix is inactive and the follicle atrophies.

Question 17

When an individual is exposed to extremely cold air the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that more blood will be brought closer to the outside surface of the skin.

Question 18

The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis.

Question 19

The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following EXCEPT _.

A) cortex
B) external root sheath
C) cuticle
D) medulla

Question 20

The eccrine sweat glands are not the primary gland involved in thermoregulation.

Question 21

The friction ridges seen in finger, palm and foot prints are different among various people but very similar between identical twins. This evidence suggests which of the following?

A) That friction ridges are genetically determined.
B) That friction ridges change over time.
C) That friction ridges aid in griping.
D) That friction ridges allow for better tactile sensation.

Question 22

Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following would indicate a liver disease such as hepatitis resulting in elevated bilirubin?

A) Black-and-blue marks become evident for no apparent cause.
B) The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance.
C) The skin and sclera of the eyes appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint.
D) It is impossible to suggest Addison's disease from an inspection of a person's skin.

Question 23

The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

A) the reticular layer
B) the hypodermal layer
C) the subcutaneous layer
D) the papillary layer

Question 24

The single most important risk for skin cancer is .

A) genetics
B) use of farm chemicals
C) overexposure to UV radiation
D) race

Question 25

The function of the root hair plexus is to .

A) allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
B) cause apocrine gland secretion into the hair follicle
C) serve as a source for new epidermal cells for hair growth after the resting stage has passed
D) bind the hair root to the dermis

Question 26

The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?

A) osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and epithelial cells
B) goblet cells, parietal cells, and chondrocytes
C) monocytes, reticulocytes, and osteocytes
D) fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

Question 27

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?

A) stratum granulosum
B) stratum basale
C) stratum corneum
D) stratum lucidum

Question 28

A dendritic or Langerhans cell is a specialized _.

A) squamous epithelial cell
B) melanocyte
C) nerve cell
D) phagocytic cell

Question 29

The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loosely packed connective tissue with numerous peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the epidermis. Which of the statements below do NOT represent benefits provided by the papillary layer's anatomy?

A) The spaces in the connective tissue allow many small blood vessels to deliver nutrients and pick up waste diffusing from the superficial epidermal layers.
B) The high surface area allows for a stronger connection of dermis to epidermis.
C) The looseness allows for easy separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed.
D) The looseness allows for phagocytes to roam through the tissue and search for infection.

Question 30

Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?

A) Carotene, which accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermal adipose tissue, is synthesized in large amounts in the presence of sunlight.
B) Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.
C) The skin is protected by increasing the number of epidermal dendritic cells, which help to activate the immune system.
D) The skin is protected by the synthesis of three pigments that contribute to the skin's color.

Question 31

Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?

A) Pacinian corpuscle
B) Ruffini body
C) free nerve ending
D) tactile cells

Question 32

Which of the following glands secrete sebum, an oily like substance?

A) merocrine glands
B) eccrine glands
C) apocrine glands
D) sebaceous glands

Question 33

Which type of skin cancer is the most dangerous because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy?

A) melanoma
B) squamous cell carcinoma
C) adenoma
D) basal cell carcinoma

Question 34

A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot, almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?

A) lucidum
B) basale
C) spinosum
D) granulosum

Question 35

Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does?

A) Gray hair is the result of hormonal action altering the chemical composition of melanin.
B) Perfectly round hair shafts result in wavy hair.
C) Air bubbles in the hair shaft cause straight hair.
D) Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.

Question 36

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that .

A) the cells that make up the hypodermis secrete a protective mucus
B) it is located just below the epidermis and protects the dermis from shock
C) it has no delicate nerve endings and can therefore absorb more shock
D) the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber

Question 37

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?

A) There is an episode of acute pain due to the large number of tactile corpuscles.
B) The stretching causes the tension lines to disappear.
C) The blood vessels in the dermis rupture and the blood passes through the tissue, causing permanent "black-and-blue marks."
D) The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.

Question 38

Which of the following cells and their function are correctly matched?

A) dendritic cells - activate the immune system
B) melanocytes - protects cells in the stratum corneum from damaging effects of sun's rays
C) keratinocytes - provide sense of touch and pressure
D) tactile cells - protection

Question 39

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?

A) Glycolipids that are secreted by keratinocytes into extracellular spaces.
B) The dermis is the thickest portion of the skin and water cannot pass through it.
C) Fat associated with skin prevents water loss.
D) The size and shape of the cells that make up the stratum spinosum, as well as the thick bundles of intermediate filaments.

Question 40

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes .

A) provide the melanocyte with nutrients necessary for melanin synthesis
B) maintain the appropriate temperature so the product of the melanocyte will not denature
C) accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer
D) maintain the appropriate pH in order for the melanocyte to synthesize melanin granules

Question 41

What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?

A) the size and number of hair follicles
B) age and glandular products
C) nutrition and hormones
D) sex and hormones

Question 42

A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be .

A) exposing the patient to more sunlight
B) encouraging the patient to eat more orange colored vegetables (rich in beta carotene)
C) giving the patient supplemental oxygen by mask
D) increasing fluids through IV therapy

Question 43

Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?

A) Production of vitamin D initiated by the suns UV light striking the skin.
B) Formation of cerumen wax to deter insects from entering the ear.
C) Thickening of epidermis to form a callus in places where the skin is exposed to friction.
D) Changes in the response of the hair follicle to dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

Question 44

The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated .

A) by high temperatures
B) as a protective coating when one is swimming
C) when the air temperature drops
D) by hormones, especially androgens

Question 45

Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?

A) by observing the tissues that are usually moist
B) by measuring urinary output and fluid intake
C) by using the "rule of nines"
D) through blood analysis

Question 46

Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because _ .

A) they grow much slower
B) hormones in the eyebrow follicle switch the growth off after it has reached a predetermined length
C) the vascular supply of the eyebrow follicle is one-tenth that of the head hair follicle
D) eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months

Question 47

A light skinned person who is very cold may have a pale appearance. Which of the following is the best explanation for why this might be so?

A) The person's blood vessels in the dermis have undergone vasoconstriction (narrowing).
B) The person's blood vessels in the epidermis have undergone vasodilation (widening).
C) The person is in fear of hypothermia (sever cold exposure).
D) The cold has slowed the movement of blood.

Question 48

The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is .

A) primarily uric acid
B) fatty substances, proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins
C) 99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
D) metabolic wastes

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the skin?

A) Delivers important information about our environmental conditions to our brains.
B) Gives the body its overall shape, loss of this function can be seen with the drooping of skin with age.
C) Conducts endergonic metabolic chemical reactions using the suns energy to initiate vitamin D synthesis.
D) Holds a portion of the bloods total volume to be shunted (diverted) to other organs when needed.

Question 50

Which layer of tissue is damaged in a first-degree burn?

A) hypodermis
B) epidermis
C) dermis
D) both the epidermis and dermis

Question 51

Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?

A) Release of sweat by eccrine glands in response to heat.
B) An increase in sebum production in response to androgens (male sex hormones).
C) Lack of pain in third-degree burns due to damage to sensory nerves in the dermis.
D) Excretion of salts within the sweat.

Question 52

Which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood?

A) stratum granulosum
B) stratum spinosum
C) stratum basale
D) stratum corneum

Question 53

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?

A) eccrine and apocrine
B) holocrine and mammary
C) sebaceous and merocrine
D) mammary and ceruminous

Question 54

The arrector pili muscle's predominate, useful function in humans is to .

A) provide warmth by making the hair stand on end
B) assist in the release sebum from nearby sebaceous glands
C) stimulate faster hair growth
D) prevent germs from entering the hair shaft

Question 55

All of the following will help the skin to fight infection but one. Which of the following will have little effect on the skin's ability to fight infection?

A) Greater production of keratinocytes resulting in more layers of the stratum corneum.
B) Greater production of melanin.
C) Increased secretions of defensins from skin cells.
D) More tight junctions between keratinocytes of the stratum corneum.

Question 56

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?

A) The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy.
B) It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases.
C) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.
D) It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body.

Question 57

Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?

A) Release of chemical signals by keratinocytes that have been damaged by UV light that will increase the production of melanin.
B) Removal of nitrogenous compounds like urea within the sweat.
C) The near waterproof secretions of glycolipids that is released by cells in the stratum granulosum.
D) The secretion of antibacterial compounds in sebum.

Question 58

Which layer of skin is LEAST protected by melanin?

A) stratum basale
B) stratum granulosum
C) stratum spinosum
D) stratum corneum

Question 59

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

A) in the axillary and anogenital area
B) in all body regions and buried deep in the dermis
C) in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
D) beneath the flexure lines in the body

Question 60

Cells of the stratum spinosum have many interlocking desmosomes that will remain between the cells as they migrate to the stratum corneum. These cell junctions serve the body by _ .

A) allowing secretions like sweat or sebum to pass through
B) stopping water loss and preventing dehydration
C) preventing mechanical stress or trauma from damaging the epidermis
D) preventing ultraviolet light from penetrating the deeper layers of the epidermis

Question 61

The white crescent portion of the nail is called the .

Question 62

There are several reasons other than genetics for hair loss. Identify some of these other factors.

Question 63

How are burns commonly classified? Give an example.

Question 64

Tanning or darkening of the skin occurs as a defensive response to _ .

Question 65

The coarse hair of the eyebrows and scalp is called hair.

Question 66

The are the small muscles located in the dermis that cause goose bumps.

Question 67

William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information, you would predict that the cut has penetrated to _.

A) the stratum corneum but not the stratum granulosum
B) the stratum basale but not the dermal layers
C) the subcutaneous layer, but no deeper
D) the papillary layer but not the reticular layer

Question 68

The skin protects, but how does it protect us and from what? Describe how the epidermal dendritic cells and melanocytes protect us. Describe what these cells protect us from.

Question 69

A light-skinned person may appear pink when they become over heated. The best explanation for this is .

A) blood flow has increased to the sweat glands in order to increase their metabolic activity
B) the heart is pumping faster because the person was probably exercising
C) the melanocytes are responding to the heat of the sun and change the appearance of the skin with increased production
D) the blood vessels of the dermis have undergone vasodilation, bringing a greater volume of blood to the skin

Question 70

The surge of sex hormones that accompanies puberty has a wide range of effects on the body. One of those effects is to enhance the activity of the sebaceous glands, increasing the production of sebum. Which of the following is the most likely to result from the increased sebaceous activity?

A) Decreased vitamin D synthesis.
B) Increased oily appearance and more acne.
C) Increased hair growth.
D) Increased cooling of the skin.

Question 71

Cradle cap in infants is called .

Question 72

List the layers of the dermis and describe the functions of the tissue that makes up each layer.

Question 73

What is vellus hair?

Question 74

In addition to the synthesis of vitamin D, keratinocytes are able to carry out some other biologically important functions. Name at least two of these other functions.

Question 75

The only place you will find stratum is in the skin that covers the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet.

Question 76

Burns that result in injury to the epidermis and the upper regions of the dermis is called a burn.

Question 77

Balding men have tried all kinds of remedies, including hair transplants, to restore their lost locks. Explain the cause of male pattern baldness.

Question 78

The dermal folds that occur at or near joints where the dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures are called
.

Question 79

Pigment-producing cells in the epidermis are _ .

Question 80

A surgeon opens her patient by cutting the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis (tension lines). This will result in _ .

A) greater chance of infection
B) faster healing of the skin and less scaring
C) slowed healing and greater scaring
D) less chance for infection