Deck 5: Fallacies

Question 1

Which of the following arguments commits the fallacy of subjectivism?

A)Abortion should be illegal since it is an immoral act.
B)All civilizations eventually fall, since nothing lasts forever.
C)Premarital sex is wrong since that's what I was brought up to believe.
D)Cher is an excellent singer since she has beautiful, well-maintained hair.
E)The moon landing never happened since it could easily have been faked.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A formal fallacy is a fallacy:

A)caused by having too few premises
B)in the form of an argument
C)caused by having false premises
D)that is really only in the perception of the listener
E)caused by taking an argument too seriously

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A subjectivist fallacy is a fallacy in which the argument:

A)is circular
B)violates objectivity
C)has no premises
D)has no conclusion
E)means something different to everyone who considers it

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The fallacy of appeal to majority occurs when:

A)someone takes his own position to be correct simply because he is older than his opponent
B)someone takes his own position to be correct simply because he did more of the talking than his opponent
C)someone disagrees with a proposition simply because the person proposing it belongs to an ethnic minority
D)someone argues that a proposition is true because it has a broader meaning than the opposite proposition
E)someone takes a proposition to be true merely because large numbers of people believe it

Question 5

Argumentum ad decorum is another name for which fallacy?

A)subjectivism
B)appeal to majority
C)appeal to emotion
D)appeal to force
E)There is no such fallacy.

Question 6

True or false? An argument that begins with "I believe" commits the fallacy of subjectivism.

A)False in every case.
B)False unless the argument is about something controversial.
C)It depends on whether the premise that follows "I believe" is true or false.
D)It depends on whether an objective reason is given for the truth of the conclusion.
E)True in every case.

Question 7

Which of the following is true?

A)There is only one generally accepted way to categorize fallacies.
B)There are only two generally accepted ways to categorize fallacies.
C)Fallacies cannot be categorized at all.
D)Fallacies can be categorized in many different ways.
E)Some fallacies can be classified, but most cannot.

Question 8

Which of the following arguments commits the fallacy of subjectivism?

A)Since I want to make more money, I should look for a better job.
B)Since I want a video game for Christmas, I should tell my parents.
C)Since I want to rest tomorrow, I must finish my project today.
D)Since I want there to be life on other planets, there is life on other planets.
E)Since I want to make sushi tonight, I will need to buy some rice.

Question 9

If an argument has a true conclusion, then:

A)the argument doesn't commit any fallacies
B)the argument doesn't commit any serious fallacies
C)the argument probably still commits a fallacy
D)the argument may or may not commit a fallacy, but the premises are definitely true
E)There isn't enough information to say anything about whether or not the argument commits a fallacy.

Question 10

Which subjectivist fallacy is committed in the following argument? Michael Palin: Well an argument's not the same as contradiction.
John Cleese: Can be.
Michael Palin: No, it can't! An argument is a connected series of statements that establish a definite proposition.
John Cleese: No it isn't.
Michael Palin: Yes, it is! It isn't just contradiction!
John Cleese: Look, if I argue with you, I must take up a contrary position.
(Monty Python's Flying Circus, "Argument Clinic")

A)subjectivism
B)appeal to majority
C)appeal to emotion
D)appeal to force
E)none

Question 11

Which subjectivist fallacy is committed in the following argument? "I choose to believe what I was programmed to believe!"-A superstitious robot, defending his superstitions (Futurama, "The Honking")

A)subjectivism
B)appeal to majority
C)appeal to emotion
D)appeal to force
E)none

Question 12

The fallacy of subjectivism is:

A)assuming that an argument is about yourself, rather than someone else
B)focusing an argument on a point that is unrelated to the one you're trying to prove
C)assuming that everyone will agree with an argument, even though it is controversial
D)talking about too many things in an argument instead of focusing on one subject
E)holding that something is true merely because we want or believe it to be true

Question 13

The problem with arguments that commit subjectivist fallacies is that:

A)they do not provide any evidence that their conclusions are true
B)they can only be understood by the person (the subject) who is making them
C)they are only valid when their conclusions are true
D)they are about difficult subjects that most people don't understand
E)they have been subjected to so many changes that they are no longer as clear as they were at the beginning

Question 14

Can one argument commit more than one fallacy?

A)Yes, because a piece of reasoning can be bad in many ways.
B)Yes, but only if both fallacies are in the same fallacy category.
C)Yes, because it is impossible to commit only one fallacy at a time.
D)No, because every fallacy is completely different from every other fallacy.
E)No, because there is only one conclusion for each argument.

Question 15

A fallacy is:

A)a proposition that is false
B)a conclusion that is false
C)a premise that is false
D)an error in reasoning
E)an argument with an implicit premise

Question 16

Which fallacy is committed by the following argument? I've always wanted to own a pony, so I know that one day I will.

A)appeal to ignorance
B)subjectivism
C)false alternative
D)ad hominem
E)hasty generalization

Question 17

Which of the following arguments commits the fallacy of appeal to majority?

A)The death penalty should be ended since Karen doesn't believe in it and she is wealthy.
B)The Catholic Church should not oppose birth control since many Catholics don't believe that it's wrong.
C)China is the world's largest country since it has the most people.
D)The cost of gasoline will continue to rise since worldwide demand for it is continuing to increase.
E)Most people can expect nicer Christmas presents this year since the economy has been improving.

Question 18

If argument A commits a fallacy and argument B does not, then:

A)A has a true conclusion and B has a false conclusion
B)B has a true conclusion and A has a false conclusion
C)B is more likely to have a true conclusion than A
D)There isn't enough information to say whether A or B has a true conclusion.
E)This could never happen, since every argument commits at least one fallacy.

Question 19

Which fallacy is committed by the following argument? Someday America will have socialized healthcare, because I really think that's what we should do.

A)appeal to ignorance
B)appeal to majority
C)diversion
D)subjectivism
E)composition

Question 20

Is it possible to argue for a deeply held belief about God without committing the fallacy of subjectivism?

A)No, because religious beliefs are all matters of opinion.
B)No, because if the belief is deeply held, it is impossible to be objective about it.
C)Yes, as long as objective reasons are given to support the belief.
D)Yes, as long as both people in the discussion have the same religion.
E)Yes, as long as the argument is inductive.

Question 21

Which fallacy is committed by the following argument? No one who denies that I am in charge is leaving this room with all of his teeth!

A)equivocation
B)false alternative
C)appeal to authority
D)ad hominem
E)appeal to force

Question 22

Which subjectivist fallacy is committed in the following argument? "As long as you're in my house, you'll do what I do and believe what I believe.So Bart, butter your bacon."-Homer Simpson (The Simpsons, "She of Little Faith")

A)subjectivism
B)appeal to majority
C)appeal to emotion
D)appeal to force
E)none

Question 23

From the perspective of logic, do our emotions always mislead us?

A)Yes, that is why there is a fallacy of appeal to emotion.
B)Yes, because they always point us away from the logical conclusion.
C)Yes, because they have no basis in reality.
D)No, since they always point us toward the logical conclusion.
E)No, but they are not considered to be adequate evidence to support a conclusion.

Question 24

If I argue that something is true because a majority of experts on that subject say that it is true, have I committed the fallacy of appeal to majority?

A)Yes, because I have used a majority opinion to support my conclusion.
B)Yes, because I have not offered any evidence to support my conclusion.
C)No, because the majority opinion of experts is evidence for the truth of my conclusion.
D)No, because there are probably very few experts on my subject, so I'm not really appealing to the opinion of a large group of people.
E)No, because majorities of experts are always right.

Question 25

If person A uses a threat to compel person B to do something, does this commit the fallacy of appeal to force?

A)Yes, because person A is using force, rather than reasons, to control person B.
B)Yes, because person B is not doing the thing voluntarily.
C)No, because person A only used the threat of force, and not any real force.
D)No, because person A is compelling a behavior, not belief in the truth of a proposition.
E)It depends on whether or not this was a legitimate use of force.

Question 26

Which of the following arguments commits the fallacy of appeal to force?

A)Children require discipline and spanking is a particularly effective form of discipline, so children need spanking.
B)If that's your view on abortion, then we can't be friends anymore.
C)Since Wales is part of Great Britain, and Great Britain is an island, I am forced to agree that Wales is an island nation.
D)Either magnetism or gravity made the disk move, and we can rule out magnetism, so it must have been gravity.
E)The sanctions against our enemy have not been effective in undermining its regime, so the next logical step will be war.

Question 27

Which subjectivist fallacy is committed in the following argument? Lois: If there's no food in Quahog, what makes you think there's going to be food anywhere else?
Peter: Lois, everyone knows that there are two things that can survive a nuclear holocaust: cockroaches and Twinkies....
(Family Guy, "Da Boom")

A)subjectivism
B)appeal to majority
C)appeal to emotion
D)appeal to force
E)none

Question 28

Since appeal to majority is a fallacy, how should we treat a majority opinion?

A)deny that it is true
B)completely ignore it
C)give it less weight than minority opinions
D)explore it by looking for objective evidence to support it
E)assume that it is true, but look for evidence to support it

Question 29

The fallacy of appeal to emotion occurs when someone:

A)appeals to emotion rather than evidence to persuade others
B)mentions an emotion in the middle of an argument
C)tries to tell someone else that his or her emotions are wrong
D)tries to make an argument while he or she is extremely emotional
E)tries to make an argument to someone else who is extremely emotional

Question 30

Which fallacy is committed by the following argument? Closing the 3rd Street library would make the poor children in that neighborhood feel like we're abandoning them.So shutting it down is unconscionable.

A)appeal to force
B)subjectivism
C)division
D)appeal to emotion
E)ad hominem

Question 31

Which fallacy is committed by the following argument? There is probably no life on Mars because most people agree that there isn't.

A)division
B)false alternative
C)appeal to majority
D)slippery slope
E)ad hominem

Question 32

The fallacy of appeal to force occurs when someone:

A)tries to get someone else to accept a proposition on the basis of a threat
B)is silent, forcing the other person to do all the talking
C)only asks questions, forcing the other person to defend his or her position
D)proves something so clearly that the other person is forced to agree
E)keeps interrupting an opponent, so that he or she can't make a point

Question 33

Which of the following arguments commits the fallacy of appeal to emotion?

A)Lydia is crying, so she is probably sad.
B)If I eat both chocolate bars now, I will feel guilty later.So I shouldn't eat both now.
C)This party is supposed to be a celebration, so it is inappropriate for Liam to be sad and depressed.
D)Allowing employers to pay such low wages amounts to slavery, so we should raise the minimum wage.
E)All dogs are cute and all puppies are dogs.So all puppies are cute.

Question 34

Which fallacy is committed by the following argument? Until you admit that I was right at the business meeting, I'm not talking to any of you!

A)equivocation
B)division
C)appeal to authority
D)appeal to force
E)appeal to majority

Question 35

Which of the following arguments commits the fallacy of appeal to majority?

A)A lot of people prefer the Android operating system to its competitors, so it must be the best operating system.
B)There are many people on the street outside my office, so there is probably a parade going by.
C)Most people are disenchanted with politics right now, so turnout for the upcoming election is likely to be low.
D)Worldwide demand for petroleum products is rapidly increasing, so the price of petroleum will continue to rise.
E)Most of my Facebook friends have said that they will attend my birthday party, so they must really like me.

Question 36

Which of the following arguments commits the fallacy of appeal to emotion?

A)Saturday Night Live has a very funny host this week, so I will probably laugh a lot.
B)If we don't increase Medicare spending, then your grandmother will probably end up homeless, eating cat food, and fending for herself.So we must increase it.
C)No one who cries in battle is showing strength.Therefore, the strongest soldiers are the ones who can hold back the tears.
D)No one lives forever, so we must make the most of each day.
E)Jasmine's mother must have recovered, since she was smiling when she came back from the hospital.

Question 37

Which of the following arguments commits the fallacy of appeal to force?

A)If the door won't open when you push on the bar, then you are not pushing hard enough.So you aren't pushing hard enough.
B)Since you are having trouble housebreaking the dog, perhaps you should try crating the dog while it is in the house.
C)If you keep insisting that I'm a nerd, I'll have to blast you with my sonic screwdriver.
D)No matter how long I study, I cannot pass the exam, so I should cheat on it instead.
E)The Karwinko tribe killed my sister in last week's raid, so I should take my revenge when I am strong enough.

Question 38

Is it possible to make an argument concerning an emotionally charged issue without committing the fallacy of appeal to emotion?

A)Yes, but only if we're making the argument to someone who does not have strong emotions about the issue.
B)Yes, as long as the argument has a basis in evidence, rather than emotion.
C)No, since any argument about the issue will necessarily provoke an emotional reaction.
D)No, since the person making the argument will always have strong emotions about the issue.
E)No, since if there were any real evidence for one side of the issue or the other, people wouldn't have such strong emotions about it in the first place.

Question 39

Argumentum ad baculum is another name for which fallacy?

A)subjectivism
B)appeal to majority
C)appeal to emotion
D)appeal to force
E)There is no such fallacy.

Question 40

Argumentum ad populum is another name for which fallacy?

A)subjectivism
B)appeal to authority
C)appeal to emotion
D)appeal to force
E)There is no such fallacy.

Question 41

Which fallacy is committed by the following argument? Abused animals will benefit from my financial contribution because Sarah McLachlan says they will.

A)appeal to authority
B)ad hominem
C)post hoc
D)subjectivism
E)appeal to emotion

Question 42

Which fallacy is committed by the following argument? Most people who oppose allowing the strip club to open are sexually repressed, so their objection is baseless.

A)subjectivism
B)appeal to emotion
C)slippery slope
D)appeal to majority
E)ad hominem

Question 43

Which of the following arguments commits the ad hominem fallacy? Smoking isn't dangerous because:

A)my grandfather smokes and he is 94.
B)it makes you look cool
C)everyone does it
D)many famous actors are smokers
E)my doctor says it is dangerous, but he is a smoker himself

Question 44

Expertise in one subject:

A)means no expertise in any other subject
B)means expertise in many other subjects
C)means expertise in all other subjects
D)does not guarantee expertise in another subject
E)is not compatible with expertise in another subject

Question 45

Which of the following arguments commits the fallacy of appeal to authority?

A)Ada's throat is sore.I know because she told me so.
B)This bridge should be strong enough to take the weight of both trucks at the same time, since a Harvard professor of history says so.
C)Uncle Rick only has another six months to live, since his doctor says so.
D)I can hit the ball further if I grip my club more tightly, since my golfing instructor says so.
E)My great-great grandmother had five children, since my grandmother says so.

Question 46

Which of the following is a type of ad hominem fallacy?

A)appeal to force
B)division
C)post hoc
D)poisoning the well
E)equivocation

Question 47

Which of the following arguments commits the ad hominem fallacy?

A)Laura says that gambling on sports should be illegal, but she is an idiot.
B)Animals should have the same rights as humans since they can feel pain.
C)Daily exercise is important because it improves health.
D)Frank thinks that higher education is becoming too expensive, and I agree.
E)If Lenny believes that, then he's a fool.And he does believe it.So he's a fool.

Question 48

For a person's testimony to be credible support for a proposition, that person must:

A)be very famous or rich
B)have an advanced degree or the equivalent amount of experience
C)have above average intelligence and above average wisdom
D)pass a lie detector test
E)know the truth and tell the truth

Question 49

How does the ad hominem fallacy involve credibility?

A)It assigns expert credibility to someone who doesn't deserve it.
B)It fails to recognize the credibility of someone who is an expert.
C)It assigns too much credibility to an opponent.
D)It attacks the credibility of an opponent.
E)It ignores the issue of whether or not an opponent has credibility.

Question 50

How does the fallacy of appeal to authority involve credibility?

A)It assigns expert credibility to someone who doesn't deserve it.
B)It fails to recognize the credibility of someone who is an expert.
C)It assigns too much credibility to an opponent.
D)It attacks the credibility of an opponent, rather than what he or she is saying.
E)It ignores the issue of whether or not an opponent has credibility.

Question 51

Which fallacy is committed by the following argument? I think tomorrow will be a nice day, because my mechanic said that he's not expecting rain.

A)appeal to authority
B)diversion
C)ad hominem
D)post hoc
E)accident

Question 52

Which of the following arguments commits the ad hominem fallacy?

A)No man can experience childbirth, and therefore no man can give a first-person account of the experience.
B)Storage containers are made in many different sizes, but I cannot get the size I need because my local store doesn't carry that size.
C)If the politician is not trustworthy, then he should not be elected.And he is not trustworthy.
D)Myrtle told me that Sally heard from James that Bill saw Ryan spreading gossip.So it must be true.
E)Sarah claims that Napoleon provided canned food to his troops, but she's never had a single history class, so we shouldn't listen to her.

Question 53

Which of the following arguments commits the fallacy of appeal to authority?

A)High cholesterol must be bad for you because the surgeon general says so.
B)Hosting a talk show must be hard work because Jay Leno says so.
C)It's harder to get your first record contract than your second because Lady Gaga says so.
D)The Aztec civilization helped to shape the culture of modern Mexico because a leading historian at Yale says so.
E)Yogurt is healthier than ice cream because Arnold Schwarzenegger says so.

Question 54

A person with relevant education, position, achievement, or reputation is:

A)likely to be an expert
B)unlikely to be an expert
C)equally likely or unlikely to be an expert
D)always an expert
E)never an expert

Question 55

An expert's testimony is weaker if the expert is not:

A)still alive
B)giving the testimony in person
C)fluent in the language
D)objective
E)well-dressed

Question 56

Poisoning the well means:

A)attacking someone's motives rather than his or her reasoning
B)getting someone drunk so that he or she is easier to convince
C)distracting the listeners while your opponent is trying to argue for his or her view
D)arguing in a sneaky way instead of being open about what your arguments are
E)convincing others with a soothing, hypnotic voice instead of a good argument

Question 57

The ad hominem fallacy occurs when:

A)an argument confuses two different words that are spelled the same way
B)someone makes an argument that will only appeal to men, and not to women
C)someone assumes that others from his or her culture will agree with his or her position
D)someone attacks the person making an argument instead of the argument itself
E)someone says the same thing over and over without making any new points

Question 58

Which fallacy is committed by the following argument? Arthur says that there is no gold left in these hills, but he is a notorious liar and has an interest in keeping others from looking for gold.

A)post hoc
B)ad hominem
C)diversion
D)false alternative
E)equivocation

Question 59

The fallacy of appeal to authority occurs when someone:

A)asks for permission before making an argument
B)offers the testimony of a non-expert as evidence for a proposition
C)with power tries to force his or her opinions onto others
D)tries to get a judge to resolve a dispute
E)ignores the opinions of those who have no power in society

Question 60

True experts in a subject:

A)always disagree with each other
B)never disagree with each other
C)sometimes agree and sometimes disagree with each other
D)never agree with each other
E)always agree with each other

Question 61

Which fallacy is committed by the following argument? Chewing gum must make your arm sore, because I chewed gum all day yesterday and now my arm really hurts.

A)composition
B)post hoc
C)appeal to force
D)appeal to majority
E)false alternative

Question 62

Which fallacy of context is committed by the following argument? Betty threw up after she ate my chicken casserole, so it must have made her sick.

A)hasty generalization
B)division
C)post hoc
D)accident
E)false alternative

Question 63

Which fallacy is committed by the following argument? Since we can't get Alec Baldwin to attend our film festival, we'll have to cancel it.

A)false alternative
B)slippery slope
C)subjectivism
D)appeal to ignorance
E)division

Question 64

If A occurs before B, then:

A)A is always the cause of B
B)A is never the cause of B
C)B is always the cause of A
D)A may or may not be the cause of B
E)A and B have no causal link

Question 65

Which of the following arguments is an example of hasty generalization?

A)All fish have gills, and trout are fish, so all trout have gills.
B)All American citizens have Social Security numbers, so all legal voters have Social Security numbers.
C)I once ate at Fishy Joe's and did not enjoy my food, so my meal was unpleasant.
D)I once had a bad experience while traveling in France, so France is a bad place to travel.
E)The Reds have won all of their games so far this season, so they will win the next one.

Question 66

Which of the following arguments commits the post hoc fallacy?

A)Ernie never eats meat when he visits, so he must be a vegetarian.
B)I wore my red sweater when I did well on the exam, so my sweater must have made me do well.
C)All syrups are high in sugar, and maple syrup is a syrup.So maple syrup is high in sugar.
D)Lemons are a citrus fruit, and also sour.So all citrus fruits must be sour.
E)Driving is a lot like sitting on a couch, so driving probably doesn't burn many calories.

Question 67

Which of the following arguments commits the post hoc fallacy?

A)Trevor always buys ice cream after he plays a game of baseball, and he just played baseball, so he will buy ice cream.
B)Smoking causes cancer, so everyone who smokes will get cancer.
C)Prostitution is legal in Nevada, so it will someday be legal in California.
D)More people are leaving the inner city for the suburbs, so the suburbs are growing.
E)I counted to three before I operated the slot machine, and I won a lot of money, so I won because I counted to three.

Question 68

Which fallacy is committed by the following argument? I broke a vase at the Lawrences' house the last time I visited, and they haven't invited me to any of their parties since.So they must be upset about the vase.

A)hasty generalization
B)accident
C)post hoc
D)ad hominem
E)appeal to emotion

Question 69

If an argument presents a dichotomy, but does NOT commit the fallacy of false alternative, then:

A)both sides of the dichotomy are true
B)both sides of the dichotomy are false
C)one side of the dichotomy is true and the other is false
D)it isn't really a dichotomy at all
E)the more general side of the dichotomy will be the true one

Question 70

Which of the following arguments most clearly commits the fallacy of false alternative?

A)Seamus has no fingers, so he can't easily type on a standard keyboard.
B)Lydia doesn't play the piano, so she must play the organ.
C)I can't go to the gym on any day between Monday and Saturday, so I'll have to go on Sunday.
D)The car door isn't open, so it must be closed.
E)Lemon trees require warm weather all year, so they can't be grown outdoors in Maine.

Question 71

Is it ever possible to conclude that two things are causally related without committing the post hoc fallacy?

A)No, because conclusions about causality are always false.
B)No, because causal conclusions can only be deduced from the order of events.
C)Yes, as long as the conclusion isn't based solely on the order of events.
D)Yes, as long as the conclusion is based solely on the order of events.
E)Yes, as long as we don't try to conclude which is the cause and which is the effect.

Question 72

Which fallacy is committed by the following argument? Unless I finish medical school, my life will be an epic fail.

A)post hoc
B)false alternative
C)subjectivism
D)ad hominem
E)begging the question

Question 73

Which of the following arguments is an example of hasty generalization?

A)Pizza tastes better when I add sausage, so it would also taste better if I added ham.
B)Orangutans are primates, so some primates live on Borneo.
C)Oak and maple trees have green leaves, so all trees have green leaves.
D)The highway was closed last week, so it will be closed next week too.
E)The new office is quite a bit bigger, so I will need a larger desk.

Question 74

Is it possible to consider only two alternatives without committing the fallacy of false alternative?

A)No, because there are always more than two alternatives.
B)No, because the contra-binary principle requires that there are always exactly three alternatives.
C)Yes, but only if one of the alternatives is already known to be true.
D)Yes, but only if one of the alternatives is already known to be false.
E)Yes, because sometimes there are only two alternatives to consider.

Question 75

Which of the following arguments most clearly commits the fallacy of false alternative?

A)The light switch isn't turned on, so it must be off.
B)Diane is not rich, so she must be poor.
C)There is life on Earth, so the Earth must not be lifeless.
D)This toad has a definite sex, and it is not male, so it must be female.
E)Either some form of oxygen is present in the room or no human can survive there.But humans can survive there, so there must be some form of oxygen in the room.

Question 76

The post hoc fallacy occurs when someone:

A)assumes that something is true because it appeared on a blog
B)assumes that something is true because it appeared in a newspaper
C)tries to take back what he or she said earlier in the discussion
D)stalls for time instead of answering a question immediately
E)assumes that because A occurred before B, A caused B

Question 77

The fallacy of false alternative is also sometimes called:

A)hasty generalization
B)expansive factoring
C)false dichotomy
D)choice subversion
E)cutting the block

Question 78

The fallacy of false alternative occurs when:

A)all of the premises in an argument are false
B)some of the premises in an argument are false
C)someone argues that we must accept his or her view because there are no alternatives
D)someone excludes relevant alternatives without justification
E)someone argues for one view while secretly believing some alternative view

Question 79

Is it ever possible to consider every possible alternative in a scenario?

A)Yes, because every scenario involves a finite number of alternatives.
B)Yes, because some scenarios involve a small number of alternatives.
C)Yes, because no scenario involves more than three alternatives.
D)No, because every scenario involves infinitely many alternatives.
E)No, because in every scenario, it is impossible to know how many alternatives there are.

Question 80

The fallacy of hasty generalization occurs when someone:

A)arrives at a general proposition too quickly, on the basis of insufficient evidence
B)speaks too fast for others to follow the line of argument
C)makes any sort of blanket statement about an entire group
D)makes an argument in one step when the argument requires more steps
E)dismisses another person's argument before listening to the whole thing