Deck 3: Socialization

Question 1

Teachers are expected to know the subject they are teaching and grade their students.When they do this,they are fulfilling their:

A) role.
B) status.
C) potential.
D) destiny.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to sociologists using the symbolic interaction theory,in order to understand human behavior we must:

A) learn what the behavior means to the individual actors.
B) become a member of the group that we are studying.
C) be critical of how society operates.
D) determine who has the power in a situation.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to sociologists using symbolic interaction theory:

A) meanings are fixed by the larger society.
B) socialization reinforces social inequalities.
C) people interacting negotiate their self-concepts.
D) to understand human behavior we must learn what role each individual plays in society.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Socialization refers to:

A) negotiating our self?concept as adults.
B) learning to have a good time at parties and social events.
C) learning to recognize our "self" as individuals.
D) a process through which we learn the rules and practices of our culture.

Question 5

According to the text,what is the role of nature in the development of human beings?

A) Nature determines who a person will become.
B) Nature gives humans potentials, but is not enough for their development.
C) Nature plays no significant role in human development.
D) Human beings are able to develop quite normally without "nurture"; "nature" is most important.

Question 6

________ focuses on how socialization reinforces unequal power relationships.

A) Symbolic interactionism
B) Conflict theory
C) Structural functionalism
D) Sociobiology

Question 7

Examples of children who are not socialized properly show us the:

A) importance of nurture over nature.
B) primary importance of meeting a child's physical needs in their social development.
C) importance of instinct.
D) importance of the physical environment over the social environment.

Question 8

According to ______,socialization benefits the wealthy and powerful.

A) symbolic interactionism
B) conflict theory
C) structural functionalism
D) sociobiology

Question 9

Critics of the structural-functional perspective on socialization argue that it:

A) ignores the fact that socialization may teach people to accept inequality.
B) does not acknowledge the role of socialization in establishing social order.
C) only focuses on the individual and does not address how socialization works for society.
D) places too much emphasis on how socialization reinforces inequality.

Question 10

Harlow found that infant monkeys raised in total isolation:

A) could mate and care for their babies normally as adults.
B) formed strong attachments to their mechanical mothers.
C) developed normally except for a tendency to hide in corners when placed with other monkeys.
D) could recover from any ill effects if given a second chance to be socialized with younger monkeys.

Question 11

In a study comparing orphans from high-quality orphanages to those from low-quality orphanages,it was found that those from low-quality facilities were more likely to exhibit autistic and quasi-autistic patterns.It can be concluded that this was caused by inadequate:

A) diet.
B) hygiene.
C) individual attention.
D) medical care.

Question 12

Studies of children in orphanages who received little nurturing find that if they are adopted into good homes,they:

A) are able to catch up with children their age physically and mentally.
B) will regain any lost cognitive abilities.
C) eventually achieve the same mental abilities as other children, but are not adept at socializing with others.
D) still experience learning and thinking difficulties, and have difficulty forming relationships.

Question 13

Generalizing from what has been learned about monkeys,we can conclude that the effects of neglect:

A) have been overestimated.
B) are so severe they are never reversible.
C) are severe but in some cases reversible.
D) always end in premature death.

Question 14

Schools teach children to obey the rules; parents teach children manners.According to _______,this is important so that children learn to fit into society.

A) symbolic interactionism
B) conflict theory
C) structural functionalism
D) sociobiology

Question 15

Jonathan believes that the socialization process teaches children that females are less capable than males.His perspective is most likely:

A) symbolic interactionist.
B) conflict theory.
C) structural-functionalist.
D) sociobiologist.

Question 16

The cases of deprived children like Genie and children in low-quality orphanages illustrate the fact that:

A) physical and social development depends on interaction with other humans.
B) even the most extreme cases of deprivation may be reversed with the proper therapy.
C) it is only children without parents who suffer from a lack of nurturing.
D) physical deprivation is worse than emotional or social deprivation.

Question 17

A sociologist is interested in why so many people accept widespread discrimination as a fact of life.This sociologist would be most likely to apply a ________ perspective to socialization.

A) sociobiological
B) symbolic interactionist
C) conflict theory
D) structural-functional

Question 18

A number of studies cited in your text lead to the conclusion that the normal intellectual and social development of children:

A) depends largely on heredity.
B) requires nurturance.
C) is retarded by too much attention.
D) is accelerated by a large number of siblings.

Question 19

According to _______,socialization benefits everyone by teaching people to be happy and productive members of society.

A) symbolic interactionism
B) conflict theory
C) structural functionalism
D) sociobiology

Question 20

_________ is the process of learning the roles,statuses,and values necessary for participation in society.

A) Social interaction
B) Socialization
C) Institutionalization
D) Symbolic interaction

Question 21

The psychological theory known as cognitive development was originated by:

A) George Herbert Mead.
B) Georg Simmel.
C) John Piaget.
D) Sigmund Freud.

Question 22

Jill is attending her first school dance.She doesn't know the new steps,imagines that her date is disappointed in her,and feels that she is a complete failure.This is an example of:

A) the looking-glass self.
B) peer pressure.
C) impression management.
D) positive reinforcement.

Question 23

According to Mead,children learn to balance the desires of the I and the social awareness of the me through:

A) developing greater cognitive skills.
B) the process of role taking.
C) parental authority.
D) instinct.

Question 24

The process of learning how others important to us see the world and gradually adopting those perspectives is:

A) conformity.
B) role strain.
C) role taking.
D) the looking-glass self.

Question 25

In Mead's theory,the me represents the:

A) selfish part of the self.
B) self that responds to others' actions.
C) spontaneous, creative part of the self.
D) instinctual nature of the self.

Question 26

According to the text,the most influential contributor to symbolic interaction theory during the last century was:

A) George Herbert Mead.
B) Charles Horton Cooley.
C) Erving Goffman.
D) W. I. Thomas.

Question 27

W.I.Thomas's statement that if people "define situations as real,they are real in their consequences" means that:

A) if you believe in something enough, it will come true.
B) words and symbols only have consequences in real-life situations.
C) people's interpretations of words and gestures have real consequences even if they are misinterpretations.
D) if a person doesn't believe a situation is real, there will be no consequences.

Question 28

In Mead's theory,the I is the:

A) self that responds to others' actions.
B) self as social object.
C) spontaneous, creative part of the self.
D) selfless, other?centered part of the self.

Question 29

The _________ is an individual's thoughts regarding her/his personality and social roles.

A) I
B) me
C) self
D) self-concept

Question 30

All of the following are steps in the formation of the looking-glass self EXCEPT:

A) we imagine how we appear to others.
B) we imagine how others judge us based on those appearances.
C) we ask people what they think of us.
D) we ponder, internalize, or reject these judgments.

Question 31

The self-concept is best defined as:

A) the way other people perceive us.
B) the spontaneous, creative part of the self.
C) the selfish, conceited part of the self.
D) an individual's thoughts regarding her/his personality and social roles.

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of W.I.Thomas's classic statement?

A) A teen has been labeled a problem student, so he doesn't bother doing his homework
B) An employer refuses to hire someone with a criminal record.
C) A student fails a test because the teacher thinks she was cheating.
D) An employer fires an employee who fails a random drug test.

Question 33

Children learn how to function in society through their play.Often their play focuses on _______,people with whom they have close personal relationships.

A) role models
B) role partners
C) significant others
D) generalized others

Question 34

Mona's friends tell her she's smart,but 16?year-old Mona doesn't believe them.This:

A) contradicts the idea of a looking?glass self.
B) is not relevant to symbolic interactionism.
C) supports the notion of negative reinforcement.
D) is an example of the looking-glass self.

Question 35

?Which of the following is NOT one of the three steps in Cooley's looking-glass self?

A) We see ourselves exactly as others see us.
B) We imagine how we appear to others.
C) We imagine how others judge our appearance.
D) We develop feelings and responses to the judgments of others.

Question 36

In Mead's theory,the ________ is the spontaneous,creative part of the self.

A) me
B) I
C) you
D) looking-glass self

Question 37

The concept of the looking-glass self suggests that our self-concept is:

A) determined by others.
B) the result of our interpretation of the reactions of others.
C) the result of our objective assessments of ourselves.
D) personal and has nothing to do with other people.

Question 38

From the perspective of symbolic interaction,the meanings that people attach to their behavior are:

A) dictated by society.
B) developed within social relationships.
C) learned in early childhood socialization.
D) Symbolic interaction does not address the meaning of behavior.

Question 39

In households where mothers work,what is a likely possible impact on children's role taking?

A) Girls will start cooking to pick up the slack.
B) Boys will do their own laundry.
C) Boys will play with toy hammers.
D) Girls will carry a play briefcase.

Question 40

According to Cooley,we develop our self-concept:

A) by giving our best efforts in all situations and being proud of that.
B) by having our strengths reinforced by our parents.
C) by learning to see ourselves as we think others see us.
D) through anticipatory socialization.

Question 41

Some researchers believe the influence of peers is overestimated because:

A) adolescents remain concerned about their parents' opinions in addition to those of their peers.
B) there has been little research done on the influence of peers.
C) research indicates that peers actually have little influence on each other.
D) None of these; researchers do not believe the influence is overestimated.

Question 42

Individuals of the same age and the same status are referred to as:

A) a cohort.
B) a peer group.
C) significant others.
D) an in-group.

Question 43

The text argues that schools:

A) treat all children equally regardless of social class.
B) are increasingly more able to give children individualized attention.
C) promote creativity and independent thinking.
D) prepare students for bureaucracies such as the workplace and the military.

Question 44

Which agent of socialization is largely responsible for primary socialization?

A) mass media
B) schools
C) family
D) religion

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of a significant other?

A) your mother
B) your professor
C) your employer
D) your neighbor

Question 46

Mead's term for the composite expectations of all the other role players with whom we interact is:

A) generalized other.
B) significant other.
C) role identity.
D) socialization.

Question 47

Research on spanking finds that parents who graduate from college are:

A) as likely as others to spank their children.
B) less likely than others to spank their children.
C) equally as likely as others to spank their children.
D) College education has no relevance for parenting behavior.

Question 48

Which of these is generally NOT something children learn from schools?

A) basic developmental needs
B) nonconformity and how to challenge authority
C) how to deal with bureaucracies
D) how achievement affects status

Question 49

In regards to adolescents and their peers,studies have found that _________ precedes _________.

A) group membership; peer similarity
B) peer pressure; group membership
C) peer similarity; group membership
D) group membership; peer pressure

Question 50

Peer groups are important in social development because they:

A) are more powerful than the family in social development.
B) take the place of the family as one matures.
C) are a mechanism for teaching roles and values distinct from those of adults.
D) None of these; peer groups are not particularly important to social development.

Question 51

Peer group socialization appears to:

A) have an important effect on the development of the self-concept.
B) be much less important than other agents of socialization.
C) have a negative effect on cognitive and moral development.
D) be especially effective in teaching conformity.

Question 52

Research on how girls and the adults around them view their hair reveals that:

A) most girls could not care less about their hair.
B) hair is an important symbol for white girls, but not for black girls.
C) girls feel they are judged on whether or not they care about the appearance of their hair.
D) hair has the same meaning for boys' and girls' identities.

Question 53

What is the general pattern of peer influence?

A) The younger the children, the more influence peers have.
B) Peers influence fashion and other aspects of lifestyle, but have little impact on self-concept.
C) The more time peers spend together without adult supervision, the greater the likelihood of peer influence.
D) There is no pattern to how peers influence one another.

Question 54

Which of the following characteristics of family is least important in shaping the child's socialization experience?

A) race or ethnicity
B) class
C) religion
D) region

Question 55

Which of the following statements is FALSE with regards to primary socialization in the family?

A) All families use the same approach to primary socialization.
B) The earliest socialization takes place indirectly through daily interactions.
C) Parents try to teach conformity and obedience.
D) Self-concept is first developed within the family.

Question 56

The term for the people,groups,and media that teach us social norms is:

A) socialization.
B) agents of socialization.
C) the looking-glass self.
D) the generalized other.

Question 57

Learning the expectations of the generalized other is the same as:

A) following our looking-glass self.
B) learning language.
C) learning the norms and values of our culture.
D) imitation of a significant other.

Question 58

The most important agent of socialization in society is:

A) church.
B) peers.
C) family.
D) television.

Question 59

The text identifies all of the following as agents of socialization EXCEPT:

A) religion.
B) peer groups.
C) voluntary associations.
D) the workplace.

Question 60

In both poor and wealthier nations:

A) many children attend school for only a few years.
B) school years have become accepted as a normal part of childhood.
C) schools teach society's central values in addition to basic skills.
D) All of these are true about schooling in all nations.

Question 61

When do we develop a personality?

A) childhood
B) prior to birth
C) young adulthood
D) adolescence

Question 62

Research on the types of chores assigned to adolescents find that:

A) boys and girls today are equally likely to clean house and care for younger children.
B) while many tasks follow traditional gender divisions, girls today are just as likely as boys to be assigned to mow the lawn.
C) boys are more likely to learn mechanical skills, while girls are more likely to learn caregiving behavior.
D) past gender differences in household chores have virtually disappeared today.

Question 63

As an example of the critical importance of primary socialization,the text reports that the number of words we learn by the age of three:

A) will determine our ability to learn in the future.
B) is the same for children of all social classes.
C) highly predicts future reading ability and likelihood of high school graduation.
D) result in differences in intelligence that can never be overcome.

Question 64

How do teachers in Japan deal with unruly youngsters?

A) They isolate them.
B) They quickly integrate them back into the group.
C) They expel them.
D) They fail them.

Question 65

Lateesha's father has her work part-time in the family store."It will help you when you take over the business," he tells her.This is an example of:

A) developmental socialization.
B) professional socialization.
C) primary socialization.
D) preparatory socialization.

Question 66

American kindergartens emphasize ________; Japanese kindergartens emphasize ____________.

A) individualism; cooperation
B) cooperation; individualism
C) individualism; individualism
D) cooperation; cooperation

Question 67

There is general agreement that television's role as an agent of socialization is to:

A) provide material that challenges our beliefs and makes us think.
B) fill the social need for entertainment and relaxation.
C) validate and supplement our prior knowledge of American roles and norms.
D) reflect the reality of our social conditions and interactions.

Question 68

The most important mass medium for socialization is:

A) movies and Hollywood.
B) commercials and products.
C) television.
D) the Internet.

Question 69

Which of the following statements regarding religion's role in socialization is FALSE?

A) Religion gives guidance about appropriate roles and behaviors.
B) Religion often reinforces the ideals we learn from other agents of socialization.
C) Religion is only an important influence in some societies.
D) Different religions impact the socialization experience differently.

Question 70

Which of the following statements is TRUE about anticipatory socialization?

A) Anticipatory socialization is completed during adolescence.
B) Anticipatory socialization is preparation for roles we are likely to assume in the future.
C) Anticipatory socialization occurs prior to primary socialization.
D) Anticipatory socialization completely prepares us for future roles.

Question 71

Which of the following does NOT describe a community?

A) people who share a common space and connection to that space
B) social institutions that exist within a common space
C) people who share a common identity but are linked on the Internet
D) people who share an interest in the same hobby

Question 72

Children aged 8-18 now spend almost ______ hours per day engaged with mass media,an increase of _____ hours a day over the last decade.

A) 11; 3
B) 9; 2.5
C) 8; 2
D) 6; 1.5

Question 73

In the discussion of the importance of primary socialization,the text reports that in general the number of words poor children learn by the age of three is _________ those learned by middle-class children.

A) approximately the same as
B) 10% fewer than
C) 20% fewer than
D) 50% fewer than

Question 74

The learning of appropriate values and behaviors that occurs during early childhood is a part of _________ socialization.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) anticipatory
D) developmental

Question 75

As an agent of socialization,religion:

A) has no real affect.
B) gives guidance as to appropriate values and behaviors.
C) merely reinforces the lessons of other agents of socialization.
D) is the most important influence.

Question 76

Learning that it is appropriate to wear enough clothes to cover yourself "decently" is likely to take place during:

A) primary socialization.
B) anticipatory socialization.
C) resocialization.
D) peer group socialization.

Question 77

A critical stage during primary socialization for becoming a conforming member of society is:

A) learning in childhood that conformity is the key to gaining love and acceptance.
B) developing self?esteem as an adult.
C) acquiring skills necessary for occupational success.
D) developing an identity salience hierarchy.

Question 78

Research on the impact of television finds that:

A) there is no doubt that the media promote violence, racism, and sexism.
B) viewers tend to give special attention to content that supports their beliefs and self-concepts.
C) there is no evidence that television has any impact on socialization.
D) the mass media have no influence on our beliefs and behaviors.

Question 79

Role learning that prepares individuals for roles they are likely to assume in the future is known as:

A) advance socialization.
B) anticipatory socialization.
C) developmental socialization.
D) preparatory socialization.

Question 80

When children do not learn to be conforming members of their society during childhood:

A) it takes them much longer to learn to conform during adulthood.
B) they face ridicule from their peers and learn to conform during adolescence.
C) conformity is unlikely to develop later in life.
D) it is up to the schools to teach conformity.