Deck 7: Random Variables and Discrete Probability Distributions

Question 1

Given that X is a binomial random variable, the binomial probability P(X x) is approximated by the area under a normal curve to the right of:

Answer 1

A

Question 2

If X and Y are random variables with E(X) =7 and E(Y) = 3, then E(2X + 3Y) is:

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The standard deviation of a binomial distribution for which n = 100 and p = .35 is:

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The following table is a valid probability distribution, for a random variable X, where the individual probabilities are unknown. Which of the following statements is correct ?

Question 5

A Poisson distribution with $\mu$ = .60 is a:

A) symmetrical distribution.
B) negatively skewed distribution (skewed to the left).
C) positively skewed distribution (skewed to the right).
D) binomial distribution.

Question 6

The expected number of heads in 90 tosses of an unbiased coin is:

Question 7

Which of the following best describes a function that assigns a numerical value to each simple event in a sample space?

Question 8

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a binomial experiment?

Question 9

A binomial distribution for which the number of trials n is large can well be approximated by a Poisson distribution when the probability of success, p, is:

Question 10

The weighted average of the possible values that a random variable X can assume, where the weights are the probabilities of occurrence of those values, is referred to as the:

Question 11

If X and Y are two independent random variables with V(X) = 6 and V(Y) = 5, then V(3X + 2Y) is:

Question 12

If X and Y are any random variables with E(X)= 3, E(Y) = 2, E(XY) = 12, V(X) = 16 and V(Y) = 25, then the relationship between X and Y is a: Hint: corr(X,Y) =( E(xy) - E(x)E(y))/

Question 13

The lottery commission has designed a new instant lottery game. Players pay $1.00 to scratch a ticket, where the prize won, X, (measured in $) has the following discrete probability distribution : Which of the following best describes the expected value of X ?

Question 14

Which of the following cannot generate a Poisson distribution?

Question 15

Which probability distribution is appropriate when the events of interest occur randomly, independently of one another, and rarely?

Question 16

The number of accidents that occur annually on a busy stretch of highway is an example of:

Question 17

A table, formula, or graph that shows all possible countable values a random variable can assume, together with their associated probabilities, is called a:

Question 18

The Poisson random variable is a:

Question 19

The expected value, E(X), of a binomial probability distribution is:

Question 20

Which of the following best describes a discrete random variable?

Question 21

Let X represent the number of computers in an Australian household, for those that own a computer. a. Find and interpret the expected number of computers in a randomly selected Australian household.
b. Find the variance of the number of computers in a randomly selected Australian household.

Question 22

Let X and Y be two independent random variables with the following probability distributions: $$\begin{array}{l}\begin{array} { l | r r r } x & 1 & 2 & 3 \\\hline p ( x ) & 0.2 & 0.5 & 0.3\end{array}\\\begin{array} { l | r r r } y & - 1 & 0 & 1 \\\hline p ( y ) & 0.3 & 0.3 & 0.4\end{array}\end{array}$$ a. Find the probability distribution of the random variable XY.
b. Check whether E(XY) = E(X) ´ E(Y) by separately evaluating each side of the equality.

Question 23

Suppose that customers arrive at a drive-through window at an average rate of three customers per minute and that their arrival follows the Poisson model.
a. Write the probability density function of the distribution of the time that will elapse before the next customer arrives.
b. Use the appropriate exponential distribution to find the probability that the next customer will arrive within 1.5 minutes.
c. Use the appropriate exponential distribution to find the probability that the next customer will not arrive within the next 2 minutes.
d. Use the appropriate Poisson distribution to answer part (c).

Question 24

Let X represent the number of computers in Australian households who own computers. The probability distribution of X is as follows: What is the probability that a randomly selected Australian household will have:
a. more than 2 computers?
b. between 2 and 5 computers, inclusive?
c. fewer than 3 computers?

Question 25

A Bernoulli trial is where each trial of an experiment has four possible outcomes, the probability of success is p and the trials are not independent.

Question 26

The P(X ≤ x) is an example of a cumulative probability.

Question 27

The probability distribution for X ,daily demand of a particular newspaper at a local newsagency,( in hundreds) is as follows: $$\begin{array} { l | r r r r } x & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 \\\hline p ( x ) & 0.05 & 0.42 & 0.44 & 0.09\end{array}$$ a. Find and interpret the expected value of X.
b. Find V(X).
c. Find $\sigma$ .

Question 28

The probability distribution for X is as follows: Find the expected value of Y = X + 10.

Question 29

The Binomial distribution and the Poisson distribution are discrete bivariate distributions.

Question 30

The lottery commission has designed a new instant lottery game. Players pay $1.00 to scratch a ticket, where the prize won, X, (measured in $) has the following discrete probability distribution : Which of the following best describes the standard deviation of X ?

Question 31

The probability distribution for X is as follows: a. Find E[5X + 1].
b. Find V[5X + 1].

Question 32

The number of people winning a lottery ticket each week is an example of a Poisson variable.

Question 33

For a discrete probability distribution to be valid, the probabilities must lie between 0 and 1, where the sum of all probabilities must be 1.

Question 34

A bivariate distribution is a distribution is a joint probability distribution of two variables.

Question 35

Gender is an example of a continuous random variable.

Question 36

The joint probability distribution of X and Y is shown in the following table. $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$$X$
$\begin{array}{c|ccc}Y & 1 & 2 & 3 \\\hline 1 & .30 & .18 & .12 \\2 & .15 & .09 & .06 \\3 & .05 & .03 & .02\end{array}$
a. Determine the marginal probability distributions of X and Y.
b. Are X and Y independent? Explain.
c. Find P(Y = 2 | X = 1).
d. Find the probability distribution of the random variable X + Y.
e. Find E(XY).
f. Find COV(X, Y).

Question 37

Let X and Y be two independent random variables with the following probability distributions: Find the probability distribution of the random variable X + Y.

Question 38

For each of the following random variables, indicate whether the variable is discrete or continuous, and specify the possible values that it can assume.
a. X = The number of animals visited by a veterinarian in one day.
b. X = Closing share price of a particular stock over one month.
c. X = The weights of new members at a gymnasium.
d. X = The number of students attending a lecture, where the theatre seats 250 people.
e. X = The temperature at a seaside resort in the summer.

Question 39

A discrete random variable can take either finite or infinite values as long as the values are countable.

Question 40

State whether or not each of the following are valid probability distributions, and if not, explain why not.

Question 41

An official from the Australian Securities and Investments Commission estimates that 75% of all investment bankers have profited from the use of insider information. If 15 investment bankers are selected at random from the Commission's registry, find the probability that:
a. at most 10 have profited from insider information.
b. at least six have profited from insider information.
c. all 15 have profited from insider information.

Question 42

An analysis of the stock market produces the following information about the returns of two stocks: Assume that the returns are positively correlated, with ₁₂ = 0.80.
a. Find the mean and standard deviation of the return on a portfolio consisting of an equal investment in each of the two stocks.
b. Suppose that you wish to invest $1 million. Discuss whether you should invest your money in stock 1, stock 2, or a portfolio composed of an equal amount of investments on both stocks.

Question 43

Let X be a binomial random variable with n = 25 and p = 0.01.
a. Use the binomial table to find P(X = 0), P(X = 1), and P(X = 2).
b. Approximate the three probabilities in part (a) using the appropriate Poisson distribution.
c. Compare your approximations in part (b) with the exact probabilities found in part (a). What is your conclusion?

Question 44

Let X be a Poisson random variable with $\mu$ = 6. Use the table of Poisson probabilities to find:
a. P(X $\le$ 8)
b. P(X = 8)
c. P(X $\le$ 5)
d. P(6 $\le$ X $\le$ 10)

Question 45

A market researcher selects 20 students at random to participate in a wine-tasting test. Each student is blindfolded and asked to take a drink out of each of two glasses, one containing an expensive wine and the other containing a cheap wine. The students are then asked to identify the more expensive wine. If the students have no ability whatsoever to discern the more expensive wine, what is the probability that the more expensive wine will be correctly identified by:
a. more than half of the students?
b. none of the students?
c. all of the students?
d. eight of the students?

Question 46

The proprietor of a small hardware store employs three men and three women. He will select three employees at random to work on Christmas Eve. Let X represent the number of women selected.
a. Express the probability distribution of X in tabular form.
b. What is the probability that at least two women will work on Christmas Eve?

Question 47

Let X be a Poisson random variable with $\mu$ = 8. Use the table of Poisson probabilities to find:
a. P(X $\le$ 6).
b. P(X = 4).
c. P(X $\ge$ 3).
d. P(9 $\le$ X $\le$ 14).

Question 48

Historical data collected at the Commonwealth Bank in Sydney revealed that 80% of all customers applying for a loan are accepted. Suppose that 50 new loan applications are selected at random.
a. Find the expected value and the standard deviation of the number of loans that will be accepted by the bank.
b. What is the probability that at least 42 loans will be accepted?
c. What is the probability that the number of loans rejected is between 10 and 15, inclusive?

Question 49

Given a binomial random variable with n = 20 and p = 0.6, find the following probabilities using the binomial table.
a. P(X $\le$ 13).
b. P(X $\ge$ 15).
c. P(X = 17).
d. P(11 < X < 14).

Question 50

The number of arrivals at a local petrol station between 3:00 and 5:00pm has a Poisson distribution with a mean of 12.
a. Find the probability that the number of arrivals between 3:00 and 5:00pm is at least 10.
b. Find the probability that the number of arrivals between 3:30 and 4:00pm is at least 10.
c. Find the probability that the number of arrivals between 4:00 and 5:00pm is exactly two.

Question 51

Phone calls arrive at the rate of 30 per hour at the reservation desk for a hotel.
a. Find the probability of receiving two calls in a five-minute interval of time.
b. Find the probability of receiving exactly eight calls in 15 minutes.
c. If no calls are currently being processed, what is the probability that the desk employee can take a four-minute break without being interrupted?

Question 52

Consider a binomial random variable X with n = 7 and p = 0.3.
a. Find the probability distribution of X.
b. Find P(X < 3).
c. Find the mean and the variance of X.

Question 53

An advertising executive receives an average of 10 telephone calls each afternoon between 2 and 4pm. The calls occur randomly and independently of one another.
a. Find the probability that the executive will receive 13 calls between 2 and 4pm on a particular afternoon.
b. Find the probability that the executive will receive seven calls between 2 and 3pm on a particular afternoon.
c. Find the probability that the executive will receive at least five calls between 2 and 4pm on a particular afternoon.

Question 54

Given a binomial random variable with n =15 and p = 0.40, find the exact probabilities of the following events and their normal approximations.
a. X = 6.
b. X 9.
c. X 10.

Question 55

A recent survey in Victoria revealed that 60% of the vehicles travelling on highways, where speed limits are posted at 100 kilometres per hour, were exceeding the limit. Suppose you randomly record the speeds of 10 vehicles travelling on the Hume Highway, where the speed limit is 100 kilometres per hour. Let X denote the number of vehicles that were exceeding the limit. Find the following probabilities.
a. P(X = 10).
b. P(4 < X < 9).
c. P(X = 2).
d. P(3 $\le$ X $\le$ 6).