Deck 11: Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity

Question 1

When it appears that it is no longer profitable to continue fishing as a result of overfishing,the fish populations are said to be ____.

A) locally extinct
B) commercially extinct
C) economically extinct
D) biologically extinct
E) ecologically extinct

Answer 1

B

Question 2

As large species of fish are overfished,the fishing industry is shifting to smaller marine species and about 90% of this catch is converted to fishmeal and fish oil,most of which is ____.

A) fed to cattle
B) fed to farmed fish
C) made into nutrient supplements
D) used for cooking
E) discarded

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A fishing method called,____ fishing,is used to catch surface-dwelling species such as tuna,mackerel,anchovies,and herring,which tend to feed in schools near the surface or in shallow areas.

A) drift-net
B) long-line
C) purse-seine
D) trawler
E) rod and reel

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Projected climate change threatens aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services,partly by contributing to ____.

A) an increase in carbon storage in oceans
B) spread of tropical diseases
C) decreased salinity of water
D) rising sea levels
E) UV radiation from ozone depletion

Question 5

All the nations of the world are overfishing the world's global oceans,taking _____ more than the sustainable yield of fish.

A) 10%
B) 28%
C) 42%
D) 57%
E) 75%

Question 6

The excessive turbidity,or cloudiness,of Lake Wingra in Madison,Wisconsin,was caused by the introduction of which of the following?

A) Nile perch
B) marine seaweed
C) catfish
D) water lilies
E) common carp

Question 7

Bioinvaders can be blamed for ____ of all fish extinctions in the U.S.since 1900 and have caused huge economic losses.

A) 1/4
B) 1/3
C) 1/2
D) 2/3
E) 3/4

Question 8

A concentration of a particular wild aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting in a given ocean area or inland body of water is called a ____.

A) fish farm
B) fish habitat
C) fish hatchery
D) fishery
E) fish bloom

Question 9

HIPPCO is an acronym that aids in remembering ____.

A) the names of extinct species
B) African animals that are threatened with extinction
C) threats to the world's biodiversity
D) the names of international treaties dealing with endangered species
E) the organizations working toward saving threatened species

Question 10

Which of the following is defined as the area of ocean needed to sustain the fish consumption of an average person,a nation,or the world?

A) fishprint
B) footprint
C) resource demand
D) ocean view
E) ocean resource footprint

Question 11

Sea-bottom habitats are being threatened by ____.

A) the largest predator fish in the sea
B) little human activity because they are inaccessible
C) dredging operations and trawlers
D) coastal development
E) shrimp farming

Question 12

Which term describes species that play crucial roles in helping to keep their ecosystems functioning?

A) cornerstone
B) foundational
C) keystone
D) critical
E) primary

Question 13

In recent years,jellyfish blooms have ____.

A) been degraded by commercial fishing
B) benefited ecotourism
C) altered ocean current flows
D) been declining in numbers
E) been rising in numbers

Question 14

For every shark that injures or kills a person,people kill about ____ sharks.

A) 15
B) 150
C) 2,000
D) 125,000
E) 1.2 million

Question 15

There are seven species of sea turtles.All are in danger of becoming extinct,mostly due to ____.

A) female sea turtles not laying large enough clutches of eggs
B) lower sea levels in the past 100 years
C) human activities that occurred over 100 years ago
D) human impacts on their environment taking place during the last 100 years
E) impacts from giant asteroids

Question 16

Ocean pollution from plastic items dumped from ships and garbage barges,and left as litter on beaches,kills up to ____ sea birds each year.

A) 1,000
B) 25,000
C) 100,000
D) 500,000
E) 1,000,000

Question 17

Warmer and more acidic ocean water is stressing ____,the foundation of the marine food web.

A) algae
B) phytoplankton
C) cichlids
D) sea turtles
E) sharks

Question 18

Ocean acidification is defined as rising levels of acid in ocean waters due to the ocean's absorption of ____ from the atmosphere.

A) N₂O (nitrous oxide)
B) CaCO₃ (calcium carbonate)
C) H₂CO₃ (carbonic acid)
D) CO₂ (carbon dioxide)
E) CO₃ (carbonate ions)

Question 19

One result of the increasingly efficient global hunt for fish is that larger individuals of commercially valuable wild species are ____.

A) becoming scarce
B) becoming more prevalent
C) becoming smaller in size
D) feeding on new food sources
E) migrating to new ocean areas

Question 20

Scientists are now cataloging species in the deepest part of the ocean by using ____.

A) man driven deep-sea vehicles
B) remotely operated deep-sea vehicles
C) global satellite positioning equipment
D) sonar fish-finding devices
E) spotter planes

Question 21

What percentage of the world's oceans is fully protected,and closed to fishing and other harmful human activities?

A) 0.8%
B) 3.5%
C) 5.0%
D) 7.2%
E) 11%

Question 22

Many marine scientists suggest we need at least ____% of the world's oceans fully protected as marine reserves.

A) 60
B) 40
C) 30
D) 20
E) 10

Question 23

Some coastal fishing communities have developed allotment and enforcement systems for controlling fish catches in which each fisher gets a share of the total allowable catch.These systems help sustain fisheries and jobs and are called ____.

A) cap and trade system
B) total allowable catch system
C) co-management systems
D) catch-share systems
E) community-based management system

Question 24

The Columbia River dam system has benefited many people,but it has ____.

A) sharply increased populations of invasive salmon
B) sharply reduced populations of wild salmon
C) sharply reduced populations of herring
D) inhibited migration patterns of trout
E) inhibited reproductive cycles of common carp

Question 25

One invader that particularly worries scientists and fishers on the east coast of North America is a species of ____ native to the western Pacific Ocean.

A) phytoplankton
B) lobster
C) sea bass
D) lionfish
E) cichlids

Question 26

Many scientists and policy makers are suggesting an ecosystem approach to sustain aquatic systems.The cornerstone of this would include establishment of fully protected ____.

A) marine reserves
B) benthic zones
C) high seas zones
D) continental shelf areas
E) wildlife reserves

Question 27

In order to protect a stream or lake from excessive inputs of nutrients and pollutants,we must protect its ____.

A) biodiversity
B) tributaries
C) riparian zones
D) banks
E) watershed

Question 28

The newer approach to estimating fish populations,one which takes into account interactions between species and has more room for error,is ____.

A) maximum sustained yield
B) minimum sustained yield
C) commercial sustained yield
D) potential sustained yield
E) optimum sustained yield

Question 29

The purpose of mitigation banking is to ____.

A) encourage sustainable fishing practices
B) trade wetlands for forest lands
C) allow for development of wetland for a fee
D) require the restoration of all wetlands
E) allow the destruction of wetlands if an equal wetland is created elsewhere

Question 30

In 2010,the UN indicated that what percentage of the world's people are living along or near the ocean,mostly in large coastal cities?

A) 80%
B) 60%
C) 50%
D) 40%
E) 20%

Question 31

In 2011,an international panel of scientists concluded that because of a combination of habitat loss,overfishing,pollution,and ocean acidification,marine life is poised to enter a new period of ____.

A) conservation
B) resurgence
C) mass extinction
D) mass repopulation
E) endangerment

Question 32

What species is one of the biggest threats to the Great Lakes?

A) sea lamprey
B) cod
C) jellyfish
D) wild salmon
E) cutthroat trout

Question 33

To encourage more responsible fishing practices,an important component of sustaining aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services is bottom-up pressure from consumers demanding ____.

A) sustainable seafood
B) fishing subsidies
C) fishing only along coasts
D) seafood caught by trawlers
E) seafood raised on fish farms

Question 34

What is CITES?

A) a treaty banning deep-sea exploration
B) a treaty banning trade in endangered species
C) a treaty banning barrier island development
D) a treaty banning overfishing
E) a treaty banning gill nets

Question 35

Despite their ecological value,the United States has lost more than ____ of its coastal and inland wetlands since 1900.

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 90%

Question 36

By law,a country's offshore fishing zone extends to ____ kilometers from its shores.

A) 80
B) 100
C) 260
D) 300
E) 370

Question 37

The traditional approach to estimating fish populations is the ____.

A) potential sustained yield
B) minimum sustained yield
C) commercial sustained yield
D) maximum sustained yield
E) optimum sustained yield

Question 38

Which U.S.state is leading the way in establishing marine protected areas where fishing will be banned or strictly limited?

A) Washington
B) Oregon
C) California
D) Florida
E) Texas

Question 39

The first letter "P" in the acronym HIPPCO stands for ____.

A) perennial
B) population
C) pressure
D) petroleum
E) pesticides

Question 40

The greatest marine biodiversity is located ____.

A) in the sunlit region of the ocean
B) in the surface region of the ocean
C) under the polar ice caps
D) in the open ocean
E) in coral reefs

Question 41

What is not one of the ecosystem services of rivers?

A) deliver nutrient to seas to help sustain fisheries
B) purify water
C) renew and renourish wetlands
D) remove silt that accumulates in deltas
E) provide habitats for wildlife

Question 42

Marine Protected Areas are the only areas in the ocean where fish are totally protected from human activities.

Question 43

In 1947,the U.S.government established the Everglades National Park to help preserve the wilderness of this system.Why didn't this protection effort work?

A) Much of the original Everglades was paved over.
B) Populations of native vertebrates left the Everglades,causing the food web to collapse.
C) Human population increased in areas surrounding the Everglades.
D) Tourism damaged the natural ecosystem.
E) Massive water distribution and land development north of the Everglades.

Question 44

Biodiversity is higher in the surface region of the ocean rather than in the bottom region of the ocean.

Question 45

In 1968,the U.S.Congress passed the ____ to establish protection of rivers with outstanding wildlife,geological,scenic,recreational,historical,or cultural values.

A) National Rivers and Wetlands Act
B) National Rivers of Interest Act
C) National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
D) Federal Freshwater Act
E) Federal Scenic Waterways Act

Question 46

Climate scientists estimate the oceans may rise as high as five feet by the year 2100.

Question 47

There is growing evidence that the current harmful effects of human activities on aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services could be reversed over the next ____.

A) two years
B) ten years
C) two decades
D) fifty years
E) two centuries

Question 48

Approximately 99.2% of the world's oceans are not effectively protected from harmful human activities.

Question 49

Biologist E.O.Wilson proposed a list of priorities for protecting aquatic biodiversity.What is one of those priorities?

A) Decrease government subsidies for commercial fishing.
B) Identify and preserve the world's aquatic biodiversity hot spots.
C) Stop the melting of the arctic ice.
D) Stop ocean and freshwater acidification.
E) Find ways to move people living in or near aquatic ecosystems elsewhere.

Question 50

Oceans will become more acidic as a result of the absorption of carbon dioxide.

Question 51

A number of new species,called bioinvaders,are being introduced to aquatic ecosystems,which increases biodiversity and benefits these systems.

Question 52

We have limited knowledge about marine biodiversity and its many functions.

Question 53

Protecting ____ and restoring them in areas where they have been destroyed are important ways to reduce the impacts of rising sea levels and storm surges,because these can slow storm-driven waves.

A) coral reefs
B) mangrove forests
C) estuaries
D) tidal basins
E) algal blooms

Question 54

The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan has several goals.Which goal below is not one of them?

A) Restore the curving flow of the Kissimmee River.
B) Build a series of massive dams to stop water leaving the Everglades.
C) Remove 400 kilometers of canals and levees south of Lake Okeechobee.
D) Buy 240 square kilometers of farmland and allow it to become marsh.
E) Create 18 large reservoirs and underground storage areas.

Question 55

Sylvia Earle is leading a campaign called Mission Blue to finance research and to ignite public support for a global network of marine protected areas,which she dubs ____.

A) oceanic protected areas (OPAs)
B) hotspots
C) hope spots
D) underwater wilderness
E) megareserves

Question 56

Which activity is least likely to be involved with the sustainable management of freshwater fisheries?

A) supporting populations of commercial and sport fish species
B) facilitating the introduction of commercially important nonnative species
C) preventing over fishing
D) building and stocking reservoirs and farm ponds
E) controlling predators and parasites

Question 57

Rising sea levels from projected climate change luckily will not disrupt sea turtles because they are aquatic species.

Question 58

Research indicates modern industrial fishing has been a key factor in the depletion of up to 80% of the populations of some wild fish species in only 10-15 years.

Question 59

What is a major threat to the biodiversity and ecological function of the Great Lakes?

A) invasive nonnative species
B) ocean sea level rise
C) saltwater intrusion
D) acidification
E) tourism

Question 60

Sea turtles spend most of their lives traveling throughout the world's oceans,but adult females almost always return to the beaches where they were born to lay their eggs.

Question 61

Consumers have a role to play in sustaining aquatic biodiversity by demanding ____________________.

Question 62

Some fisheries biologists and managers have begun using the ____________________ to replace the maximum sustained yield.

Question 63

Humans have explored only about ____________________% of the earth's global ocean and know little about its biodiversity.

Question 64

Nearly ____________________ of the world's annual fish catch by weight consists of non-target bycatch species,that is,not the fish species that was intended to be caught.

Question 65

Wetlands serve as important reservoirs of ____________________ that provide ecological and economic services.

Question 66

About 10% of the wading birds in the Everglades National Park have vanished.

Question 67

_______________ is an invasive species along the east coast of North America that was probably released from outdoor aquariums damaged by Hurricane Andrew in 1992.

Question 68

Strategies for protecting the earth's precious biodiversity will not be implemented without bottom-up political pressure from individual citizens and groups.

Question 69

The UN estimates that ____________________% of all ocean pollution comes from land-based coastal activities.

Question 70

Many fishery and environmental scientists are interested in the ____________________,which means sharply reducing fish harvests and closing some overfished areas until they recover and we have more information.

Question 71

According to environmental economists,attaching even crudely estimated ____________________ to river and stream ecosystem services would help to sustain them.

Question 72

Creating and restoring wetlands has become a profitable business.

Question 73

Biodiversity is generally higher in the _______________ region of the ocean than in the _______________ region because of the greater variety of habitats and food sources.

Question 74

The _______________ marine biodiversity occurs in coral reefs,estuaries,and on the deep-ocean floor.

Question 75

Governments around the world give a total of more than $30 billion per year in subsidies to fishers,which partly contributes to overfishing.

Question 76

The ____________________ system includes coastal communities and the government working together to manage fisheries.

Question 77

Salmon populations in the Columbia River have increased by 35% since the dam system was put in place.

Question 78

As a result of changes in and around the Everglades,it is now less than __________ its original size and much of it has dried out.

Question 79

While leatherback sea turtles survived the impact of the giant asteroid that probably wiped out the dinosaurs more than 60 million years ago,they and other sea turtle species may not survive the growing ____________________ on their environment.

Question 80

Invasive species are blamed for about ____________________ of fish extinctions in the United States since 1900.