Deck 15: Federal Budgets: the Tools of Fiscal Policy

Question 1

The largest portion of the federal budget is dedicated to

A) discretionary spending.
B) mandatory outlays.
C) interest payments.
D) tax collection.
E) defense spending.

Answer 1

mandatory outlays.

Question 2

Between 2000 and 2010, real government outlays in the United States grew by

A) less than 50 percent.
B) more than 50 percent.
C) more than 75 percent.
D) more than 100 percent.
E) less than 30 percent.

Answer 2

less than 50 percent.

Question 3

A budget is

A) a record of income and purchases from the previous year.
B) a plan for spending and earning money.
C) only necessary for individuals with low incomes.
D) only necessary for countries suffering from financial crises.
E) required to be balanced by Congress.

Answer 3

a plan for spending and earning money.

Question 4

When Social Security was first instituted by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1935, the payroll tax rate on wages used to fund the program was

A) 1 percent.
B) 2 percent.
C) 3 percent.
D) 4 percent.
E) 5 percent.

Question 5

________ is/are a government-administered retirement program.

A) Medicare
B) Medicaid
C) Unemployment compensation
D) Social Security
E) Food stamps

Question 6

The funds used for payments to Medicare recipients come primarily from

A) government borrowing.
B) donations from charitable organizations and citizens.
C) the employee's portion of payroll taxes only.
D) the employer's portion of payroll taxes only.
E) both the employer's and employee's portion of payroll taxes.

Question 7

Should average citizens be concerned with the government's budget?

A) No, because the government's spending and tax policies do not affect citizens.
B) No, because even if citizens do not like the budget, there is nothing they can do to influence it.
C) No, because the government is not spending the average citizen's money; therefore, the average citizen has no incentive to monitor the government's budget.
D) Yes, because an important part of voting is deciding on what tax and spending plans endorsed by the various candidates make the most sense to you.
E) Yes, because the government's yearly budget decisions have immediate and future implications for levels of taxation and the provision of public goods.

Question 8

________ is/are a mandated federal program that funds health care for retired persons.

A) Medicare
B) Medicaid
C) Unemployment compensation
D) Social Security
E) Food stamps

Question 9

Due to ________, government outlays have risen quickly since 2000.

A) less tax revenue
B) an aging population
C) increased government borrowing
D) economic expansion
E) lower interest payments on current government debt

Question 10

Why are interest payments considered mandatory spending in the federal budget?

A) They are considered mandatory spending because such payments are fixed at the time of borrowing and cannot be altered.
B) They are considered mandatory spending because the interest rates on federal debt are extremely high, and failing to pay accumulated interest would dramatically increase the total debt.
C) They are considered mandatory spending because not making such payments could endanger the government's credit rating, which could make it harder to borrow going forward.
D) They are considered mandatory spending because interest payments constitute the largest part of yearly government spending.
E) They are considered mandatory spending because most interest payments go to American households, and those citizens depend on the interest payments for their livelihoods.

Question 11

Which of the following is considered discretionary government spending?

A) payments to Social Security recipients
B) payments to unemployment insurance recipients
C) payments to government employees
D) payments to food stamp recipients
E) payments to foreign bondholders

Question 12

Today, total annual government outlays in the United States are

A) over $3 trillion.
B) over $6 trillion.
C) over $16 trillion.
D) less than $1 trillion.
E) equal to total annual revenue.

Question 13

Mandatory outlays are different than discretionary outlays because

A) mandatory outlays usually change during the budget process, whereas discretionary outlays do not.
B) mandatory outlays have been decreasing as a percentage of the federal budget, whereas discretionary outlays have been increasing as a percentage of the federal budget.
C) discretionary outlays can be changed during the annual budget process, whereas mandatory outlays cannot.
D) discretionary outlays include entitlement programs such as Social Security and Medicare), whereas mandatory outlays include important government programs such as defense).
E) discretionary outlays comprise the vast majority of the total budget, whereas mandatory outlays make up only a minor fraction.

Question 14

Discretionary government spending includes payments made for

A) children's health insurance programs.
B) deposit insurance payments.
C) unemployment compensation.
D) the Department of Education.
E) pension payments for retired Coast Guard officers.

Question 15

Which federal budget category's portion of total government outlays has decreased since 1960?

A) Social Security
B) Medicare
C) Medicaid
D) defense
E) food stamps

Question 16

Which of the following is considered mandatory government spending?

A) funding for the Environmental Protection Agency
B) payments to active military personnel
C) infrastructure maintenance spending
D) international aid to poor countries
E) payments to Social Security recipients

Question 17

Transfer payments refer to funds that are transferred from one group in society to another group,

A) so these payments have no impact on the government budget deficit.
B) so these payments have no impact on the government debt.
C) so these payments are unfair to those who lose money in the transfer.
D) and these payments represent a growing share of U.S. federal outlays.
E) and these payments remain approximately constant over time.

Question 18

________ would be considered a mandatory outlay in one’s monthly budget.

A) A student loan payment
B) A donation to one's alma mater
C) A grocery bill
D) One's electric bill
E) Gasoline money for travel to and from work)

Question 19

Assuming all of the following are in your personal monthly budget, your ________ payment is
considered a discretionary outlay.

A) mortgage or rent, if you do not own a home)
B) car loan
C) student loan
D) electric bill
E) boat loan

Question 20

Mandatory outlays

A) usually change during the budget process.
B) cannot be altered once they are made into law.
C) require changes in existing laws if those outlays are to be altered.
D) are a minor component of total outlays, and so are usually ignored.
E) are another name for discretionary outlays.

Question 21

The government withdraws social insurance taxes from the paychecks of workers to

A) discourage people from working.
B) pay the salaries of the members of Congress.
C) reduce the incidence of elderly poverty.
D) penalize wealthy workers.
E) collect money for international aid.

Question 22

One proposed solution to the funding problems faced by Social Security and Medicare is to implement means-testing, so that only those with limited retirement funds would qualify for the government benefits. An unintended consequence of such a requirement may be

A) an increase in private saving.
B) a decrease in the incentive to save for retirement.
C) improved solvency for Social Security and Medicare.
D) fewer elderly people receiving benefits.
E) that some workers paying into the programs never receive any benefits from the programs.

Question 23

Why do Social Security and Medicare pose problems for the federal government budget?

A) The number of retirees is increasing.
B) The worker-to-retiree ratio is increasing.
C) Life expectancy is decreasing.
D) The number of sick people is rising too quickly.
E) Social insurance taxes cannot legally be raised any further.

Question 24

Some proponents of entitlement-program reform suggest indexing Social Security benefits to the consumer price index CPI)

A) because beneficiary payments are currently growing slower than cost of living increases.
B) rather than to the producer price index, because CPI historically grows at a faster rate, which would mean benefit payments would grow at a faster rate.
C) rather than to the producer price index, because CPI historically grows at a slower rate, which would mean benefit payments would grow at a slower rate.
D) rather than to the average wage index, because CPI historically grows at a slower rate, which would mean benefit payments would grow at a slower rate.
E) rather than to the average wage index, because CPI historically grows at a faster rate, which would mean benefit payments would grow at a faster rate.

Question 25

The largest source of tax revenue for the government is ________ taxes.

A) individual income
B) corporate income
C) social insurance
D) estate
E) excise

Question 26

Reforming entitlement programs is difficult because

A) there is very little support for reform.
B) there are no good ideas for effective reform.
C) reforms require changes to existing law, which takes time.
D) all the reforms proposed are only short-term solutions.
E) the proposed reforms all require increases in existing tax rates, which are difficult to achieve politically.

Question 27

In 2014, revenue from corporate income taxes totaled approximately ________ of total revenue.

A) 5 percent
B) 11 percent
C) 15 percent
D) 20 percent
E) 25 percent

Question 28

Over the next 20 years, the number of workers per Social Security beneficiary is predicted to be

A) more than 5.
B) less than 5 but more than 3.
C) less than 3 but more than 2.
D) less than 2 but more than 1.
E) less than 1.

Question 29

Are demographics an important factor when planning the federal budget?

A) No, because government spending and taxation policies do not discriminate based on any demographic factors.
B) No, because demographics do not change much from year to year.
C) No, because federal budgets do not change much from year to year.
D) Yes, because government benefits are allocated solely based on demographic factors.
E) Yes, because many government benefits are received by the fast-growing elderly population, causing implications for future levels of taxation and government benefits for everyone.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a revenue source for the U.S. federal government?

A) sales taxes
B) federal gasoline taxes
C) federal income taxes
D) payroll taxes
E) admission fees for national parks

Question 31

The total current tax rate for Social Security and Medicare is

A) 3.9 percent.
B) 6.2 percent.
C) 12.4 percent.
D) 15.3 percent.
E) 16.5 percent.

Question 32

Excise taxes are levied on

A) property that is gifted to others.
B) imports.
C) individual income.
D) corporate income.
E) specific goods or commodities.

Question 33

Federal government spending has grown quickly since 2007 primarily because of

A) expansionary fiscal policy in response to the Great Recession.
B) increased spending on bridge and road infrastructure.
C) increased foreign aid to disaster-stricken areas.
D) increased spending on the U.S. education system.
E) the bailout payments made to big banks.

Question 34

Social Security and Medicare are funded by the collection of ________ taxes.

A) individual income
B) corporate income
C) payroll
D) excise
E) sales

Question 35

Why do Social Security and Medicare pose problems for the federal government budget?

A) The programs do not cover enough people.
B) The worker-to-retiree ratio is decreasing.
C) The number of retirees is decreasing.
D) The number of sick people is rising too quickly.
E) Social insurance taxes are capped and cannot be raised.

Question 36

The number of workers per Social Security beneficiary in 1960 was approximately

A) 2.1.
B) 3.1.
C) 4.1.
D) 5.1.
E) 6.1.

Question 37

Why do Social Security and Medicare pose problems for the federal government budget?

A) The worker-to-retiree ratio is increasing.
B) Payroll taxes are capped and cannot be raised.
C) The number of retirees is decreasing.
D) The number of sick people is rising too quickly.
E) Life expectancy of retirees is increasing.

Question 38

Which of the following is an example of something that contains an excise tax?

A) property
B) income
C) clothing made and sold in Oregon where the sales tax rate is 0 percent)
D) clothing imported from China and sold in Oregon
E) tobacco products

Question 39

One proposed solution to the funding problems faced by Social Security and Medicare is to increase the retirement age from 67 to 70. Although this would mean billions of dollars in savings for these federal programs, an unintended consequence may be

A) a decrease in life expectancy.
B) an increase in the unemployment rate.
C) an increased number of elderly people in the workforce.
D) less incentive for people to work longer.
E) an increased incentive for people to work longer.

Question 40

Social Security and Medicare spending continue to grow and take up larger shares of the federal budget because life expectancy is ________, the number of people receiving benefits is ________
quickly, and the growth in the number of people paying into the programs is ________.

A) increasing; increasing; decreasing
B) decreasing; increasing; decreasing
C) increasing; decreasing; decreasing
D) increasing; increasing; increasing
E) decreasing; decreasing; increasing

Question 41

Some people argue that social insurance taxes should be increased to remedy the fiscal problems faced by Social Security. What is a potential problem with this proposed solution?

A) This solution might only be a temporary fix, as it does not address the fundamental issue of a growing elderly population and a shrinking working population.
B) It puts too much of the burden on the middle class and not enough on wealthy households.
C) It would eliminate the need for private savings, thus hurting banks.
D) This solution does not address the fact that the number of retirees is increasing.
E) Payroll taxes cannot be increased high enough to solve the problem.

Question 42

According to the U.S. Federal Tax Rates chart from the textbook Figure 15.6), a person earning $100,000 in a given year is in the 28 percent tax bracket. How much will this individual owe in taxes for that year?

A) $0
B) $28,000
C) more than $28,000
D) less than $28,000 but greater than $15,000
E) greater than $0 but less than $15,000

Question 43

A progressive income tax system is one in which

A) income tax rates decrease as earned income increases.
B) everyone pays the same tax rate, so that wealthier people pay a larger sum of taxes.
C) everyone pays the same tax rate, so that people with low incomes pay a smaller sum of taxes.
D) income tax rates increase as earned income increases.
E) income taxes are based on occupation.

Question 44

Suppose you return to college and earn an MBA, after which you get an upper-management position with Yum! Brands. If your starting salary is $125,000, and the percentages are the same as they were in 2016, how much will you owe in social insurance taxes?

A) more than $8,800
B) more than $8,400 but less than $8,800
C) more than $7,900 but less than $8,400
D) more than $7,300 but less than $7,900
E) less than $7,300

Question 45

The current tax rate for Social Security is

A) 7.65 percent for the employee and 7.65 percent for the employer, if not self-employed.
B) 7.65 percent, if self-employed.
C) 6.2 percent for the employee and 6.2 percent for the employer, if not self-employed.
D) 1.45 percent for the employee and 1.45 percent for the employer, if not self-employed.
E) 12.4 percent, if self-employed.

Question 46

Payroll taxes

A) are not paid by individuals who are self-employed.
B) generate revenues earmarked for mandatory spending purposes.
C) generate revenues earmarked for discretionary spending purposes.
D) are based solely on income.
E) are not paid by people making over $110,100.

Question 47

Typically, the average tax rate for a person is ________ his or her marginal tax rate, because the marginal tax rate applies to ________.

A) below; all income
B) below; the first dollars taxed but not to all income
C) below; the last dollars taxed but not to all income
D) above; the last dollars taxed but not to all income
E) above; the first dollars taxed but not to all income

Question 48

If policymakers are concerned about the unequal distribution of income within society, then they should prefer a ________ tax system.

A) regressive income
B) progressive income
C) consumption
D) proportional income
E) per capita

Question 49

Refer to the following table to answer the next questions: $$\begin{array} { l l } \hline { \text { 2012 Federal Income Tax Brackets } } \\\hline \text { Taxable Income } & \text { Tax Rate } \\\hline \$ 0 - \$ 8,700 & 10 \text { percent } \\\$ 8,701 - \$ 35,350 & 15 \text { percent } \\\$ 35,351 - \$ 85,650 & 25 \text { percent } \\\$ 85,651 - \$ 178,650 & 28 \text { percent } \\\$ 178,651 - \$ 388,350 & 33 \text { percent } \\\text { Over } \$ 388,350 & 35 \text { percent } \\\hline\end{array}$$

-Using the table, what is the average tax rate for someone who makes $67,000 per year?

A) 10.0 percent
B) 14.2 percent
C) 16.7 percent
D) 25.0 percent
E) 19.1 percent

Question 50

Suppose you land a job with Google right out of college. Your economics training is very valuable to them, so you receive a starting annual salary of $65,000. What is the total amount of social insurance taxes for which you will be responsible after your first year of work?

A) $9,945.00
B) $4,030.00
C) $942.50
D) $9,750.00
E) $4,972.50

Question 51

Suppose you are offered a job with Amazon upon graduation. Your starting salary will be $70,000, which will put you in the 25 percent federal income tax bracket. The total amount of income taxes you pay is $13,530. Your average tax rate is approximately

A) 25.0 percent.
B) 37.5 percent.
C) 31.3 percent.
D) 19.3 percent.
E) 12.5 percent.

Question 52

The United States has a ________ income tax system.

A) progressive
B) regressive
C) marginal
D) good
E) bad

Question 53

Suppose you use your entrepreneurial spirit and economics training to start your own business. In your first year of work, you are able to earn $58,000 in gross income. What is the total amount of social insurance taxes you owe the federal government?

A) $4,437.00
B) $7,192.00
C) $8,874.00
D) $3,596.00
E) $8,700.00

Question 54

Suppose you return to college and earn an MBA, after which you get an upper-management position with Yum! Brands. If the tax rates are the same as in 2016 and your starting salary is $125,000, how much will you owe in federal social insurance taxes?

A) more than $8,800
B) more than $8,400 but less than $8,800
C) more than $7,900 but less than $8,400
D) more than $7,300 but less than $7,900
E) less than $7,300

Question 55

Suppose you graduate with an accounting degree and then become a certified public accountant. You work for a big firm but are offered a chance to prepare tax documents for your city government as an independent contractor. The city offers to pay you a consulting fee of $10,000. When deciding whether to accept the additional work, the most important tax factor in your decision is

A) the gross amount of the payment.
B) your current tax bracket.
C) your new average tax rate.
D) which political party controls the city government.
E) your marginal tax rate.

Question 56

Refer to the following table to answer the next questions: $$\begin{array} { l l } \hline { \text { 2012 Federal Income Tax Brackets } } \\\hline \text { Taxable Income } & \text { Tax Rate } \\\hline \$ 0 - \$ 8,700 & 10 \text { percent } \\\$ 8,701 - \$ 35,350 & 15 \text { percent } \\\$ 35,351 - \$ 85,650 & 25 \text { percent } \\\$ 85,651 - \$ 178,650 & 28 \text { percent } \\\$ 178,651 - \$ 388,350 & 33 \text { percent } \\\text { Over } \$ 388,350 & 35 \text { percent } \\\hline\end{array}$$

-Using the table, what is the total federal income tax bill for someone who makes $67,000 per year?

A) $16,750
B) $12,780
C) $11,169
D) $10,050
E) $6,700

Question 57

Some people argue that social insurance taxes should be increased to remedy the fiscal problems faced by Social Security. What is a potential unintended consequence of this proposed solution?

A) Federal tax revenues may increase.
B) The tax burden of the average worker may increase.
C) The disposable income of workers may decrease.
D) The elderly poverty rate may decrease.
E) The unemployment rate may increase.

Question 58

The most relevant tax rate for making decisions about earning additional income is the ________tax rate

A) marginal
B) income
C) average
D) sales
E) property

Question 59

A marginal tax rate is

A) the tax rate paid on a worker's next dollar of income.
B) equal to a worker's income tax bracket.
C) the total tax paid divided by the amount of taxable income.
D) irrelevant for making decisions about earning extra income.
E) applied only to high earners under a progressive income tax system.

Question 60

Suppose you are offered a $5,000 raise at work. Your current income tax rate is 25 percent. Your marginal income tax rate is 28 percent. Your average tax rate is 20 percent. The additional income tax you owe to the federal government assuming you stay in the same rate bracket) if you accept the job will be

A) $1,250.
B) $1,400.
C) $1,000.
D) $250.
E) $150.

Question 61

The highest marginal tax rate in U.S. history was

A) 100 percent.
B) 98 percent.
C) 96 percent.
D) 94 percent.
E) 92 percent.

Question 62

Refer to the following table to answer the next questions: $$\begin{array} { l l } \hline { \text { 2012 Federal Income Tax Brackets } } \\\hline \text { Taxable Income } & \text { Tax Rate } \\\hline \$ 0 - \$ 8,700 & 10 \text { percent } \\\$ 8,701 - \$ 35,350 & 15 \text { percent } \\\$ 35,351 - \$ 85,650 & 25 \text { percent } \\\$ 85,651 - \$ 178,650 & 28 \text { percent } \\\$ 178,651 - \$ 388,350 & 33 \text { percent } \\\text { Over } \$ 388,350 & 35 \text { percent } \\\hline\end{array}$$

-The U.S. federal income tax began in

A) 1910.
B) 1911.
C) 1912.
D) 1913.
E) 1914.

Question 63

A U.S. federal government budget surplus occurs when

A) government revenue exceeds outlays.
B) government outlays exceed revenue.
C) government outlays equal revenue.
D) the United States borrows money from foreign countries.
E) the United States lends money to foreign countries.

Question 64

The middle 20 percent of households in the United States

A) contribute more than 70 percent of all federal income tax revenues.
B) contribute less than 70 percent but more than 50 percent of all federal income tax revenues.
C) contribute less than 10 percent of all federal income tax revenues.
D) contribute no federal income tax revenues.
E) pay negative federal income taxes because of tax credits and income assistance.

Question 65

By 1918, the top marginal income tax rate in the United States rose to

A) 77 percent.
B) 76 percent.
C) 75 percent.
D) 74 percent.
E) 73 percent.

Question 66

During the Great Recession, government outlays were ________ and government revenues were________ their long-run averages over the period 1960–2012.

A) above; below
B) below; above
C) above; above
D) below; below
E) equal to; equal to

Question 67

Refer to the following table to answer the next questions: $$\begin{array} { l l } \hline { \text { 2012 Federal Income Tax Brackets } } \\\hline \text { Taxable Income } & \text { Tax Rate } \\\hline \$ 0 - \$ 8,700 & 10 \text { percent } \\\$ 8,701 - \$ 35,350 & 15 \text { percent } \\\$ 35,351 - \$ 85,650 & 25 \text { percent } \\\$ 85,651 - \$ 178,650 & 28 \text { percent } \\\$ 178,651 - \$ 388,350 & 33 \text { percent } \\\text { Over } \$ 388,350 & 35 \text { percent } \\\hline\end{array}$$

-Using the table, what is the new average tax rate for a person who currently makes $80,000 per year and receives a $10,000 raise?

A) 20.7 percent
B) 20.0 percent
C) 28.0 percent
D) 27.5 percent
E) 22.3 percent

Question 68

What is the most appropriate way to compare budget deficits/surpluses across time?

A) using nominal dollar figures
B) using real dollar figures
C) calculating figures as a portion of gross domestic product GDP)
D) using per capita dollar figures
E) Budget figures cannot be compared across time.

Question 69

The poorest 40 percent of households in the United States

A) do not contribute their fair share of income taxes.
B) contribute the vast majority of all income taxes.
C) are forced to pay too much income tax despite their low incomes.
D) all pay negative income taxes because of tax credits and income assistance.
E) contribute an amount of income taxes proportionate to what they consume in government services.

Question 70

Refer to the following table to answer the next questions: $$\begin{array} { l l } \hline { \text { 2012 Federal Income Tax Brackets } } \\\hline \text { Taxable Income } & \text { Tax Rate } \\\hline \$ 0 - \$ 8,700 & 10 \text { percent } \\\$ 8,701 - \$ 35,350 & 15 \text { percent } \\\$ 35,351 - \$ 85,650 & 25 \text { percent } \\\$ 85,651 - \$ 178,650 & 28 \text { percent } \\\$ 178,651 - \$ 388,350 & 33 \text { percent } \\\text { Over } \$ 388,350 & 35 \text { percent } \\\hline\end{array}$$

-Using the table, what is the marginal income tax rate of a $5,000 raise for someone who currently makes $85,650 per year?

A) 10 percent
B) 15 percent
C) 25 percent
D) 28 percent
E) 0 percent

Question 71

Refer to the following table to answer the next questions: $$\begin{array} { l l } \hline { \text { 2012 Federal Income Tax Brackets } } \\\hline \text { Taxable Income } & \text { Tax Rate } \\\hline \$ 0 - \$ 8,700 & 10 \text { percent } \\\$ 8,701 - \$ 35,350 & 15 \text { percent } \\\$ 35,351 - \$ 85,650 & 25 \text { percent } \\\$ 85,651 - \$ 178,650 & 28 \text { percent } \\\$ 178,651 - \$ 388,350 & 33 \text { percent } \\\text { Over } \$ 388,350 & 35 \text { percent } \\\hline\end{array}$$

-Using the table, what is the total payroll tax bill assume zero state and local income taxes) for someone who makes $67,000 per year?

A) $17,905.25
B) $23,030.75
C) $13,751.25
D) $16,933.75
E) $5,125.50

Question 72

The most recent federal budget surplus occurred

A) never; the government has always run a budget deficit.
B) in 1959.
C) in 2012.
D) in 2006.
E) in 2001.

Question 73

The top 1 percent of households in the United States contribute

A) no federal income tax revenues because of tax loopholes.
B) less than 50 percent of all federal income tax revenues.
C) more than 50 percent but less than 75 percent of all federal income tax revenues.
D) more than 75 percent but less than 90 percent of all federal income tax revenues.
E) more than 90 percent of all federal income tax revenues.

Question 74

The wealthiest 20 percent of households in the United States

A) do not contribute their fair share of federal income taxes.
B) contribute the vast majority of all federal income taxes.
C) are forced to pay too much in federal income taxes.
D) pay zero federal income taxes because of tax loopholes.
E) contribute less than 50 percent of all federal income taxes because of tax loopholes.

Question 75

Refer to the following table to answer the next questions: $$\begin{array} { l l } \hline { \text { 2012 Federal Income Tax Brackets } } \\\hline \text { Taxable Income } & \text { Tax Rate } \\\hline \$ 0 - \$ 8,700 & 10 \text { percent } \\\$ 8,701 - \$ 35,350 & 15 \text { percent } \\\$ 35,351 - \$ 85,650 & 25 \text { percent } \\\$ 85,651 - \$ 178,650 & 28 \text { percent } \\\$ 178,651 - \$ 388,350 & 33 \text { percent } \\\text { Over } \$ 388,350 & 35 \text { percent } \\\hline\end{array}$$

-Using the table, what is the marginal income tax rate for someone who makes $67,000 per year?

A) 10.0 percent
B) 14.2 percent
C) 16.7 percent
D) 25.0 percent
E) 19.1 percent

Question 76

Why do wealthy citizens contribute much higher tax revenues to the government than poor citizens?

A) Wealthy citizens consume more government services, so they are taxed at a higher rate.
B) Wealthy citizens have a much lower average tax rate than poor citizens.
C) Wealthy citizens work more hours per week than poor citizens.
D) Wealthy citizens have much more taxable income than poor citizens.
E) Wealthy citizens do not contribute more tax revenues to the government than poor citizens.

Question 77

A U.S. federal government budget deficit occurs when

A) government revenue exceeds outlays.
B) government outlays exceed revenue.
C) government outlays equal revenue.
D) the United States borrows money from foreign countries.
E) the United States lends money to foreign countries.

Question 78

The highest marginal tax rate in 1913 was

A) 2 percent.
B) 3 percent.
C) 4 percent.
D) 5 percent.
E) 6 percent.

Question 79

If government revenues in 2011 were $2.2 trillion and government outlays were $3.8 trillion, the federal

A) debt was unaffected in that year.
B) debt decreased $1.6 trillion.
C) debt increased $1.6 trillion.
D) budget surplus was $1.6 trillion.
E) budget was balanced.

Question 80

Refer to the following table to answer the next questions: $$\begin{array} { l l } \hline { \text { 2012 Federal Income Tax Brackets } } \\\hline \text { Taxable Income } & \text { Tax Rate } \\\hline \$ 0 - \$ 8,700 & 10 \text { percent } \\\$ 8,701 - \$ 35,350 & 15 \text { percent } \\\$ 35,351 - \$ 85,650 & 25 \text { percent } \\\$ 85,651 - \$ 178,650 & 28 \text { percent } \\\$ 178,651 - \$ 388,350 & 33 \text { percent } \\\text { Over } \$ 388,350 & 35 \text { percent } \\\hline\end{array}$$

-Using the table, what is the marginal income tax rate of a $5,000 raise for someone who currently makes $67,000 per year?

A) 10 percent
B) 15 percent
C) 25 percent
D) 28 percent
E) 0 percent