Deck 3: Alternatives to Experimentation: Nonexperimental Designs

Question 1

Phenomenology William James used the ____ approach to explore basic psychological
Issues like habits, consciousness, and the stream of thought.

A)case study
B)experimental
C)field study
D)phenomenological

Answer 1

phenomenological

Question 2

Case Studies Nancy's recollection of her daughter's first words illustrates

A)archival data.
B)naturalistic observation.
C)prospective data.
D)retrospective data.

Answer 2

retrospective data.

Question 3

Case Studies Freud's (1933) study of Little Hans illustrated how the ____ method can
Help clinicians propose developmental theories.

A)case study
B)experimental
C)participant-observer
D)phenomenological

Answer 3

case study

Question 4

Case Studies Kazdin (2003) has argued that case studies can help researchers because
They

A)allow the study of rare phenomena.
B)are a source of inferences, hypotheses, therapy techniques, and theories.
C)provide exceptions to accepted ideas, theories, or practices.
D)all of these

Question 5

Introduction When we can generalize our research findings to subjects or settings
Outside of an experiment, our experiment has ____ validity.

A)concurrent
B)construct
C)external
D)internal

Question 6

Case Studies A deviant case analysis is an extension of the ____ evaluative method.

A)interview
B)naturalistic observation
C)case study
D)phenomenological

Question 7

Case Studies A ____ consists of a descriptive record of one person's experiences
And/or behaviors compiled by an outside observer.

A)case study
B)correlational study
C)participant-observer study
D)phenomenological study

Question 8

Describing Research Activities ____ are high in degree of manipulation of antecedent conditions and
High in imposition of units.

A)Case studies
B)Correlational studies
C)Laboratory experiments
D)Participant-observer studies

Question 9

Case Studies Mednick used ____ to discover that schizophrenic and normal
Children differ in the activity of their autonomic nervous systems.

A)correlational studies
B)deviant case analysis
C)field studies
D)laboratory experiments

Question 10

Phenomenology Data used in the phenomenological approach come from

A)large samples of subjects.
B)our own immediate experience.
C)retrospective recall.
D)unobtrusive observation.

Question 11

Phenomenology Which of these examines a single individual's immediate subjective
Experiences?

A)archival method
B)experimental approach
C)case study
D)phenomenological approach

Question 12

Introduction We should use nonexperimental methods when

A)an experiment would be unethical or not possible.
B)external validity is less important to us than internal validity.
C)the experimental hypothesis is not testable.
D)we want to establish a causal relationship.

Question 13

Case Studies Which nonexperimental method is often low in the degree of manipulation
Of antecedent conditions and low in imposition of units?

A)case studies
B)correlational studies
C)field studies
D)laboratory experiments

Question 14

Case Studies The main difference between a deviant case analysis and other types of
Case study is that a deviant case analysis involves

A)comparison to a normal group.
B)more observations of the same person.
C)more objective measurements.
D)more systematic observation.

Question 15

Case Studies A developmental psychologist makes careful daily notes about her own child's
Growing use of language during the first years of life.She is using the
____ method.

A)case study
B)field experiment
C)naturalistic observation
D)phenomenological

Question 16

Describing Research Activities If a research study restricted subjects to a very narrow range of possible
Responses, it would be

A)high in degree of manipulation of antecedents.
B)low in degree of manipulation of antecedents.
C)high in imposition of units.
D)low in imposition of units.

Question 17

Phenomenology Which is an important advantage of the phenomenological approach?

A)accuracy of obtained data
B)confirmation by external observers
C)development of valuable hypotheses
D)ease of replication

Question 18

Introduction A main difference between laboratory experiments and nonexperimental
Studies is that nonexperimental studies

A)are easier to replicate.
B)often achieve higher external validity.
C)provide more objective data.
D)provoke greater reactivity.

Question 19

Case Studies Psychologists have used case studies to

A)construct diagnostic categories.
B)evaluate an individual's level of functioning.
C)formulate theories of human development.
D)all of these

Question 20

Introduction When we are certain that only the antecedent conditions we created caused
Participant behavior in our experiment, the experiment has ____ validity.

A)construct
B)external
C)face
D)internal

Question 21

Field Studies Yepez (1994) employed the INTERSECT coding system in a study of whether
Teachers in "English As a Second Language" courses gave equal attention to
Their male and female students.Her use of INTERSECT illustrated the
____ technique.

A)archival
B)correlational study
C)participant-observer
D)systematic observation

Question 22

Field Studies Researchers face special challenges to their ethics and objectivity when
They use the ____ method to study groups like the homeless and
Urban crack addicts.

A)case study
B)correlational study
C)participant-observer
D)unobtrusive measures

Question 23

Field Studies Frazz observes the number of donuts the faculty consume in the lunchroom
While he mops the floor.Which approach did he use?

A)ex post facto study
B)field experiment
C)field study
D)experiment

Question 24

Case Studies Which of these might reduce the accuracy of retrospective data?

A)aspects of a situation may trigger unrelated memories
B)cognitive processes may unconsciously reconstruct memories
C)mood may influence the type of events (positive or negative) that subjects recall
D)all of these

Question 25

Field Studies Experimenters use unobtrusive measures to

A)assess behavior without subject knowledge.
B)conceal the true purpose of interview questions.
C)count behaviors as they occur.
D)obtain more accurate self-reports.

Question 26

Qualitative Research Which of the following statements is correct?

A)external validity is an issue of concern in qualitative research, but internal validity is not
B)external validity is an issue of concern in quantitative research, but internal validity is not
C)external validity and internal validity are issues of concern in quantitative research, but not in qualitative research
D)external validity and internal validity are issues of concern in both quantitative and qualitative research

Question 27

Field Studies A researcher measured the popularity of museum displays by measuring
The comparative wear on floor tiles.This strategy illustrates the use of

A)ex post facto studies.
B)naturalistic observation.
C)systematic observation.
D)unobtrusive measures.

Question 28

Field Studies A social psychologist who observes aggressive behavior between siblings
Through a one-way mirror is using

A)content analysis.
B)deviant case analysis.
C)naturalistic observation.
D)participant-observation.

Question 29

Field Studies A social psychologist secretly joined a white supremacy group to study its
Recruitment strategies.She only gathered qualitative data since exposure
Could result in her ouster from the group (or hospitalization).Which research
Method did she use?

A)case study
B)correlational study
C)field experiment
D)participant-observer study

Question 30

Field Studies Researchers use unobtrusive measures to control

A)demand characteristics.
B)reactivity.
C)response set.
D)response style.

Question 31

Field Studies Which descriptive method is extensively used by ethologists to observe
Animal behavior in natural settings?

A)archival study
B)ex post facto study
C)field experiment
D)naturalistic observation

Question 32

Field Studies Your baby sister turns cartwheel after cartwheel until you try to capture her
Play on your iPhone.This illustrates the problem of

A)demand characteristics.
B)experimenter bias.
C)random sampling.
D)reactivity.

Question 33

Field Studies Wheeler's (1988) account of the importance of feng shui consultants, when
Building the new headquarters of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank,
Demonstrates the versatility of the ____ method.

A)case study
B)correlational study
C)naturalistic observation
D)survey

Question 34

Case Studies Which of these is an example of retrospective data?

A)academic transcript
B)checkbook entries
C)memories of your first date
D)wedding photo album

Question 35

Field Studies Researchers like Ainsworth et al use the strange situation to assess
The quality of attachments between very young children and their parents and
Other caregivers.Researchers often use ____ to gather data about these
Interactions.

A)content analysis
B)deviant case analysis
C)naturalistic observation
D)participant-observation

Question 36

Field Studies When an ethologist joins a gorilla troupe by assuming a low-status position
And collects qualitative data, this illustrates the _____ method.

A)archival study
B)ex post facto study
C)field experiment
D)participant-observer

Question 37

Field Studies Which is a standard feature of participant-observer studies?

A)high degree of manipulation of antecedent conditions
B)high imposition of units
C)qualitative data
D)quantitative data