Deck 14: Population and Urbanization

Question 1

As industry has diminished in the some areas of the northeast United States,many people have moved south and southwest.Demographers would term this:

A) internal migration.
B) immigration.
C) emigration.
D) shifting population.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The world's population is two and a half times larger than it was in 1950.This is because:

A) the fertility rate has been increasingly dramatically.
B) the birth rate and the fertility rate have both increased, making population growth double.
C) mortality as decreased rapidly while fertility has decreased only slowly.
D) None of these; migration is the only factor that has changed since 1950.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The decreased mortality in less developed countries in the mid-twentieth century resulted in:

A) decreased fertility rates.
B) higher fertility rates.
C) increased population growth.
D) gradual population decrease.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The first major cause of declining mortality in the West was:

A) modern medicine.
B) improvements in hygiene.
C) vaccinations.
D) improvements in nutrition.

Question 5

The world's population is currently approximately:

A) 10 billion.
B) 8.7 billion.
C) 6.3 billion
D) 3.4 billion.

Question 6

The primary reason for the dramatic decreases in U.S.mortality rates during the twentieth century is:

A) the sharp decline in fertility.
B) improvements in standard of living and nutrition.
C) improvements in medical science.
D) the more equitable distribution of goods and services.

Question 7

In order to say that a country is experiencing demographic transition,what change must occur?

A) Go from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates.
B) Go from low birth rates and low death rates to high birth rates and high death rates.
C) Go from low birth rates and high death rates to high birth rates and low death rates.
D) Go from high birth rates and low death rates to low birth rates and high death rates.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a reason that fertility rates fell as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

A) New economic forms, such as pensions, meant children weren't needed for care in one's old age.
B) Lower mortality rates meant fewer births were needed to ensure that several children survived into adulthood.
C) New ideas of individual satisfaction helped to popularize limiting family size.
D) Improved methods of birth control helped people limit family size.

Question 9

Immigration has implications for all of the following EXCEPT:

A) population growth.
B) issues of citizenship.
C) definitions of nationality.
D) total world population.

Question 10

A number of hypotheses have been developed about the decline in the death rate,the decline in fertility,and the development of industrialization.What is considered to be the main and direct cause of the fertility reduction in the West?

A) reduced mortality
B) greater industrialization
C) changed values and aspirations
D) government intervention

Question 11

If the birth rate of the world were 30 births per 1,000 population and the death rate were 10 deaths per 1,000 population,the rate of natural increase would be:

A) 1.0%.
B) 1.6%.
C) 2.0%.
D) 2.4%.

Question 12

Demography is the study of:

A) population.
B) urbanization.
C) geography.
D) stratification.

Question 13

?In the non-West,birth and death rates remained equally high until:

A) the 1960s.
B) the early twentieth century.
C) the 1990s.
D) about 1840.

Question 14

If a country has a low life expectancy (say,30 or 35),this is attributable to the fact that:

A) nobody lives to old age in the country.
B) there is a high fertility rate in that country.
C) there is a high rate of infant mortality in that country.
D) there is a high suicide rate in that country.

Question 15

Population growth has slowed considerably in some African countries like Botswana,Swaziland,and Zimbabwe due to:

A) the increased status of women.
B) the impact of AIDS.
C) aggressive family planning programs.
D) a new value placed on individual gratification.

Question 16

What is the difference between the fertility rate and the birth rate?

A) The fertility rate takes mortality into consideration and the birth rate does not.
B) The fertility rate is based on births per 1000 women, and the birth rate is based on births per 1000 persons.
C) The birth rate is easier for most people to understand than the fertility rate.
D) There is no difference between these two measures.

Question 17

In less developed nations,mortality rates began to decline in the mid-twentieth century due to:

A) an aging population.
B) increased standard of living.
C) rapid industrialization.
D) improvements in sanitation and health care.

Question 18

The change from a population characterized by high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates is called:

A) population projection.
B) the demographic transition.
C) the fertility-mortality shift.
D) the population revolution.

Question 19

Why do some countries with a lower standard of living than the U.S.have a life expectancy that is as high,if not higher?

A) After a certain point, standard of living is less important than reducing income inequality in extending life expectancy.
B) Some natural remedies used in these countries are far more effective than modern medicine.
C) People in countries with lower standards of living do not experience as much stress as do people in the U.S.
D) Countries with lower standards of living always have lower life expectancies.

Question 20

The demographic transition:

A) is the process of moving from the traditional balance of high birth and death rates to a new balance of low birth and death rates.
B) is the process of migrating to a society with higher mortality and fertility from a society with lower mortality and fertility.
C) refers to the situation of a consistently high fertility rate.
D) refers to a population experiencing negative population growth.

Question 21

When a population pyramid is shaped like a pyramid,this means that:

A) the country is at zero-population growth.
B) a country has undergone the demographic transition.
C) birth, death, and migration are all fairly equal.
D) the population is very young, and relatively few people live into old age.

Question 22

Which of the following is a negative consequence of low fertility discussed in the text?

A) unhappy family life and empty nest syndrome
B) less satisfying marriages and lack of family income from children's labor
C) diminished connection to the new technologies and popular culture that children learn about first
D) difficulty filling all necessary occupations, and rising costs of caring for the elderly

Question 23

Which of these is NOT a concern due to the low fertility rate in Italy?

A) too many old people
B) too many young people
C) cultural dilution
D) labor force shortage

Question 24

?Low fertility in Italy has resulted in too few workers.To counteract this problem,Italy has:

A) begun outsourcing jobs to the United States.
B) been importing workers from Albania.
C) begun importing workers from Central and South American.
D) been considering exporting its older population to other countries.

Question 25

Your text suggests that the BEST way to reduce fertility in places like Ghana is to:

A) open more family-planning clinics.
B) provide free contraceptives.
C) provide more educational and economic opportunities for women.
D) combine access to contraceptives with more educational and economic opportunities for women.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a reason for the high value placed on children in Ghana?

A) educational desires for the future of the country
B) the creation of political ties through children's marriages
C) women's social status
D) economic security in the parents' old age

Question 27

?In Ghana,women who cannot bear children:

A) have a higher status than women who do.
B) must adopt them.
C) are at risk of divorce or abandonment.
D) are executed.

Question 28

Which is true regarding the success of policies promoting childbearing in Europe?

A) It is unlikely that government can successfully encourage parents to have more than one or two children.
B) It is certain that fertility will increase as a result of these policies.
C) The policies have been more successful than anticipated.
D) Promotion of fertility has been most successful in suburban neighborhoods.

Question 29

?Given current trends,over the next few generations the population in Europe will:

A) gradually increase.
B) gradually decrease.
C) greatly increase.
D) remain stable.

Question 30

Since 1950,the average number of births per woman has:

A) decreased in every part of the world.
B) increased in every part of the world.
C) remained the same in every part of the world.
D) increased everywhere except for Western Europe.

Question 31

With modern levels of mortality,replacement level fertility requires an average of _______ children per woman.

A) 1.0
B) 1.8
C) 2.0
D) 2.1

Question 32

Even though Italy has been experiencing a labor shortage,it has recently clamped down on immigration.Why?

A) They fear their cultures will be diluted or changed.
B) They fear of terrorists have been entering the country.
C) Immigrants were having too many children.
D) Foreign workers were taking all of the good jobs.

Question 33

What is a population pyramid?

A) a graphic illustration of population size broken down by age and sex
B) a estimated projection of future population trends
C) a type of kinship chart demonstrating relationships within the society
D) a demographic chart of migration, birth and death

Question 34

Women in Ghana have many children because:

A) their husbands insist on it.
B) they have been systematically denied access to contraceptives.
C) they do not know any better.
D) in many ways, they are better off when they have large families.

Question 35

In a low fertility society,such as Italy,women typically:

A) do not need to have children to have a purpose in life or to assure their social standing.
B) have little involvement outside the home.
C) view fertility as a duty and a means of old-age insurance.
D) gain higher status from having children.

Question 36

What is the impact of public policies encouraging fertility in Italy and other countries in Europe?

A) They are likely to raise fertility and population size somewhat.
B) They may protect against dramatic declines in the birth rate, but are unlikely to raise it much.
C) They are likely to backfire and actually reduce fertility.
D) They are too costly and burdensome administratively to be worthwhile.

Question 37

Incentive programs in Italy and other European countries designed to encourage fertility include:

A) guaranteed higher salary for parents.
B) cash assistance that pays all the costs of childrearing up age 3.
C) housing subsidies for having more children.
D) tuition reimbursement for private school.

Question 38

The fertility rate to replace a woman and her partner and to cover childhood mortality is called:

A) reverse mortality rate.
B) crude birth rate.
C) raw birth rate.
D) zero population growth

Question 39

In Ghana,large families are:

A) an economic and political disadvantage.
B) considered a curse.
C) advantageous politically and economically.
D) relatively rare.

Question 40

In Italy,current trends in fertility will result in age structures in which the:

A) younger generation is much larger than the older generation.
B) age cohorts will all be the same size.
C) older generation is as large as or larger than the younger generation.
D) life expectancy will decrease.

Question 41

Experience has shown that as education __________,fertility __________.

A) decreases; decreases
B) increases; decreases
C) increases; increases
D) decreases; remains stable

Question 42

The countries with the greatest success in family planning and economic development have:

A) been in Central America.
B) made special efforts to increase women's educational and economic status.
C) given women free access to contraception.
D) tried to lower infant mortality first.

Question 43

In sub-Saharan Africa,the destruction of the environment is mainly:

A) a poverty problem.
B) a personal problem.
C) not our problem.
D) a population problem.

Question 44

In the U.S,AIDS is a leading cause of death for:

A) persons aged 25-44.
B) Asian Americans.
C) persons with diseases that require transfusions.
D) gays and lesbians.

Question 45

Currently,almost all immigrants to the U.S.come from:

A) countries of the former Soviet Union.
B) Latin America or Asia.
C) Asian and Africa.
D) Eastern Europe.

Question 46

If an impoverished country wants to reduce population growth,which is the best action to take regarding women to ensure success?

A) force sterilization
B) pass out birth control pills
C) conduct classes explaining the benefits of smaller family size
D) improve the legal rights of women

Question 47

Your textbook advocates all of the following as immediate responses to the destruction of the global environment EXCEPT:

A) reducing rural poverty.
B) improving farming practices.
C) reducing the debt of less- and least-developed countries.
D) giving the U.S. greater control over the resources in developing nations.

Question 48

The average number of children born per woman in the United States has been __________ for the last two decades.

A) about 1
B) about 2
C) just at 3
D) slightly more than 3

Question 49

High fertility is:

A) the only cause of poverty in the least developed nations.
B) the only problem in the least developed nations.
C) not even the primary cause of poverty in the developing nations.
D) the primary cause of poverty in the least developed nations.

Question 50

Which of the following is a push factor in migration?

A) quality educational opportunities in one's home country
B) better employment opportunities in other countries
C) higher standard of living in other countries
D) drought and famine in one's home country

Question 51

Most international refugees move from a developing country to:

A) the U.S.
B) a European country.
C) a developing country.
D) any of the industrialized countries.

Question 52

In 2008,about __________ people fled their homes involuntarily or were living outside of their countries as stateless persons or asylum seekers.

A) 50,000
B) 500,000
C) 3 million
D) 11 million

Question 53

Who profits the most from international migration?

A) the migrants themselves
B) the migrants' countries of origin
C) the host countries
D) It is not clear who profits the most.

Question 54

Between 1975 and 1991,an aggressive family planning program increased contraceptive use in Bangladesh by:

A) 50%.
B) 100%.
C) 500%.
D) 1000%.

Question 55

In the most-developed countries,environmental destruction:

A) is a population problem.
B) results from way of life more than population pressure.
C) is the result of overpopulation plus standard of living.
D) is not a problem as it is in the least-developed countries.

Question 56

In the last 15 years,increases in life expectancy in the U.S.have been attributed largely to:

A) conquering infectious disease.
B) better diagnosis and treatment of degenerative diseases.
C) prevention of infant mortality and premature births.
D) reducing the gap between men and women.

Question 57

Which of the following is a pull factor in migration?

A) a war in other countries
B) better employment opportunities in other countries
C) drought and famine in one's home country
D) little religious freedom in one's home country

Question 58

Approximately __________ people in the world are seriously undernourished.

A) 3 million
B) 1 billion
C) 1/2 billion
D) 25 million

Question 59

The family planning program in Bangladesh decreased the average number of children per woman from ______ to ______ in 16 years.

A) 10; 7
B) 7; 5
C) 6; 2
D) 4; 1

Question 60

What is the relationship between high fertility and poverty in the developing countries today?

A) High fertility is the primary cause of poverty.
B) Poverty is the primary cause of high fertility.
C) High fertility is not the only or even the major cause of poverty.
D) There is no relationship between these concepts.

Question 61

In 2008,the percentage of Americans who moved homes was:

A) lower than it has been in 60 years.
B) higher than it has ever been.
C) stable given the economic downturn.
D) detrimental to the economy.

Question 62

Due to relocation of the U.S.population,new problems have emerged.These include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) urbanization of poverty
B) higher mortality rates
C) shrinking central cities
D) pollution

Question 63

Suburban areas that have developed an existence separate from the cities they were once connected to are called:

A) metropolitan areas.
B) consolidated zones.
C) edge cities.
D) nonmetropolitan areas.

Question 64

Currently what percentage of the population of the U.S.lives in cities of 100,000 people or more?

A) one-fifth
B) one-fourth
C) one-half
D) two-thirds

Question 65

Which of the following has resulted from the clampdown on illegal immigration from Mexico?

A) The number of illegal immigrants has dropped dramatically.
B) The number of illegal immigrants has increased dramatically.
C) Illegal immigrants are more likely to remain in the U.S. once here.
D) Illegal immigrants are more likely to return to Mexico.

Question 66

The industrial city was a product of a manufacturing economy and a relatively immobile labor force.It has been suggested that one element has been the "chief architect" of American cities since 1950.This has been:

A) the growth in single family homes.
B) the change to a secondary mode of production.
C) greater consolidation of production units.
D) the automobile.

Question 67

During the last half century,cities have come to be seen as unsafe and unclean places.Many middle class people have moved from cities to the suburbs.Sociologists refer to this as:

A) urban blight.
B) ruralization.
C) white flight.
D) urbanization.

Question 68

The first industrial cities differed from preindustrial cities in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

A) production shifted from the countryside to urban factories.
B) high rates of disease were caused in part by crowding.
C) housing moved outward toward the suburbs.
D) business districts became more centralized.

Question 69

The movement of people from rural areas and small towns into cities is termed:

A) suburbanization.
B) urbanization.
C) consolidation.
D) metropolitanization.

Question 70

If annual migration remains the same and fertility remains low,the racial and ethnic composition of the U.S.will:

A) stay the same.
B) change substantially with proportionately fewer non-Hispanic whites.
C) change substantially with increasing numbers of non-Hispanic whites.
D) change very little.

Question 71

What is the economic impact of immigration to the U.S.?

A) Immigrants take away jobs from citizens and negatively impact the economy.
B) Immigrants have no impact on the economy of the U.S.
C) Immigrants may depress the wages of the least educated Americans in low-skill jobs.
D) There is no research on the economic impact of immigrants.

Question 72

Which of these statements about trends in internal migration in the U.S.is true?

A) For most of U.S. history, rural areas have grown faster than urban areas.
B) For most of U.S. history, urban areas have grown faster than rural areas.
C) Since 1970, suburbs have been shrinking and urban areas have been expanding.
D) Most internal migration recently has been from the South to the North.

Question 73

The Central Business District,a dense concentration of retail trade,banking and finance,and government offices,developed as a pattern in:

A) preindustrial cities.
B) industrial cities.
C) postindustrial cities.
D) third-world cities.

Question 74

According to ________,each city grows or declines in its own way,depending on the power of competing economic and political forces.

A) conflict theorists
B) structural-functionalists
C) materialists
D) urban environmentalists

Question 75

The most striking example of internal migration within the U.S.was:

A) the northern migration of African Americans following the Civil War.
B) the movement of people out of the Midwest as the auto industry crumbled.
C) the relocation of retirees during the 1990s to the Sunbelt.
D) the exit of one million people out of New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

Question 76

_________ assume that cities grow in ways that provide the most efficient means for distributing goods and services.

A) Conflict theorists
B) Structural-functionalists
C) Materialists
D) Urban environmentalists

Question 77

Much of the geographical relocation in the U.S.population over the last 30 years has been to:

A) the Sunbelt.
B) rural areas in the Midwest and Great Plains.
C) Northeastern nonmetropolitan areas.
D) central cities.

Question 78

Which of the following is a characteristic of a nonmetropolitan county?

A) It is not socially or economically tied to a county with a major city.
B) It has no cities with populations larger than 25,000 in it.
C) It has no urban residents.
D) It is at least 75 miles from a major city.

Question 79

Which of these is NOT a current trend in internal migration in the U.S.?

A) migration from central cities to suburbs
B) the growth of the Sunbelt
C) movement from the Sunbelt back North since the recent job and housing crisis
D) the growth of some nonurban areas

Question 80

An important characteristic of the industrial cities of the nineteenth century was that:

A) production was based primarily in rural areas.
B) improved transportation reduced the problems of density and crowding.
C) there was a tremendous expansion of single?family housing.
D) they were dirty and crowded.