Deck 3: Cells: the Living Units

Question 1

DNA transcription is another word for DNA replication.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Telomeres are the regions of chromosomes that code for the protein ubiquitin.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

DNA replication requires an enzyme called RNA polymerase and results in a semi-conserved new molecule of
DNA.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Enzymes and proteins needed for cell division are synthesizes and put into place during G₂ phase.

Question 5

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is .

A) mRNA
B) ssRNA
C) rRNA
D) tRNA

Question 6

Concentration differences cause ionic imbalances that polarize the cell membrane, and active transport processes.

Question 7

Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages?

A) exocytosis
B) phagocytosis
C) intracellular vesicular trafficking
D) pinocytosis

Question 8

Introns represent a genome scrap yard that provides DNA segments for genome evolution and a variety of small RNA molecules.

Question 9

Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material.

Question 10

Apoptosis is programmed cell death; cancer cells do not undergo this process.

Question 11

Microfilaments are thin strands of the contractile protein composed of myosin.

Question 12

Phagocytosis is used by the cells to secrete intracellular substances to the outside of the cell.

Question 13

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the membrane potential?

A) The resting membrane potential is determined mainly by the concentration gradients and differential permeability of the plasma membrane to K+ and Na+ ions.
B) In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential.
C) The resting membrane potential occurs due to active transport of ions across the membrane due to the sodium-potassium pump.
D) The resting membrane potential is maintained solely by passive transport processes.

Question 14

Osmosis is the passive movement of water, but it follows almost completely opposite laws of physics when compared to the diffusion of ions or other small particles.

Question 15

In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in .

A) the rough ER
B) the smooth ER
C) both smooth and rough ER
D) the cytoplasm

Question 16

The glycocalyx is composed of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and cholesterol molecules that are displayed on the outside surface of the plasma membrane.

Question 17

Microtubules are hollow tubes made of subunits of the protein tubulin.

Question 18

Aquaporins are believed to be present in red blood cells and kidney tubules, but not in any other cells in the body.

Question 19

The speed of individual particle diffusion is influenced by temperature and particle size, not by concentration.

Question 20

Dividing cells must pass through the phases of mitosis in the following order: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

Question 21

Which of the following structures would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell?

A) stereocilia
B) flagella
C) primary cilia
D) microvilli

Question 22

If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA?

A) GUACC
B) ACGTT
C) UGCAA
D) TGCAA

Question 23

In a tissue type that undergoes a relatively great deal of mechanical stress, like the tissue that lines the intestine, you would expect to see an abundance of between the individual cells of the tissue.

A) connexons
B) desmosomes
C) gap junctions
D) tight junctions

Question 24

If cells are placed in a hypotonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen?

A) The cells will show no change due to diffusion of both solute and solvent.
B) The cells will lose water and shrink.
C) The cells will shrink at first, but will later reach equilibrium with the surrounding solution and return to their original condition.
D) The cells will swell and ultimately burst.

Question 25

Which of the following would NOT be a constituent of a plasma membrane?

A) glycoproteins
B) glycolipids
C) messenger RNA
D) phospholipids

Question 26

Mitosis _.

A) is division of the genetic material within the nucleus
B) is always a part of the cell cycle
C) is the formation of sex cells
D) creates diversity in genetic potential

Question 27

Mitochondria _.

A) contain digestive enzymes called acid hydrolyses
B) contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
C) are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP
D) synthesize proteins for use outside the cell

Question 28

Which of the following describes the plasma membrane?

A) a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell
B) a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma
C) a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae
D) a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell

Question 29

Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA?

A) If the base sequence of DNA is ATTGCA, the messenger RNA template will be UCCAGU.
B) There is exactly one specific type of mRNA for each amino acid.
C) rRNA is always attached to the rough ER.
D) Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a factor that binds cells together?

A) glycolipids in the glycocalyx
B) wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells
C) special membrane junctions
D) glycoproteins in the glycocalyx

Question 31

Peroxisomes _.

A) function to digest particles ingested by endocytosis
B) are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action
C) are functionally the same as lysosomes
D) sometimes function as secretory vesicles

Question 32

Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein?

A) oxygen transport
B) circulating antibody
C) molecular transport through the membrane
D) forms a lipid bilayer

Question 33

Which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion?

A) Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate.
B) The lower the temperature, the faster the rate.
C) The rate is independent of temperature.
D) The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate.

Question 34

Passive membrane transport processes include _ .

A) movement of water from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low concentration
B) consumption of ATP
C) the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration
D) movement of a substance down its concentration gradient

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A) lipid metabolism and cholesterol synthesis
B) steroid-based hormone synthesis
C) protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes
D) breakdown of stored glycogen to form free glucose

Question 36

The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of pinwheel array of 9 triplets of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a .

A) ribosome
B) chromosome
C) centriole
D) centrosome

Question 37

Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells?

A) receptor-mediated endocytosis
B) pinocytosis
C) secondary active transport
D) phagocytosis

Question 38

Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to .

A) the presence or absence of ubiquitins
B) specific tRNAs
C) changes in the environment
D) specific codes from the DNA

Question 39

A red blood cell placed in pure water would .

A) swell and burst
B) shrink
C) neither shrink nor swell
D) swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached

Question 40

Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle?

A) microtubule
B) cilia
C) melanin
D) lysosome

Question 41

In which stage of mitosis do the identical sets of chromosomes line up along the midline or equator of the cell?

A) prophase
B) metaphase
C) telophase
D) anaphase

Question 42

Which organelle is responsible for processing and packaging proteins destined for export from the cell?

A) endoplasmic reticulum
B) Golgi apparatus
C) peroxisomes
D) lysosomes

Question 43

Which of the following would NOT be restricted (limited) by low levels of ATP?

A) pinocytosis
B) osmosis
C) phagocytosis
D) exocytosis

Question 44

A cell engulfing a relatively large particle will likely utilize _.

A) exocytosis
B) phagocytosis
C) receptor-mediated endocytosis
D) pinocytosis

Question 45

If active transport establishes a concentration gradient with the use of ATP, then the concentration gradient can be looked at as .

A) an unusable byproduct of active transport that will simply diffuse away
B) a byproduct of active transport that will be alleviated by pinocytosis
C) unwanted pressure that will be alleviated by channel mediated facilitated diffusion
D) potential energy that can be harnessed when molecules passively diffuse down the concentration gradient

Question 46

The functions of centrioles include _.

A) serving as the site for ribosomal RNA synthesis
B) organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division
C) providing a whiplike beating motion to move substances along cell surfaces
D) producing ATP

Question 47

Crenation (shrinking) is likely to occur in blood cells immersed in .

A) an isotonic solution
B) blood plasma
C) a hypertonic solution
D) a hypotonic solution

Question 48

If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) mRNA codon.

A) AUG
B) TCG
C) UCG
D) UGA

Question 49

If a human cell were to increase the amount of cholesterol embedded within its plasma membrane, which of the following would most likely happen?

A) The plasma membrane would become more stable, less fluid, and less permeable.
B) The cell would form a plaque that could potentially block a blood vessel.
C) The plasma membrane would become more permeable to ions and less permeable to lipids.
D) The plasma membrane would become more fluid and the phospholipids less stable.

Question 50

The movement of water across the plasma membrane can be described by all of the following EXCEPT .

A) facilitated diffusion through aquaporins
B) passive membrane transport
C) carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
D) simple diffusion

Question 51

The lungs deliver a regular supply of oxygen to the blood, which is in turn circulated to most all the cells of the body. At the same time oxygen is consumed during aerobic cellular respiration within these cells. This implies that .

A) the rate of oxygen diffusion is independent of concentration
B) the concentration gradient for oxygen is steepness inside of the cell
C) oxygen will passively diffuse into the cells
D) oxygen requires active transport to enter most cells

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes?

A) breaking down bone to release calcium ions into the blood
B) digesting particles taken in by endocytosis
C) help in the formation of cell membranes
D) degrading worn-out or nonfunctional organelles

Question 53

The myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) undergoes a significant amount of physical stress due to its contractions. You would expect to see relatively large numbers of which of the following embedded within their plasma membrane?

A) transport proteins
B) glycolipids
C) desmosomes
D) tight junctions

Question 54

A gene can best be defined as .

A) a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain
B) a three-base triplet that specifies a particular amino acid
C) noncoding segments of DNA up to 100,000 nucleotides long
D) an RNA messenger that codes for a particular polypeptide

Question 55

Which of the following will NOT speed up the net rate of diffusion for glucose into a cell?

A) Increasing the concentration of glucose outside of the cell.
B) Decreasing the number of phospholipids in the plasma membrane.
C) Decreasing the concentration of glucose within the cell.
D) Increasing the number of glucose transport proteins within the plasma membrane.

Question 56

Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"?

A) Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers.
B) Second messengers act through receptors called K-proteins.
C) Second messengers usually inactivate protein kinase enzymes.
D) Second messengers usually act to remove nitric oxide (NO) from the cell.

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT one of the concepts collectively known as the cell theory?

A) All organisms are made of one or more cells.
B) The cell is the smallest unit of life.
C) Cells only arise from other cells.
D) All cells must be motile and divide.

Question 58

Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?

A) All proteins associated with the cell membrane are contained in a fluid layer on the outside of the cell.
B) The lipid bilayer is a solid at body temperature, thus protecting the cell.
C) Phospholipids consist of a polar head and a nonpolar tail made of three fatty acid chains.
D) Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.

Question 59

Cancerous cells can divide so rapidly that they will often produce a glycocalyx that is different than the other cells in the body. This may result in .

A) a decrease in the permeability of the tumor cell's plasma membrane preventing the uptake of chemotherapy drugs
B) allowing the cancer cells to bind to their healthy, neighboring cells
C) cells of the immune system recognizing the tumorous cells as foreign and destroying them
D) the cancer cells conserving energy for more growth

Question 60

Some hormones enter cells via _.

A) primary active transport
B) exocytosis
C) receptor-mediated endocytosis
D) pinocytosis

Question 61

A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. Which of the following would stop transport of glucose through this transport protein?

A) Lowering the energy of activation.
B) Stopping the activity of the sodium potassium pump.
C) Increasing the number of digestive enzymes in the digestive tract.
D) Increasing the concentration of glucose outside of the cell.

Question 62

Beta cells in the pancreas produce and secrete the protein hormone insulin. You would expect to see a relatively large amount of which organelles in these cells?

A) Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum
B) mitochondria, and cilia
C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes
D) cytoskeleton, and peroxisomes

Question 63

Describe two important functions of the Golgi apparatus.

Question 64

A red blood cell would swell if its surrounding solution were .

Question 65

The most common intracellular cation is .

Question 66

Are random moments of particles, diffusion, and osmosis seen only in living tissue?

Question 67

The phase of a cell life cycle in which the DNA is replicated is called .

Question 68

If a cell is selectively reducing the concentration of a particular enzyme in the extracellular fluid it will likely utilize _ .

A) pinocytosis
B) phagocytosis
C) receptor-mediated endocytosis
D) exocytosis

Question 69

What processes maintain a steady state "resting" membrane potential?

Question 70

A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. This transport protein would best be described as _.

A) a channel
B) a symporter
C) a carrier protein
D) a pump

Question 71

If a cell is non-selectively engulfing samples of extracellular fluid, for example to absorb nutrients, it will likely utilize _ .

A) receptor-mediated endocytosis
B) exocytosis
C) pinocytosis
D) phagocytosis

Question 72

Water may move through membrane pores constructed by transmembrane proteins called .

Question 73

Which of the following would NOT assist in establishing a resting membrane potential?

A) Having greater concentration of glycolipids on the outside surface of the membrane.
B) Selective diffusion allowing more positively charged ions to diffuse out of the cell.
C) Selective diffusion allowing fewer positively charged ions to diffuse into the cell.
D) Selective diffusion allowing more uncharged particles into the cell.

Question 74

Why can we say that a cell without a nucleus will ultimately die?

Question 75

The process of discharging particles from inside a cell to the outside is called .

Question 76

Myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) must rhythmically contract for a lifetime. This requires a considerable amount of energy production by the cells. You would expect to see a relatively high amount of which organelle in these cells?

A) cytoskeleton
B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C) mitochondria
D) lysosomes

Question 77

Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the .

Question 78

is the division of the cytoplasmic mass into two parts.

Question 79

When tissues are injured or infected, chemical signals can be releases that affect the plasma membrane of cells that line the nearby blood vessels. These blood vessels' cells (endothelial cells) respond to the chemical signals by displaying a type of glycoproteins on their surface. These proteins will attach to circulating white blood cells bringing them to the site of injury or infection. These glycoproteins would best be described as .

A) Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
B) desmosomes
C) transport proteins
D) G-proteins

Question 80

Colchicine is a drug that can prevent the formation of microtubules. Which is the most likely effect colchicine would have on cell division?

A) It will arrest mitosis by preventing the formation of spindle microtubules.
B) It would have little or no effect on mitosis.
C) It will enhance mitosis by moving chromosome toward the spindle equator.
D) It would delay mitosis by preventing S phase.