Deck 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues

Question 1

Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone.

Question 5

Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions.

Question 6

Short, irregular, and flat bones have medullary cavities in order to keep the weight of the bones light.

Question 7

The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels.

Question 8

Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function.

Question 9

The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.

Question 10

What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?

A) increased osteoclast activity
B) decreased osteoclast activity
C) decreased epiphyseal plate activity
D) inadequate calcification of bone

Question 11

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

A) hyaline cartilage
B) dense fibrous connective tissue
C) fibrocartilage
D) elastic connective tissue

Question 12

The hormone that is primarily involved in the control of bone remodeling is calcitonin.

Question 13

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses?

A) trabecular bone
B) spongy bone
C) irregular bone
D) compact bone

Question 14

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.

A) fat
B) elastic tissue
C) blood-forming cells
D) Sharpey's fibers

Question 15

All bones stop growing by the end of adolescence.

Question 16

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.

A) osteocyte
B) osteoclast
C) chondrocyte
D) osteoblast

Question 17

Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis of chondrocytes.

Question 18

In newborn infants, the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone contain yellow bone marrow.

Question 19

An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.

Question 20

The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk.

Question 21

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

A) lamellar bone
B) spongy bone
C) osseous matrix
D) the osteon

Question 22

Ossification of the ends of long bones ________.

A) is produced by secondary ossification centers
B) involves medullary cavity formation
C) takes twice as long as diaphysis ossification
D) is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation

Question 23

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by________.

A) the struts of bone known as spicules
B) Volkmann's canals
C) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
D) a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage

Question 24

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________.

A) articular cartilage
B) metaphysis
C) epiphysis
D) diaphysis

Question 25

In humans, the effect of the hormone calcitonin is to ________.

A) temporarily decrease blood calcium levels when administered in large doses
B) increase blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoblasts
C) decrease mitosis of chondrocytes at the epiphyseal plate
D) increase blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts

Question 26

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?

A) support
B) communication
C) production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
D) storage of minerals

Question 27

The resilience of bone is thought to come from which of the following?

A) amount of mineral salt and protein in the bone
B) sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules
C) amount of mineral salts in the bone
D) presence of osteoblasts in the bone

Question 28

The process of bones increasing in thickness is known as ________.

A) concentric growth
B) epiphyseal plate closure
C) appositional growth
D) closing of the epiphyseal plate

Question 29

The term diploë refers to the ________.

A) two types of marrow found within most bones
B) internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
C) double-layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone
D) fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue

Question 30

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?

A) parathyroid hormone
B) calcitonin
C) thyroxine
D) estrogen

Question 31

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?

A) thyroid hormone
B) calcium
C) growth hormone
D) parathyroid hormone

Question 32

The central (Haversian) canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of ________.

A) adipose tissue and nerve fibers
B) blood vessels and nerve fibers
C) yellow marrow and spicules
D) cartilage and interstitial lamellae

Question 33

For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?

A) Ossification centers form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane.
B) The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate.
C) A medullary cavity forms.
D) A bone collar forms around the cartilage model.

Question 34

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic)layer consists primarily of________.

A) osteogenic cells
B) cartilage and compact bone
C) dense irregular connective tissue
D) chondrocytes and osteocytes

Question 35

Wolff's law is concerned with ________.

A) the diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts
B) the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
C) vertical growth of bones being dependent on age
D) the function of bone being dependent on shape

Question 36

Which bone would likely take the longest to heal?

A) thigh bone of a young individual
B) finger bone of a young individual
C) finger bone of an elderly individual
D) thigh bone of an elderly individual

Question 37

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?

A) lacuna
B) epiphyseal plate
C) epiphyseal line
D) osteon

Question 38

Cranial bones develop ________.

A) within fibrous membranes
B) from a tendon
C) from cartilage models
D) within osseous membranes

Question 39

Which of the following is implicated in osteoporosis in older women?

A) estrogen deficiency due to menopause
B) heritage such as African or Mediterranean
C) poor posture
D) abnormal PTH receptors

Question 40

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

A) stem cell
B) osteocyte
C) osteoclast
D) osteoblast

Question 41

Ossification (Osteogenesis) is the process of ________.

A) bone destruction to liberate calcium
B) making a cartilage model of the fetal bone
C) making collagen fibers for calcified cartilage
D) bone formation

Question 42

What is found in a central (Haversian) canal?

Question 43

The pubic symphysis connects the two hip bones anteriorly and provides a little movement during childbirth. Choose the most appropriate tissue for this structure that is subjected to both pressure and stretch.

A) hyaline cartilage
B) bone
C) fibrocartilage
D) elastic cartilage

Question 44

Select the bone disorder in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit, leaving the person with thin and often very fragile bones.

A) osteomalacia
B) Paget's disease
C) rickets
D) osteoporosis

Question 45

Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is of greatest importance for bone growth during infancy and childhood?

A) growth hormone
B) calcitonin
C) parathyroid hormone
D) thyroid hormones

Question 46

Spongy bone contains________.

A) trabeculae
B) osseous lamellae
C) osteons
D) lamellar bone

Question 47

Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth of cartilage?

A) Growth occurs in the lining of the long bones.
B) Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.
C) Unspecialized cells from mesenchyme develop into chondrocytes, which divide and form cartilage.
D) Fibroblasts give rise to chondrocytes that differentiate and form cartilage.

Question 48

Prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of ________.

A) calcium, and vitamin E
B) vitamin D and chloride
C) potassium and vitamin D
D) calcium and vitamin D

Question 49

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?

A) the lengthening of hyaline cartilage
B) along the edges only of existing osteons, making each osteon larger
C) growth at the epiphyseal plate
D) the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

Question 50

What tissue forms the model for endochondrial ossification?

A) fibrous membrane
B) fascia
C) cartilage
D) bone

Question 51

In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause?

A) elevated levels of sex hormones
B) too much vitamin D in the diet
C) osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity
D) overproduction of thyroid hormone

Question 52

At what age do bones reach their peak density?

A) early adulthood
B) at birth
C) early childhood
D) late adulthood

Question 53

Proper blood calcium levels are required for muscle contraction, nerve function, and other critical activities in the body. How does the body maintain homeostasis in response to decreased blood calcium levels?Discuss the main gland, hormone, and target of the hormone.

Question 54

In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________.

A) from the edges inward
B) in a circular fashion
C) by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
D) by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis

Question 55

Choose the best location for obtaining a red bone marrow sample from a patient.

A) head of humerus
B) hip bone
C) medullary cavity of femur
D) frontal bone

Question 56

When an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions it is referred to as a(n) ________.

A) osteogenic cell
B) osteocyte
C) chondrocyte
D) osteoclast

Question 57

Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________.

A) interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
B) calcification of the matrix of the zone underlying articular cartilage
C) the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity
D) differentiation of osteoclasts into osteocytes

Question 58

Skeletal remains are discovered at an archeological site. X-rays of the femur show evidence of a thin epiphyseal plate. This bone likely belonged to which of the following?

A) 8-year-old female
B) 25-year-old female
C) 60-year-old male
D) 18-year-old male

Question 59

Choose the structures that most directly provide nutrients and remove wastes from osteocytes in compact bone.

A) perforating (Volkmann's) canals
B) central canals
C) nutrient foramens
D) canaliculi

Question 60

At an archeological site you discover a bone that is cylindrical in shape, about one inch long and a quarter of an inch wide. Choose the correct classification.

A) sesamoid
B) short
C) long
D) irregular

Question 61

Create an analogy for the chemical composition of bone using highway construction.

Question 62

A 75-year-old woman and her 9-year-old granddaughter were victims of a train crash. In both cases, trauma to the chest was sustained. X rays of the grandmother revealed several fractured ribs, but her granddaughter had none. Explain these different findings.

Question 63

If your elderly patient's blood calcium level is normal, does that mean the patient does not have osteoporosis? Explain.

Question 64

Why are the bones of young children much more flexible than those of the elderly?

Question 65

Compare the starts of intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.

Question 66

Johnny fractured the lower third of his right tibia in a skiing accident. The soft tissues in the area wereseverely damaged and their surgical removal was necessary. After prolonged immobilization, it was found that Johnny was healing very poorly. The explanation offered by the orthopedic surgeon was thatvascularization of the fracture site was still inadequate and good healing was absolutely dependent upon an adequate blood supply. Describe how a long bone receives its blood supply and trace the path ofnutrient delivery to the osteocytes.

Question 67

Compare the function of the organic materials in the bone matrix with the function of the inorganic materials in the matrix.

Question 68

Mrs. Brown was outside on her patio cleaning windows when she fell off her step ladder and fractured her right hip. She had emergency surgery with an open reduction and internal fixation of the right hip. Three days postoperatively, she asks you if she will have trouble going through airport security. What hasprompted her concern?

Question 69

While on spring break from college, June fell on the pavement and broke her wrist. At the emergencyroom, a resident placed a cast on her wrist after manipulating the bones. It seemed to heal within a few months. Now, decades later she has noticed lumps in the area where the break happened and she has been complaining of pain. What could be causing the lumps and the pain?

Question 70

When does prevention of osteoporosis start?

Question 71

Bones appear to be lifeless structures. Does bone material renew itself?

Question 72

If your doctor notices a marked decrease in calcium ion levels in your blood, what gland might he suspect is not functioning properly and why?

Question 73

Alice and James adopted a 3-year-old child from a developing country. They noticed that her legs were bowed and there were some deformities in her cranial and pelvic bones. They brought her to a physician for a diagnosis. What was the likely diagnosis, and what was the treatment for the disorder?

Question 74

Explain why swimming is not generally recommended as an exercise to prevent osteoporosis.

Question 75

Compare how nutrients reach individual osteocytes in compact bone and in spongy bone.