Deck 11: Within-Subjects Designs

Question 1

Mixed Designs Toby measured blood pressure changes in extreme Type As and extreme Type Bs who were each exposed to three levels of time pressure to complete a difficult puzzle (no time limit, 15 minutes, and 30 minutes).Which experimental design did Toby use?

A)independent groups
B)matched groups
C)mixed design
D)multiple independent groups

Answer 1

mixed design

Question 2

A Within-Subjects Experiment: Homophone Priming of Proper Names In a ____ design, subjects participate in all levels of two or more independent variables.

A)between-subjects factorial
B)independent groups
C)multiple independent groups
D)within-subjects factorial

Answer 2

within-subjects factorial

Question 3

Introduction When there are large individual differences in subject responses to treatment conditions, we should assess the effects of an independent variable using ____ designs.

A)between-subjects
B)factorial
C)independent groups
D)within-subjects

Answer 3

within-subjects

Question 4

Introduction The principal advantage of using a within-subjects design when participants vary greatly on the dependent variable is that it

A)decreases individual differences.
B)decreases the risk of Type 1 error.
C)increases statistical power.
D)reduces the risk of confounding by carryover effects.

Question 5

Mixed Designs Jones and Menzies (2000) used a ____ design to study the effects of spider phobia (high and low) and spider exposure (spider photo, real spider, and post-spider) on subjects' estimates of their likelihood of being bitten by a spider.

A)independent groups
B)matched groups
C)mixed
D)multiple independent groups

Question 6

A Within-Subjects Experiment: Homophone Priming of Proper Names A within-subjects design

A)controls extraneous variables better than random assignment in a between-subjects design.
B)is less vulnerable to carryover effects than a between-subjects design.
C)requires less time to run subjects than a between-subjects design.
D)requires more subjects than a between-subjects design.

Question 7

A Within-Subjects Experiment: Homophone Priming of Proper Names Charlene's review of previous studies showed that she will need at least 10 subjects per condition for her 3 X 2 within-subjects factorial design.How many subjects will she need? How many subjects will a within-subjects design save compared to a between-subjects design?

A)10, 40
B)10, 50
C)10, 60
D)60, 10

Question 8

Mixed Designs Which design combines within-subjects and between-subjects factors in a single experiment?

A)independent groups
B)matched groups
C)mixed design
D)multiple independent groups

Question 9

Introduction Wally participated in an experiment in which he rated the taste of three different pale ales.This study used a ____ design.

A)between-subjects
B)factorial
C)independent groups
D)within-subjects

Question 10

A Within-Subjects Experiment: Homophone Priming of Proper Names Maya showed subjects slides of six different job applicants.She manipulated applicant sex (male and female) and age (young adult, middle age, and elderly), and asked her subjects to rate each of the six applicants on employability.Which experimental design did she use?

A)between-subjects factorial
B)independent groups
C)multiple independent groups
D)within-subjects factorial

Question 11

Introduction A between-subjects design may not be the best approach when

A)random assignment to conditions will control subject variables.
B)subjects vary greatly on the dependent variable.
C)there is asymmetrical carryover between treatment conditions.
D)treatment conditions interfere with each other.

Question 12

A Within-Subjects Experiment: Homophone Priming of Proper Names Burke et al studied

A)priming by homophones.
B)perceptual bias for forward-facing motion.
C)differences between spider phobics and nonphobics.
D)the illusion of motion by stationary points of light in a completely- darkened room.

Question 13

Introduction Since subjects in a within-subjects design participate in more than one experimental condition and are assessed on the dependent variable after each treatment, this design is also called a ____ design.

A)between-subjects
B)factorial
C)independent groups
D)repeated-measures

Question 14

A Within-Subjects Experiment: Homophone Priming of Proper Names Burke et al ____ by comparing the responses of the same subjects across treatment conditions.

A)achieved greater external validity
B)made their data more precise
C)minimized interference between conditions
D)sacrificed statistical power

Question 15

Introduction What is a major advantage of a within-subjects design?

A)It helps us detect the impact of the independent variable.
B)It makes a control condition unnecessary.
C)It minimizes interference between treatment conditions.
D)It reduces the time required to run the experiment.

Question 16

Mixed Designs In a mixed design,

A)all subjects participate in at least two conditions.
B)all subjects participate in every condition.
C)some subjects participate in only one condition.
D)there are two within-subjects variables.

Question 17

Introduction All of the following questions invite a within-subjects approach except:

A)Do additional reviews of class notes yield better exam scores?
B)Do subjects prefer white wines when they are served chilled or at room temperature?
C)Do subjects with an internal locus of control learn to slow their heart rate more easily than those with an external locus of control?
D)Do you improve each time you take the same GRE practice test?

Question 18

Introduction Compared to a between-subjects design, a within-subjects design

A)decreases interference between treatment conditions.
B)decreases the risk of confounding due to order effects.
C)increases the number of subjects required to run an experiment.
D)increases statistical power.

Question 19

A Within-Subjects Experiment: Homophone Priming of Proper Names If a researcher uses a 4 X 2 within-subjects factorial design, each subject will participate in ___ separate conditions.

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8

Question 20

Introduction Experimental designs in which each subject serves in more than one experimental condition are called

A)between-subjects designs.
B)factorial designs.
C)independent groups designs.
D)within-subjects designs.

Question 21

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs When an experiment is long, subjects may become bored and "go through the motions" until the last experimental condition ends.When this impairs subject performance, it illustrates

A)carryover effects.
B)fatigue effects.
C)interference effects.
D)practice effects.

Question 22

Advantages of a Within-Subjects Design A researcher has a better chance of detecting the effect of the independent variable using a within-subjects design because

A)each subject goes through each treatment condition more than once.
B)each subject serves as his or her own control.
C)the experimenter can more precisely manipulate the independent variable than in a between-subjects design.
D)the experimenter compares subjects against each other.

Question 23

Disadvantages of a Within-Subjects Design A within-subjects design is a poor choice when

A)participation in one treatment condition will provide subjects too many clues about the next conditions.
B)subjects vary widely in performance on the dependent variable.
C)there is a small number of subjects.
D)we need to control extraneous subject variables.

Question 24

Disadvantages of a Within-Subjects Design In Jenna's within-subjects design, subjects learned the same list of words in two different treatment conditions (forming mental pictures of the words and repeating the words over and over).Her selection of a within-subjects design to compare learning strategies was unfortunate because a

A)between-subjects design would provide better control for individual differences.
B)between-subjects design would achieve greater statistical power.
C)within-subjects design involves unavoidable interference between experimental conditions.
D)within-subjects design risks uncontrollable order effects.

Question 25

Disadvantages of a Within-Subjects Design You should not use a repeated-measures design when

A)exposure to one level of an independent variable will affect performance during subsequent treatment conditions.
B)it is possible to perform the same study using a between-subjects design.
C)the sample size is small.
D)there are large individual differences in subject performance on the dependent variable.

Question 26

Advantages of a Within-Subjects Design A within-subjects design is the most perfect form of a _____ design.

A)between-subjects factorial
B)matched groups
C)mixed
D)multiple independent groups

Question 27

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs In which of these designs might confounding due to order effects be a problem?

A)between-subjects design
B)matched groups design
C)within-subjects design
D)matched groups design and within-subjects design

Question 28

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs Progressive error may be due to all of these except

A)carryover effects.
B)fatigue effects.
C)practice effects.
D)subject boredom.

Question 29

Disadvantages of a Within-Subjects Design A within-subjects design would be either impossible or useless for

A)estimating line length for different line orientations.
B)learning the same list of words using different study strategies.
C)studying driving simulator performance on separate days under different blood alcohol levels.
D)tracking a visual target using different computer displays.

Question 30

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs Libby compared different strategies for teaching patients to inhale large volumes of air.She observed that subjects generally produced their largest inhalation volumes during the last strategy condition even though she randomized treatment order.Her findings suggest that ____ influenced her results.

A)carryover effects
B)fatigue effects
C)interference effects
D)practice effects

Question 31

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs As subjects attempt to solve word problems across several experimental conditions, they make increasing numbers of mistakes.This illustrates

A)fatigue effects.
B)order effects.
C)progressive error.
D)all of these

Question 32

Advantages of a Within-Subjects Design A within-subjects design primarily controls for ____ variables.

A)context
B)physical
C)subject
D)task

Question 33

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs Which of these best illustrates confounding by order effects?

A)Each subject performs differently on the dependent variable.
B)Solving the first anagram facilitates solving later anagrams.
C)Subjects always perform best on the last set of problems in a random series.
D)Subjects perform better in some treatment conditions than in others.

Question 34

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs Jack complained to his roommate about an experiment he just completed."Dude, I'm totally exhausted.By the third condition I was so tired I couldn't tell if the figures were facing forward or backward.I'm just certain the experimenter thinks I have a negative IQ." Which problem caused Jack's embarrassment?

A)carryover effects
B)fatigue effects
C)interference effects
D)practice effects

Question 35

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs We should suspect contamination by ____ when performance improves as participants become more skillful using the equipment.

A)carryover effects
B)fatigue effects
C)interference effects
D)practice effects

Question 36

Advantages of a Within-Subjects Design All of these could practically limit the use of a within-subjects design except

A)only a few subjects may be available to participate.
B)subjects may become fatigued across repeated testing sessions.
C)the experimenter may need to recalibrate equipment before each treatment condition.
D)the experimenter may need to schedule each subject for several hours of testing.

Question 37

Disadvantages of a Within-Subjects Design The hypothetical study of car-buying preferences was based on the premise that the type of car people first learn to drive influences later purchasing decisions.This study could not use a within-subjects design because

A)it would be hopelessly confounded by order effects.
B)researchers cannot manipulate the first car subjects learn to drive.
C)subjects can only participate in one condition (compact or smaller car).
D)there are large individual differences in car-buying preferences.

Question 38

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs The deterioration of subject performance across an experiment due to fatigue represents all of these except

A)carryover effects.
B)fatigue effects.
C)order effects.
D)progressive error.

Question 39

Mixed Designs The statistical procedures for analyzing mixed designs are ____ than those for within-subjects or between-subjects factorial designs.

A)easier to use
B)less powerful
C)less robust
D)more complex

Question 40

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs Whenever changes in performance occur because a condition falls in different places in a series of treatments, there is confounding due to

A)carryover effects.
B)interference effects.
C)maturation effects.
D)order effects.

Question 41

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs Counterbalancing procedures

A)are necessary when there are large individual differences on the dependent variable.
B)distribute progressive error across different treatment conditions.
C)eliminate progressive error from an experiment.
D)randomize treatment order.

Question 42

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs If we wish to counterbalance treatments in a within-subjects design and present each treatment condition only once to each subject, we must use

A)across-subjects counterbalancing.
B)block randomization.
C)reverse counterbalancing.
D)subject-by-subject counterbalancing.

Question 43

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs Reverse counterbalancing only controls for progressive error if the error is

A)curvilinear.
B)linear.
C)nonlinear.
D)nonmonotonic.

Question 44

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs If a researcher used three treatment conditions in a within-subjects design and chose subject-by-subject counterbalancing, the order of presentation would be

A)ABCABC.
B)ABCCBA.
C)AABBCC.
D)ABCBCA.

Question 45

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs Which is a form of across-subjects counterbalancing?

A)block randomization
B)complete counterbalancing
C)reverse counterbalancing
D)subject-by-subject counterbalancing

Question 46

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs When a researcher uses partial counterbalancing, she will

A)present each treatment in one order and then the opposite order.
B)present each subject with several treatment blocks, each in a different random order.
C)randomly assign subjects to some of the possible treatment sequences.
D)randomly assign subjects to all possible treatment sequences.

Question 47

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs Which of these involve(s) subject-by-subject counterbalancing?

A)block randomization
B)Latin square counterbalancing
C)reverse counterbalancing
D)block randomization and reverse counterbalancing

Question 48

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs We will need a minimum of ___ subjects to use complete counterbalancing with three treatment conditions.

A)2
B)3
C)6
D)9

Question 49

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs Researchers use counterbalancing to

A)control progressive error.
B)control subject variables.
C)eliminate extraneous variables.
D)randomly assign subjects to treatment conditions.

Question 50

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs Chastity wants to use complete counterbalancing with four treatment conditions in a within-subjects design.How many subjects will she need?

A)4
B)8
C)12
D)24

Question 51

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs ____ counterbalancing controls for progressive error for each individual subject and presents all treatment conditions more than once.

A)Across-subjects
B)Complete
C)Partial
D)Subject-by-subject

Question 52

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs If an experimenter plans to use complete counterbalancing with five levels of an independent variable, she will need a minimum of ___ subjects.

A)5
B)15
C)40
D)120

Question 53

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs If a researcher assigned each subject to the following sequence of five sets of treatments, BDCA DBAC ACDB CABD BADC, she used

A)across-subjects counterbalancing.
B)balanced Latin square counterbalancing.
C)block randomization.
D)reverse counterbalancing.

Question 54

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs The expression, ____, means that there are 24 different treatment orders.

A)2!
B)3!
C)4!
D)5!

Question 55

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs The experimenter assigned Robbie to all treatment conditions twice.He experienced the treatments first in one order and then in the opposite order.Which counterbalancing procedure did the experimenter use?

A)across-subjects counterbalancing
B)balanced Latin square counterbalancing
C)block randomization
D)reverse counterbalancing

Question 56

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs Which of these extraneous variables could confound a within-subjects design?

A)ethnicity
B)fatigue
C)gender
D)intelligence

Question 57

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs ____ controls progressive error by presenting several complete sets of treatments, each in a different random order, to every subject.

A)Across-subjects counterbalancing
B)Balanced Latin square counterbalancing
C)Block randomization
D)Reverse counterbalancing

Question 58

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs Whenever we want to distribute progressive error across subjects and there are more treatment sequences than available subjects in a within-subjects design, we must use

A)block randomization.
B)complete counterbalancing.
C)partial counterbalancing.
D)reverse counterbalancing.

Question 59

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs Researchers use partial counterbalancing procedures when

A)carryover effects threaten internal validity.
B)progressive error is nonlinear.
C)there are insufficient subjects for complete counterbalancing.
D)they want to run subjects through each treatment condition twice.

Question 60

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs Block randomization controls

A)asymmetrical carryover effects.
B)linear progressive error.
C)nonlinear progressive error.
D)linear and nonlinear progressive error.

Question 61

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs When we expect asymmetrical carryover effects in an experiment, we should

A)use a balanced Latin square.
B)use a between-subjects design.
C)use randomized counterbalancing.
D)use subject-by-subject counterbalancing.

Question 62

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs In a within-subjects design, the effects of some treatments may persist after they are removed and influence performance during later treatment conditions.These effects are known as

A)carryover effects.
B)fatigue effects.
C)practice effects.
D)progressive error.

Question 63

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs Latin square counterbalancing

A)controls systematic interference between treatment conditions.
B)is a form of subject-by-subject counterbalancing.
C)reduces carryover effects.
D)reduces order effects.

Question 64

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs A researcher randomly assigned subjects to one of the following treatment orders so that each treatment condition precedes and follows every other condition an equal number of times:
Which across-subjects counterbalancing procedure did she use?

A)balanced Latin square counterbalancing
B)block randomization
C)Latin square counterbalancing
D)reverse counterbalancing

Question 65

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs A balanced Latin square controls

A)asymmetrical carryover effects.
B)progressive error.
C)symmetrical carryover effects.
D)both progressive error and symmetrical carryover effects.

Question 66

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs In ____, an experimenter constructs a matrix of sequences so that each
Treatment appears only once in any order position across the different order
Sequences.

A)block randomization
B)complete counterbalancing
C)Latin square counterbalancing
D)reverse counterbalancing

Question 67

Controlling Within-Subjects Designs Which of the following best illustrates the problem of carryover effects?

A)An experimenter changes scoring procedures as an experiment progresses.
B)Solving the first anagram facilitates solving later anagrams.
C)Subjects always perform best on the last set of problems in a random series.
D)Subjects tire and make more mistakes as they solve puzzles in each treatment condition.