Deck 15: Social Change

Question 1

Relative-deprivation theory is a form of:

A) conflict theory.
B) symbolic interactionism.
C) structural-functionalist theory.
D) micro-level theory.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Spontaneous action by groups in situations where cultural rules for behavior are vague,inadequate,or debated is called:

A) communicative action.
B) frenzied behavior.
C) collective behavior.
D) circular stimulation.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Social institutions:

A) keep the same structure, values, and norms over time.
B) change in response to events, new ideas, and other institutions.
C) are not capable of change.
D) change only according to preconceived plans.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

How are social movements and collective behavior related?

A) Collective behavior may help to bring attention to social issues being addressed by a social movement.
B) Repeated collective behavior directed at a particular set of problematic conditions may form the beginnings of a social movement.
C) Collective behavior and social movements both challenge the status quo.
D) All of these are ways in which collective behavior and social movements are related.

Question 5

Which theory stresses the role of social discontent as a cause of social movements?

A) relative-deprivation theory
B) resource mobilization theory
C) bloc mobilization theory
D) structural strain theory

Question 6

Alcoholics Anonymous is an example of which type of movement?

A) alternative
B) redemptive
C) reformist
D) revolutionary

Question 7

Resource mobilization theory assumes that a significant requirement for turning deprivation into a movement is:

A) anger.
B) resentment.
C) organization.
D) absolute deprivation.

Question 8

A church group regularly pickets the local Planned Parenthood office.This is an example of:

A) a riot.
B) a convergence crowd.
C) collective behavior.
D) a social movement.

Question 9

"Freeganism," an anti-consumerist belief system that encourages people to find their food through foraging,bartering,and eating food discarded by grocery stores and restaurants (i.e.,dumpster diving)rather than paying for it is an example of which type of movement?

A) alternative
B) redemptive
C) reformist
D) revolutionary

Question 10

After the verdict is read exonerating two police officers accused of racial profiling and beating a young African American man to death,people crowd the streets and begin to riot.This is an example of:

A) collective behavior.
B) a social movement.
C) an aggregate.
D) a convergence crowd.

Question 11

Resource mobilization theory falls under which theoretical perspective?

A) conflict theory.
B) structural-functional theory.
C) symbolic interactionism.
D) micro-level theory.

Question 12

__________ is the term for any significant modification or transformation of social structures or institutions over time.

A) Technology
B) Social change
C) Cultural lag
D) Cultural resources

Question 13

Which is NOT true about incidents of collective behavior?

A) Collective behavior is usually short-lived.
B) Incidents occur when the cultural norms for behavior are vague or inadequate.
C) Incidents of collective behavior occur when cultural norms for behavior are contested.
D) Collective behavior is organized around a specific agenda.

Question 14

Which theory of social movements suggests that social movements develop when individuals who experience deprivation pull together the resources they need to mobilize for action?

A) bloc mobilization theory
B) resource mobilization theory
C) solid state theory
D) relative-deprivation theory

Question 15

According to relative-deprivation theory,social movements arise:

A) in situations of poverty and injustice.
B) when ongoing efforts have fallen short of goals.
C) when organized groups develop internal solidarity.
D) when people experience an intolerable gap between their rewards and what they expect.

Question 16

Empirical studies suggest that the existence of relative-deprivation is:

A) a good predictor of social movements.
B) only a good predictor of social movements in the most-developed societies.
C) best at predicting the development of counter-movements.
D) not a good predictor of social movements.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT one of the situations in which relative-deprivation theory would predict the development of a social movement?

A) Rewards improve faster than expectations.
B) Rewards level off while expectations grow.
C) Rewards grow less quickly than expectations.
D) Rewards drop but expectations do not.

Question 18

?The main difference between a social movement and collective behavior is that:

A) collective behavior is not violent.
B) social movements always involve huge numbers of people and collective behavior does not.
C) collective behavior is unplanned and social movements are organized.
D) collective behavior is planned and social movements are not.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the relative-deprivation theory?

A) Those who are most deprived are not necessarily those most likely to participate in social movements.
B) Individuals participate in social movements on behalf of groups to which they do not belong.
C) Relative-deprivation theory focuses too much on the underlying causes of the deprivation and the conditions that lead to organization of a movement.
D) The theory does not specify the conditions under which deprivations will lead to social movements.

Question 20

A social movement is defined as:

A) a crowd of people who are all contesting the same vague norms.
B) a collection of people in the same place at the same time.
C) a group of people who come together spontaneously in situations of unclear, vague or inadequate norms.
D) individuals, groups, and organizations united by a common desire to change social institutions, attitudes, or ways of life.

Question 21

How are SMOs organized?

A) They always have a professional and bureaucratic structure.
B) They generally are organized primarily with volunteers.
C) Most SMOs lack any type of organization.
D) SMOs must have a dedicated group of people who may be either paid professionals or volunteers.

Question 22

Preexisting organizations that can provide the new movement with leaders,members,phone lines,copy machines,and other resources are known in political process theory as:

A) political opportunities.
B) pork.
C) extravagancies.
D) process opportunities.

Question 23

Within political process theory,__________ is the individual sense that change is both needed and possible.

A) false consciousness
B) class consciousness
C) insurgent consciousness
D) constituent consciousness

Question 24

According to __________,social movements develop when political opportunities are available and when individuals have developed a sense that change is both needed and possible.

A) insurgent consciousness theory
B) political process theory
C) bloc mobilization theory
D) resource mobilization theory

Question 25

Why are some movements more likely to have political opportunities than others?

A) The availability of opportunities depends on how popular the movement is.
B) Some movements are better organized than others.
C) A society's degree of industrialization, whether or not it is at war, and other cultural factors influence the existence of political opportunities.
D) The more grievances a social group has and the more collective behavior that spontaneously occurs, the more likely the availability of political opportunities.

Question 26

Which of these is NOT one of sociologist William Gamson's four possible outcomes of social movement activities?

A) The social movement may achieve its goals and win acceptance as a legitimate organization.
B) The goals of the social movement may be co-opted by winning social approval in the absence of any significant change.
C) The programs of social movement organizations may be preempted by authorities who adopt their agenda but denigrate and ridicule the organization that originated them.
D) The goals of the movement may be achieved although the majority of people are still not in favor of them.

Question 27

Which of these is NOT a criticism of resource mobilization theory?

A) It overemphasizes the insurgent consciousness and underemphasizes the organization itself.
B) It downplays the role of spontaneity in the creation of social movements.
C) It overlooks the importance of grievances as the basis for social movements.
D) It ignores the process through which individual grievances become collective identities.

Question 28

Your text concludes that the wide variety of SMOs that exist within many social movements may be:

A) functional for the success of the movement.
B) more common among the least successful movements.
C) more common among revolutionary than reform social movements.
D) dysfunctional for the social movement.

Question 29

According to political process theory,a social movement needs:

A) a spontaneous rebellion against some set of social norms.
B) a critical mass of resources necessary to mobilize a group of people.
C) a sense of relative-deprivation.
D) political opportunities and an insurgent consciousness.

Question 30

Social movements are most common in:

A) poor communities.
B) racially mixed communities.
C) small communities.
D) affluent societies.

Question 31

Which group will be MOST effective?

A) A group with many members, but whose members are not extremely active
B) A group that uses sit-down strikes to gain attention as its only method
C) A group with that has both professional and volunteer members
D) A group with very broadly defined goals

Question 32

Which of these is an example of a political opportunity?

A) a preexisting organization with leadership and communications networks
B) a set of social issues that concern people
C) an event that triggers social unrest and collective behavior
D) the media on site at a particular political event

Question 33

A professional SMO is one that is run by:

A) doctors and lawyers.
B) paid staff.
C) members of the deprived group.
D) social workers.

Question 34

A criticism of resource mobilization theory is that it:

A) focuses too much on the role of deprivation in mobilization.
B) ignores the question of how grievances are transformed into collective identities and agendas.
C) is overly concerned with the grievances of different groups rather than their organizing strategies.
D) All of these are criticisms of resource mobilization theory.

Question 35

The most commonly used theory used by American sociologists to explain social movements today is:

A) relative-deprivation theory.
B) resource mobilization theory.
C) political process theory.
D) conflict theory.

Question 36

According to your text,a social movement often includes a number of social movement organizations (SMOs).Social movement organizations within a social movement:

A) all have members with similar social class backgrounds.
B) are diverse in their membership and their tactics.
C) are most successful when their membership is made up of professionals.
D) are most often dysfunctional for achieving the movement's goals.

Question 37

Which of these is MOST is associated with social movement success?

A) a focus on novel and engaging values and issues
B) sufficient resources
C) general and nonspecific goals
D) using the use of threats or coercion

Question 38

According to political process theory,how does an insurgent consciousness develop?

A) Individuals develop an insurgent consciousness when they experience feelings of deprivation.
B) Individuals develop an insurgent consciousness through their interaction with others.
C) Individuals develop an insurgent consciousness only if they have feelings of relative-deprivation.
D) The only way for an insurgent consciousness to develop is if an individual is socialized into a movement from a young age.

Question 39

Although many people believe in equal pay for equal work,men and women still often earn different incomes for the same jobs.Similarly,although many couples express support for sharing household chores,women spend more hours each week on housework,even when they work outside the home.In these examples,the goals of the Women's Movement have been:

A) co-opted.
B) preempted.
C) collapsed
D) successful.

Question 40

Kate is upset by the way that gay men and lesbians are treated in the United States and believes that laws and attitudes about homosexuality need to be changed.Kate thinks that if younger people can be educated to be more accepting it will be possible to change the laws and other people's attitudes.Kate's beliefs are an example of:

A) false consciousness
B) class consciousness
C) insurgent consciousness
D) constituent consciousness

Question 41

Potential new members of a social movement organization are MOST likely to be recruited when:

A) they share the concerns and grievances of the group.
B) they are acting in defiance of their parents, spouse, or other family members.
C) they have friends who are already members of the organization.
D) they are deeply committed to the ideology of the group.

Question 42

Which of these is NOT one of the conditions under which countermovements are most likely to develop?

A) the original movement appears to have been moderately successful
B) members of a potential new movement are able to find powerful allies
C) when individuals feel comfortable in their position
D) when individuals feel their status, values, or power has been threatened by the original movement

Question 43

Countermovements are:

A) groups that are neutral third parties to social movements.
B) groups that help negotiate demands made by social movements.
C) more radical types of social movements.
D) groups that seek to reverse or resist change advocated by a social movement.

Question 44

Countermovements:

A) may be left-wing or right-wing in orientation.
B) are never left-wing in orientation.
C) are generally made up of members of the existing power structure.
D) are almost always religious in orientation.

Question 45

Professional SMOs appeal to:

A) people who are apathetic and deprived.
B) those morally or ideologically committed to the cause.
C) the most oppressed members of the aggrieved group.
D) grassroots volunteers.

Question 46

Which of these is NOT likely to be a characteristic of a successful social movement organization?

A) The members of the SMO must actively participate in order to gain the benefits of any victories.
B) The organization has a centralized bureaucratic structure.
C) The SMO has successfully isolated itself from other organizations in order to work independently.
D) Organization members get along and do not fight with each other over leadership issues.

Question 47

Your text cites the feminist movement as an example of:

A) an SMO that is no longer relevant.
B) a movement that combines both professional and indigenous SMOs.
C) an ineffective SMO.
D) a protest movement that is not considered a social movement.

Question 48

Frame alignment is a __________ process.

A) picture hanging
B) constituency
C) mobilization
D) direct action

Question 49

A social movement organization staffed by volunteers from the group it seeks to represent is called a(n):

A) indigenous SMO.
B) grassroots SMO.
C) representative SMO.
D) spontaneous SMO.

Question 50

The process of recruiting social movement members one at a time by convincing them that their values are the same as those of the social movement organization is called:

A) movement resocialization.
B) indoctrination.
C) resocialization.
D) frame alignment.

Question 51

Which of these is a benefit that professional SMOs bring to a social movement?

A) spontaneity
B) innovative and confrontational techniques
C) keeping the movement in the news
D) the ability to solicit resources

Question 52

A(n)_______ SMO is led by a paid staff.

A) professional
B) indigenous
C) exogenous
D) colloquial

Question 53

The resources available to an organization depend on:

A) the amount of resources that are controlled by group members.
B) the proportion of their resources that movement members are willing to give.
C) both the amount of resources and the proportion of those resources that members are willing to give.
D) the political climate in which the movement is occurring.

Question 54

Which of the following is true about the relationship between social networks and social movement participation?

A) Those with strong ties to other movement activists are most likely to join a social movement.
B) The most committed activists with any group are those who are acting in defiance of the wishes of their friends and family members.
C) Weak ties are actually much more important in maintaining movement participation than strong ties.
D) Ties don't matter. Ideological commitments are much more important in determining who joins a social movement and who does not.

Question 55

In order to maximize the resources available,a social movement may:

A) convince new organizations to work with it.
B) try to increase the membership of its SMOs.
C) attempt to recruit more affluent members.
D) All of these are means of mobilizing resources.

Question 56

Mobilization refers most generally to the process of:

A) arming new recruits.
B) gaining control of new resources.
C) beginning social action.
D) taking effective social action.

Question 57

Evidence suggests that a social movement is more successful if it has:

A) no professional SMOs.
B) no indigenous SMOs.
C) both professional and indigenous SMOs.
D) only one SMO.

Question 58

The process by which a unit gains significantly in the control of assets it did not previously control is called:

A) mobilization.
B) frame alignment.
C) conscience constituency.
D) insurgent consciousness.

Question 59

Which of these is might be a strategy used in frame alignment?

A) going door-to-door to ask for money for a social issue
B) holding a town meeting to convince members of the community that they are all affected by pollution from a local industry
C) an organization's officers meeting to decide how to raise more money
D) Each of these is an example of a strategy used in frame alignment.

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT one of the benefits of having active indigenous SMOs?

A) more direct action
B) the solicitation of resources
C) maintenance of a sense of urgency
D) keep aggrieved group involved

Question 61

__________ involves the human application of knowledge to the making of tools and to the use of natural resources.

A) Technology
B) Social change
C) Cultural lag
D) Cultural resources

Question 62

Structural functionalism sees social change as:

A) orderly and generally consensual.
B) resulting from conflict.
C) the result of two or more interest groups competing.
D) chaotic.

Question 63

According to conflict theory,who is most likely to benefit from new technology and social change?

A) everyone
B) the largest part of the population: the middle-class
C) those people with the most power in society
D) the federal government

Question 64

Today cell phones go off during class,at musical performances,and in important meetings.Structural-functionalists would attribute this phenomenon to:

A) inadequate socialization.
B) a lack of consideration for others.
C) cultural lag.
D) inequality that enables some people to inconvenience others.

Question 65

Recent surveys of public attitudes toward environmentalism indicate that:

A) a majority of Americans still rate the environment as their first priority.
B) there is very little support for environmentalism among most Americans.
C) since the economic downturn more people have rated the economy their top priority than have rated the environment a top priority.
D) the environment is not a top priority for Americans anymore.

Question 66

The anti-abortion movement:

A) is a countermovement.
B) has sought the support of powerful allies in religious organizations and the Republican party.
C) is comprised of supporters who feel their values and beliefs are threatened by legal abortion.
D) All of these are true of the anti-abortion movement.

Question 67

The average American generates _____ pounds of garbage each week.

A) 6
B) 10
C) 35
D) 140

Question 68

The abortion rights movement was comprised of:

A) radical feminists.
B) women in need of abortions.
C) women who had been injured by illegal abortion.
D) doctors, lawyers, and women in mainstream political groups.

Question 69

Conflict theory views social change as:

A) orderly and generally consensual.
B) resulting from technological change.
C) the result of two or more interest groups competing.
D) chaotic.

Question 70

_________ argue that change results from struggles between competing interests.

A) Conflict theorists
B) Symbolic interactionists
C) Structural functionalists
D) Postmodernists

Question 71

Countermovements are most likely to develop:

A) when the original movement frames its goals very broadly.
B) when the original movement appears to have had little success.
C) when they are grassroots and comprised of lower-status individuals.
D) when they share the same values as the original movement but hope for achieving a different goal.

Question 72

_________ is one of the major causes of social change.

A) Cultural resources
B) Cultural capital
C) Technological innovation
D) Cultural lag

Question 73

Environmental groups charge that the oil industry blocks the manufacture and development of fully electric cars.Veblen would call this an example of:

A) cultural lag.
B) vested interests.
C) material culture.
D) conflict theory.

Question 74

__________ see social change as orderly and generally consensual.

A) Conflict theorists
B) Symbolic interactionists
C) Structural-functionalists
D) Postmodernists

Question 75

The environmental movement is pushed forward by:

A) indigenous SMOs.
B) professional SMOs.
C) radical SMOs.
D) All of these groups help to push the movement forward.

Question 76

According to your textbook's analysis of the environmental movement,permanent victory will require:

A) ecoterrorism.
B) court orders and legal battles.
C) fewer professional and more indigenous SMOs.
D) the elimination of the U.S. Department of the Interior.

Question 77

Technology has been a component of culture since the:

A) Industrial Revolution.
B) emergence of the Postindustrial Society.
C) beginning of human society.
D) Enlightenment period

Question 78

A temporary period of maladjustment during which the social structure adapts to new technologies is called:

A) cultural lag.
B) cultural diffusion.
C) a normal accident.
D) vested interests.

Question 79

Which of these is NOT included in the concept of technology?

A) a hand-held digging stick
B) a desire for innovative technologies
C) star gazing
D) a computer

Question 80

The abortion rights movement first developed in the:

A) 1940s.
B) 1960s.
C) 1970s.
D) 1980s.