Deck 39: Respiration

Question 1

In the United States, about __________ teenagers join the ranks of habitual smokers each day.

A)1,000
B)2,000
C)3,000
D)4,000
E)5,000

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The concentration of nitrogen in the earth's atmosphere is approximately

A)48 percent.
B)58 percent.
C)68 percent.
D)78 percent.
E)88 percent.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is false?

A)All respiratory surfaces must be kept moist.
B)The amount of gas diffusing across a respiratory membrane is dependent upon the surface area and the partial pressure of each gas.
C)The surface area of a growing cell increases at the same rate as its volume.
D)Ventilation maintains partial pressure gradients between the atmosphere and the lungs.
E)Breathing and ventilation are equivalent in respiration.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is four molecules for each __________ molecules of air.

A)100
B)1,000
C)10,000
D)100,000
E)1,000,000

Question 5

Females that start smoking as teenagers are __________ percent more likely to develop breast cancer than those who do not take up the habit.

A)40
B)50
C)60
D)70
E)80

Question 6

The movement of both oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body is accomplished by

A)exocytosis and endocytosis.
B)facilitated diffusion.
C)osmosis.
D)simple diffusion.
E)active transport.

Question 7

Which of the following is (are) associated with a teenager's first attempt at smoking?

A)headaches
B)coughing
C)dizziness
D)nausea
E)all of these

Question 8

Animals that have no circulatory systems tend to be

A)small.
B)cylindrical.
C)flattened.
D)composed of filaments made of cells.
E)any of these.

Question 9

Most adolescents begin smoking

A)because of its stimulatory effects.
B)because it makes them look sophisticated.
C)due to the influence of celebrities.
D)to defy their parents.
E)as a result of social pressures.

Question 10

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is

A)1,000 mm Hg.
B)760 mm Hg.
C)540 mm Hg.
D)400 mm Hg.
E)320 mm Hg.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT an effect of smoking just a single cigarette?

A)The cilia of cells lining airways accelerate their removal of airborne pathogens and pollutants.
B)Patrolling white blood cells are killed.
C)Debris begins to clog airways.
D)Biofilms of pathogens begin to build up.
E)Susceptibility to disease is increased.

Question 12

There are an estimated __________ deaths per year in the United States from lung cancer among nonsmokers who associate with smokers.

A)1,000
B)1,500
C)2,000
D)2,500
E)3,000

Question 13

Assuming the standard values for the atmospheric partial pressures of N₂, O₂, and CO₂ at sea level, what is the approximate total partial pressure of the remaining atmospheric gases?

A)0.3 mm Hg
B)3.3 mm Hg
C)5.3 mm Hg
D)7.3 mm Hg
E)none of these

Question 14

In the respiration of terrestrial animals, "ventilation" refers to

A)the bulk movement of air in and out of the organism.
B)the diffusion of gases across a membrane.
C)the diffusion of gases in and out of blood cells.
D)the transport of gases to and from body cells.
E)all of these.

Question 15

The partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen gas at sea level is about

A)0.3 mm Hg.
B)160 mm Hg.
C)300 mm Hg.
D)592 mm Hg.
E)745 mm Hg.

Question 16

Which of the following illustrate(s) ventilation?

A)bailing water over the gills
B)movement of water past cells by using flagella
C)moving air in and out of lungs
D)tracheal exchanges
E)all of these

Question 17

Nicotine is a highly addictive stimulant that causes all of the following effects EXCEPT

A)blood vessel constriction.
B)increase in blood pressure.
C)decrease of low density lipids (LDLs).
D)clogging of arteries.
E)strokes.

Question 18

The most abundant gas in the earth's atmosphere is

A)oxygen.
B)water vapor.
C)argon.
D)nitrogen.
E)carbon dioxide.

Question 19

Approximately __________ percent of lung cancers occur in smokers.

A)20
B)40
C)60
D)80
E)100

Question 20

Respiratory exchange requires a membrane that is or does all of the following EXCEPT

A)is thin.
B)is moist.
C)is permeable to gases.
D)separates partial pressure gradients of O₂ and of CO₂.
E)all of these.

Question 21

Lungs evolved from the __________ of fish.

A)gills
B)integuments
C)circulatory systems
D)gut walls
E)thoracic walls

Question 22

Human vocal cords are located in the

A)glottis.
B)pharynx.
C)trachea.
D)larynx.
E)bronchus.

Question 23

All gills

A)consist of overlapping rows of filaments.
B)are external.
C)are paired.
D)are associated with a blood transport system.
E)fit all of these descriptions.

Question 24

Myoglobin is different from hemoglobin in that it

A)is a protein.
B)is a pigment.
C)stores oxygen.
D)has an affinity for oxygen.
E)is composed of multiple protein chains.

Question 25

What is the proper sequence in the flow of air in mammals?

A)nasal cavities, larynx, pharynx, bronchi, trachea
B)nasal cavities, pharynx, bronchi, larynx, trachea
C)nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
D)nasal cavities, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi
E)nasal cavities, bronchi, larynx, trachea, pharynx

Question 26

Which of the following can lower the rate of dissolved oxygen in a water system?

A)rise in temperature
B)lower temperatures
C)fast moving water
D)waves due to strong wind
E)none of these

Question 27

Humans produce sounds by controlling the vibration of vocal cords as air passes through the

A)pharynx.
B)glottis.
C)epiglottis.
D)pleura.
E)trachea.

Question 28

Which of the following is false regarding small-bodied invertebrates of aquatic or continually moist environments?

A)They have the simplest forms of respiration.
B)Gases diffuse across the body surface coverings.
C)They do not have specialized oxygen-transporting cells.
D)They depend on integumentary exchange for respiration.
E)None of these are false.

Question 29

Which of the following is (are) characteristic of some amphibians?

A)gills
B)integumentary exchange
C)lungs for oxygen uptake
D)skin for carbon dioxide removal
E)all of these

Question 30

The __________ prevents food and fluids from entering the __________.

A)epiglottis; larynx
B)pharynx; larynx
C)epiglottis; esophagus
D)pharynx; trachea
E)larynx; pharynx

Question 31

Countercurrent flow in the respiratory systems of fish is a mechanism that accounts for

A)oxygen uptake by blood capillaries in the gills.
B)ventilation across fish gills.
C)the transport of blood from the gills to the fish's heart.
D)the transport of blood from the heart to the fish's main body mass.
E)the flow of blood in gills as opposed to the flow of blood in the main body mass of fish.

Question 32

Paired lungs are characteristic of

A)some fishes.
B)all amphibians.
C)all birds.
D)all mammals.
E)all of these.

Question 33

Air is continuously forced through tubes that thread through vascularized tissue in a pair of inelastic lungs in

A)some fish.
B)amphibians.
C)birds.
D)reptiles.
E)some small mammals.

Question 34

Spiracles are located

A)at the insect body surface.
B)all along the tracheal system.
C)at the tissue end of a tracheal tube.
D)at the cells in contact with the tracheal tubes.
E)at the branch points along the tracheal system.

Question 35

The last structure that air moves through in mammals before entering the alveoli is (are) the

A)larynx.
B)bronchi.
C)bronchioles.
D)trachea.
E)pharynx.

Question 36

Which of the following is false regarding hemoglobin?

A)It is a protein.
B)It is a pigment.
C)It has the same function in mollusks, annelids, and some crustaceans as it has in humans.
D)Annelid hemoglobin is a smaller than human hemoglobin.
E)It is comparable in function to hemocyanin.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a function associated in some way with the human respiratory system?

A)sense of smell
B)speech
C)blood flow in veins
D)white blood cell formation
E)temperature maintenance

Question 38

The two layers of fluid-filled membranes that are used to separate the lungs from other organs in humans are called

A)larynx.
B)pharynx.
C)bronchial.
D)pleural.
E)none of these.

Question 39

The direction of blood flow is indicated by

A)A.
B)B.
C)C.
D)D.
E)E.

Question 40

The direction of water flow is indicated by

A)A.
B)B.
C)C.
D)D.
E)E.

Question 41

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by the body is transported to the lungs

A)in gaseous form.
B)in blood plasma.
C)as carbaminohemoglobin.
D)as bicarbonate ions.
E)as carbonic acid.

Question 42

Which of the following is a cause of interrupted breathing?

A)a tumor in the brain near the medulla oblongata
B)lung cancer
C)high altitude sickness
D)low red blood cell count
E)none of these

Question 43

Which of the following is false regarding sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

A)It may have a heritable basis.
B)It is a type of apnea.
C)Infants who sleep on their stomachs are more vulnerable to it.
D)Infants of women who smoke or who are exposed to smoke during pregnancy are more susceptible to it.
E)It is linked to gene mutations that cause irregular heart beat.

Question 44

__________ is always __________, while __________ may be __________.

A)Exhalation; passive; inhalation; active
B)Inhalation; active; exhalation; passive
C)Inhalation; passive; exhalation; active
D)Exhalation; active; inhalation; passive
E)Exhalation; active; inhalation; active

Question 45

The difference between the vital capacities of young, healthy adult males and that of young, healthy adult females is about __________ liters.

A)5.7
B)4.2
C)3.7
D)2.5
E)1.5

Question 46

Which of the following is a bacterium associated with severe lung infection that requires a skin test or x-ray to identify?

A)jock itch
B)Bacillus subtilis
C)Mycobacterium tuberculosis
D)Staphylococcus epidermidis
E)none of these

Question 47

Carbonic anhydrase

A)combines with water to form carbonic acid.
B)dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
C)is normally found in red blood cells.
D)is responsible for maintaining the high levels of carbon dioxide in the lungs and the low levels of carbon dioxide in the body tissues.
E)includes all of these descriptions.

Question 48

The exchange of gases in the human lungs occurs through the

A)bronchi.
B)alveoli.
C)bronchioles.
D)tracheas.
E)glottis.

Question 49

Oxygen moves from alveoli to the bloodstream

A)because the concentration of oxygen is greater in alveoli than in the blood.
B)mainly due to the activity of carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells.
C)because of its attraction to hemoglobin.
D)to counter the high concentration of CO₂ in the blood.
E)because of all of these.

Question 50

Emphysema affects about __________ million people in the United States in a given year.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 51

Which of the following is false regarding bronchitis?

A)It can result from chronic irritation of the ciliated lining of the bronchioles.
B)Irritated epithelial cells decrease their production of mucus.
C)Bacteria colonize the epithelial mucus.
D)Early attacks are treatable.
E)Fibrous scar tissue forms in chronic bronchitis.

Question 52

During inhalation

A)the pressure in the thoracic cavity is greater than the pressure within the lungs.
B)the pressure in the alveoli is less than the atmospheric pressure.
C)the diaphragm moves upward and becomes more concave.
D)the chest cavity volume decreases.
E)all of these occur.

Question 53

Oxyhemoglobin tends to give up oxygen where

A)the pH is low.
B)the tissues are warmer.
C)the partial pressure of O₂ is low.
D)the partial pressure of CO₂ is high.
E)all of these occur.

Question 54

Which of the following is a common cause of interrupted breathing?

A)sleep apnea
B)lung cancer
C)high altitude sickness
D)low red blood cell count
E)none of these

Question 55

Which of the following is true regarding chronic bronchitis?

A)It is a leading cause of lung cancer.
B)The lungs become elastic.
C)It can lead to emphysema.
D)The alveoli shrink.
E)All of these are true.

Question 56

During normal exhalation,

A)the diaphragm relaxes.
B)the intercostal muscles relax.
C)the pressure in the lungs increases.
D)the lung volume decreases.
E)all of these occur.

Question 57

The forced inhalation volume is equal to about __________ milliliters.

A)500
B)1,100
C)2,900
D)3,400
E)4,700

Question 58

The maximum amount of air that can be taken into the lungs in a single deep breath is the

A)vital capacity.
B)tidal volume.
C)total lung capacity.
D)alveolar volume.
E)inspirational capacity.

Question 59

A(n) __________ in the pH of cerebrospinal fluid is detected by __________ chemoreceptors, which trigger a(n) __________ in the rate and depth of breathing.

A)increase; peripheral; increase
B)decrease; central; decrease
C)increase; central; decrease
D)decrease; central; increase
E)decrease; peripheral; increase

Question 60

About __________ percent of the CO₂ in the blood is transported __________.

A)60; dissolved in plasma
B)30; as bicarbonate
C)60; as bicarbonate
D)60; as carbaminohemoglobin
E)30; dissolved in plasma

Question 61

Cancer(s) of which of the following is (are) associated with chronic smoking?

A)larynx
B)esophagus
C)pancreas
D)bladder
E)all of these

Question 62

All of the following characterize nitrogen narcosis EXCEPT

A)muscle cramps.
B)neural signal disruption.
C)euphoria.
D)drowsiness.
E)weakness.

Question 63

"Rapture of the deep" is caused by excessive __________ in the interstitial fluid.

A)O₂
B)H₂O
C)CO₂
D)CO
E)N₂

Question 64

Altitude sickness

A)results from hypoxia.
B)is characterized by hyperventilation.
C)is characterized by headaches.
D)is characterized by an accelerated heart rate.
E)includes all of these.

Question 65

At what partial pressure of oxygen do half the heme groups in human blood have oxygen bound?

A)30 mm Hg
B)100 mm Hg
C)70 mm Hg
D)104 mm Hg
E)all of these

Question 66

High altitude acclimatization results in all of the following EXCEPT

A)increased production of erythropoietin.
B)increased blood-cell production.
C)decreased workload for the heart.
D)an increase in blood viscosity.
E)increased O₂ concentration in the blood.

Question 67

Which of the following is (are) false regarding smoking marijuana?

A)It is safer than cigarette smoking.
B)Tar is more abundant in marijuana smoke than in cigarette smoke.
C)Chronic marijuana smokers accumulate more tar in their lungs than comparable chronic cigarette smokers.
D)Marijuana smokers risk psychological dependency.
E)All of these are false.

Question 68

Hypoxia results in all of the following EXCEPT

A)hyperventilation.
B)respiratory muscles working harder.
C)heart muscles working harder.
D)breathing difficulty.
E)excessive oxygenation of the blood.

Question 69

The main cause of emphysema is

A)a genetic predisposition.
B)exposure to chemicals in the workplace.
C)recurring respiratory infections.
D)long-term smoking.
E)poor diet.

Question 70

Emphysema causes or contributes to the deaths of about__________ thousand people per year the United States.

A)2
B)4
C)8
D)16
E)100

Question 71

Globally, cigarette smoking kills four million people annually.That number is expected to increase to _____ million by 2030.

A)10
B)50
C)100
D)150
E)250