Deck 38: Immunity

Question 1

Interleukins (aka: cytokines) perform all of the following functions EXCEPT

A)stimulate inflammation.
B)directly kill pathogens.
C)stimulate T and B cell proliferation.
D)activate natural killer cells.
E)stimulate fever.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The first response in adaptive immunity is

A)the production of white blood cells.
B)the production of complement.
C)the production of interferon.
D)inflammation.
E)wound healing.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Antibodies can be produced against all of the following EXCEPT

A)viruses.
B)bacterial cell walls.
C)fungi.
D)bacterial DNA.
E)all of these can be bound by an antibody.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Cervical cancer

A)kills about 3,600 U.S.women each year.
B)can affect young women.
C)death occurs more often in women who have not had a pap smear.
D)can be caused by genital HPV which has about 80% infectivity in sexually active women in the U.S.
E)includes all of these.

Question 5

Memory cell production is associated with

A)the body's first line of defense.
B)the body's second line of defense.
C)the body's third line of defense.
D)complement production.
E)acute inflammation.

Question 6

Which of the following can lyse pathogenic cells?

A)interleukins
B)interferons
C)TNF
D)complement
E)all of these

Question 7

A new vaccine for two of the known causes of cervical cancer (HPV strains 16 and 18) is called

A)Vagasil.
B)Gardasil.
C)Viagrasil.
D)Cervasil.
E)none of these.

Question 8

All EXCEPT which of the following may be pathogens today?

A)viruses
B)bacteria
C)fungi
D)smallpox
E)protozoans

Question 9

Which of the following have unique antigens that can stimulate an immune response?

A)viruses
B)bacterial cell walls
C)tumor cells
D)bacterial DNA
E)all of these

Question 10

Innate immunity is

A)the body's first line of defense.
B)the body's second line of defense.
C)the body's third line of defense.
D)involved with the production of antibodies.
E)associated with all of these.

Question 11

Which system involves plasma proteins activated when an organism's pattern receptors become bound to anything?

A)cytokine
B)complement
C)suppressor
D)enhancer
E)coagulation

Question 12

The most abundant of the circulating white blood cells are the

A)neutrophils.
B)macrophages.
C)mast cells.
D)eosinophils.
E)lymphocytes.

Question 13

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

A)can't recognize any viral agents.
B)include over 1,000 different nonself cues.
C)are strictly fungi.
D)have bacterial DNA associated with them.
E)fit all of these descriptions.

Question 14

All multi-celled eukaryotes have receptors that bind to PAMPs, which include

A)components of prokaryotic cell walls
B)bacterial flagellum
C)bacterial pilus proteins
D)double stranded RNA
E)all of these.

Question 15

Compared to adaptive immunity, innate immunity has a(n) __________ response time, is triggered by __________, and has __________persistence.

A)slow; pathogens; long-term
B)immediate; tissue damage; no
C)slow; tissue damage; long-term
D)slow; pathogens; no
E)immediate; pathogens; long-term

Question 16

Which of the following statements about complement proteins is false?

A)flag antigens for destruction
B)can destroy pathogens directly
C)enhance lymphocyte response
D)exclusively bacterial DNA associated
E)none of these are correct

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT true concerning the cytokines? In vertebrates they

A)control many aspects of immunity.
B)lyse pathogenic cells.
C)serve in cell-to-cell communication.
D)include the interleukins and interferons.
E)include tumor necrosis factors.

Question 18

Pre-cancerous and even early cervical cancer

A)can be removed if detected early enough.
B)may be caused by HPV, a type of papillomavirus.
C)can be detected by pap tests
D)can often be prevented with a vaccine that can't be used to treat the disease.
E)include all of these.

Question 19

"Complement" refers to a set of specific

A)vaccines.
B)defense proteins.
C)antibodies.
D)antibiotics.
E)lymphocytes.

Question 20

Which of the following is true for the cell shown above?

A)They patrol the body looking for invaders.
B)They present antigens to other WBC's.
C)They specifically interact with T-helper cells.
D)They mature only after they encounter damaged tissue.
E)All of these are true.

Question 21

The first cells to encounter a threat to the body are usually the _________ as they patrol body __________.

A)neutrophils; surfaces
B)macrophages; interstitial fluids
C)mast cells; linings
D)macrophages; tissues
E)neutrophils; interstitial fluids

Question 22

The above figure represents

A)membrane attack complex; pores in bacterial cell
B)macrophage attack complex; fluids released from pores
C)pores for mucus secretion ciliated lung tissue
D)macrophages; muscle tissue
E)none of these

Question 23

All of the following are true of the natural killer cells (NK cells) EXCEPT that they

A)are most active in innate responses.
B)are central to adaptive immunity, like B and T cells.
C)alert the immune system to the presence of antigens.
D)kill weakened or dying body cells.
E)combat viral infections and cancer.

Question 24

Lysozyme

A)is secreted by endocrine glands in the skin.
B)destroys the cell wall of invading bacteria.
C)is produced in the lymph nodes and actively disables bacteria.
D)is a very effective defense against viruses.
E)is active within the circulatory system.

Question 25

Atherosclerosis is now known to be a disease of inflammation.Which of the following oral bacteria can also be involved in this disorder?

A)Porphyromonas gingivalis
B)Streptococcus mutans
C)Lactobacillus spp
D)Staphylococcus spp
E)all of these

Question 26

Microbes that are harmless or even beneficial on the body's surfaces may cause __________ if they enter the body.

A)ulcers
B)meningitis
C)brain abscesses
D)various cancers
E)all of these

Question 27

The white blood cells that may connect the nervous and immune systems are the

A)neutrophils.
B)macrophages.
C)mast cells.
D)eosinophils.
E)lymphocytes.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT involved in periodontitis?

A)aerobic bacteria
B)Streptococcus mutans
C)a host of bacterial fermenters
D)organic acids
E)inflammation

Question 29

Normal bacterial inhabitants of the human body

A)are naturally resistant to antibiotics.
B)are able to out-compete some invading pathogens and thus are one of the body's initial defense mechanisms.
C)can be transformed into pathogenic forms if a person's resistance to disease is low.
D)are unable to survive the human body's defense mechanisms.
E)are able to out-compete some invading pathogens and thus are part of the body's innate immunity.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT involved in some way in the body's first line of defense?

A)urination
B)diarrhea
C)gastric juice
D)complement
E)ciliated cells

Question 31

The body's first line of defense includes all of the following EXCEPT

A)intact skin.
B)linings of body cavities.
C)complement.
D)chemical protection.
E)resident populations of microbes.

Question 32

Microbes that enter the digestive system may be killed by

A)lysozyme.
B)hydrochloric acid.
C)protein-digesting enzymes.
D)bile salts.
E)any of these.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT involved in the development of acne?

A)excessive production of sebum
B)Staphylococcus epidermidis
C)dead skin cells
D)hair follicles
E)neutrophils

Question 34

The letter "A" in the above figure represents

A)keratin-filled, dead epithelial cells.
B)replicating epithelium.
C)mucus produced by underlying ciliated cells.
D)white blood cells attacking a bacterial cell.
E)all of these.

Question 35

The complement system

A)includes a group of about 30 plasma proteins.
B)induces a cascade of proteins that counteract invasion by coating the invading cells.
C)attracts phagocytic leukocytes to attack invading cells.
D)causes the lysis of the plasma membranes of invading cells.
E)does all of these.

Question 36

The barriers to invasion by microbes can involve

A)urine.
B)the symbiotic microorganisms already in the body.
C)ciliated mucous membranes.
D)lysozyme and other enzymes.
E)all of these.

Question 37

The elimination of resident bacterial populations is

A)beneficial to animals.
B)beneficial to opportunistic pathogens.
C)difficult because they are resistant to antibiotics.
D)unlikely because of their large numbers.
E)all of these.

Question 38

Plaque is caused by many organisms but one of the main causes is

A)fungal chitin.
B)protistan lipids.
C)algal alginates.
D)extracellular products of bacteria
E)all of these.

Question 39

The white blood cells that are central to adaptive immunity are types of

A)neutrophils.
B)macrophages.
C)mast cells.
D)eosinophils.
E)lymphocytes.

Question 40

White blood cells seen engulfing large numbers of bacterial cells are most likely

A)neutrophils.
B)macrophages.
C)mast cells.
D)eosinophils.
E)lymphocytes.

Question 41

Use the above figure to answer questions

The letter "F" from the above figure represents

A)complement.
B)MHC markers with antigen expressed to the surface of a cell.
C)lysosome fusing with a phagosome.
D)plasma membranes fusing.
E)MHC recycling.

Question 42

The secretion of __________ causes the accumulation of fluid at the site of a wound.

A)kinins
B)histamines
C)neutrophils
D)interferons
E)leukocytes

Question 43

Antibodies are classified as

A)nucleoproteins.
B)immunoglobulins.
C)polysaccharides.
D)steroids.
E)lipids.

Question 44

Initially on activation, effector T cells secrete

A)cytokines.
B)histamine.
C)antibodies.
D)interleukins.
E)interferon.

Question 45

Antibodies are shaped like the letter

A)C.
B)E.
C)H.
D)K.
E)none of these.

Question 46

Lymphocytes ignore which of the following in most instances?

A)cells coated with complement proteins
B)cells with antigens on their surface
C)"self" cells with MHC markers
D)cells with both antigen and self-MHC markers
E)cells with damaged or mutant self-MHC markers

Question 47

Use the above figure to answer questions

The letter "B" from the above figure represents

A)complement.
B)MHC markers with antigen expressed to the surface of a cell.
C)lysosome fusing with a phagosome.
D)plasma membranes fusing.
E)MHC recycling.

Question 48

The adaptive immune response may be described as all of the following EXCEPT

A)specific.
B)essential.
C)responsive.
D)generalized.
E)effective.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT involved in self versus nonself recognition?

A)complement
B)MHC markers
C)TCRs
D)plasma membranes
E)HLA

Question 50

The antibody molecule consists of how many polypeptide chains, including light and heavy chains?

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5
E)6

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT true about complement proteins?

A)They are a component of the innate immune responses.
B)They take part in the adaptive immune responses.
C)They engulf pathogens.
D)They assemble into attack complexes.
E)They attract phagocytic cells.

Question 52

Which of the following is (are) true of fevers up to about 39ºC (102ºF)? They

A)enhance immunity.
B)increase phagocyte activity.
C)accelerate tissue repair.
D)slow microbial growth.
E)do all of these.

Question 53

Antibodies are

A)proteins.
B)steroids.
C)polysaccharides.
D)lipoproteins.
E)any of these.

Question 54

Histamine

A)causes blood vessels to contract.
B)causes capillaries to lose their permeability.
C)causes an outward flow of fluids from the capillaries.
D)reduces tissue swelling.
E)enhances the function of cytokines.

Question 55

The cell-mediated response targets intracellular

A)bacteria.
B)histamine.
C)TCRs.
D)MHC markers.
E)all of these.

Question 56

Dendritic cells and macrophages enter __________ and alert T cells to threats.

A)the blood circulatory system
B)lymph nodes
C)the bone marrow
D)body tissues
E)the liver

Question 57

What are responsible for the rapid mobilization of the immune response after a subsequent attack by a pathogen?

A)naive B cells
B)naive T cells
C)NK cells
D)memory cells
E)macrophages

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT involved in fevers?

A)the hypothalamus
B)increase in activity of phagocytes
C)antihistamine
D)cytokines
E)prostaglandins

Question 59

Which of the following is (are) true concerning antigen-presenting cells?

A)They may be macrophages.
B)They may be B cells.
C)They may be dendritic cells.
D)They have antigen bound to their MHC markers.
E)All of these are true.

Question 60

Which of the following is (are) characteristic of acute inflammation?

A)warmth
B)swelling
C)redness
D)pain
E)all of these

Question 61

B cells operate like __________, while cytotoxic T cells act like __________.

A)spies; informers
B)assassins; combat experts
C)ninjas; assassins
D)informers, ninjas
E)assassins; spies

Question 62

T cells that bind to the antigen-MHC complexes of dendritic cells become activated and later

A)produce antibodies.
B)become NK cells.
C)bind to B macrophages activating them.
D)differentiate into helper T cells and memory T cells.
E)activate complement.

Question 63

Which immunoglobulin is able to pass across the placenta to protect the fetus from pathogens?

A)IgG
B)IgA
C)IgD
D)IgM
E)IgE

Question 64

Which of the following is false regarding NK cells?

A)Helper T cells stimulate them to divide.
B)They attack cells tagged for destruction by antibodies.
C)They kill cells with normal MHC markers.
D)They detect stress markers on cancerous cells.
E)They detect and destroy cells with altered MHC markers.

Question 65

Which of the following is (are) false regarding B cells with antigen-MHC complexes?

A)They are stimulated by helper T cells to secrete cytokines.
B)Helper T cells signal them to divide and differentiate.
C)On signals from the helper T cells, they produce clones with identical receptors.
D)Once activated by signals from helper T cells, they produce IgG, IgA, or IgE immunoglobulins instead of membrane-bound IgM.
E)All of these are true.

Question 66

The cell-mediated response involves all of the following EXCEPT

A)dendritic cells with antigen-MHC complexes.
B)production of helper T cells.
C)production of cytokines.
D)production of cytotoxic cells.
E)production of antibodies.

Question 67

Which antibody forms a pentamer in blood?

A)IgG
B)IgA
C)IgD
D)IgM
E)IgE

Question 68

Which of the following occurs subsequent to the invasion of bacteria into a wound?

A)complement activation
B)capture of bacteria by lymph nodes
C)binding of bacteria to B cells
D)attraction of phagocytes by the chemotactic factors secreted by the bacteria
E)all of these

Question 69

The source of diversity for B and T cell receptors is

A)mitosis.
B)meiosis.
C)transcript processing.
D)random recombination of genes.
E)gene transcription.

Question 70

The antigen binds to the __________ of an antibody.

A)constant region
B)neutral region
C)variable region
D)active site
E)charged region

Question 71

Which antibody is most commonly associated with an allergic reaction?

A)IgG
B)IgA
C)IgD
D)IgM
E)IgE

Question 72

Most organ transplants fail because

A)of poor vascular connection between host and donor tissue.
B)the migrating leukocytes attack the tissue adjacent to the transplant.
C)cytotoxic T cells enter the transplant through the connecting blood vessels and kill the individual transplant tissue.
D)introduced tissues produce antibodies that cause a massive reaction.
E)of all of these.

Question 73

The maximum concentration of antibody from the secondary immune response occurs between weeks

A)2 and 3.
B)3 and 4.
C)4 and 5.
D)6 and 7.
E)9 and 10.

Question 74

Which of the following is false regarding an antigen?

A)It can lead to the generation of an antibody.
B)It identifies a pathogen as "foreign" to the body.
C)It can be a protein.
D)It passes directly between the plasma membranes of the pathogen and macrophage.
E)It forms complexes with the MHC markers.

Question 75

The cell-mediated response

A)involves helper T cells.
B)involves the action of antibodies to destroy invaders.
C)acts only on extracellular pathogens.
D)results in the production of clones of B cells.
E)includes all of these.

Question 76

Which antibody makes up most of the immunoglobulins in blood?

A)IgG
B)IgA
C)IgD
D)IgM
E)IgE

Question 77

Which antibody is the main immunoglobulin in exocrine secretions?

A)IgG
B)IgA
C)IgD
D)IgM
E)IgE

Question 78

Effector cells

A)are fully differentiated lymphocytes.
B)manufacture and secrete antibodies.
C)can develop from either T or B cells.
D)secrete antibodies or interleukins depending on their origin.
E)include all of these descriptions.

Question 79

Which antibody induces inflammation after antigen invasions?

A)IgG
B)IgA
C)IgD
D)IgM
E)IgE

Question 80

Which of the following statements is false?

A)Cytotoxic T cells kill body cells that have been invaded by pathogens.
B)The cell-mediated response is ineffective against a pathogen that has already entered the cytoplasm of a body cell.
C)Cytotoxic T cells are produced by the bone marrow but mature in the thymus gland.
D)Cytotoxic T cells are unable to destroy free-floating viruses they encounter in the bloodstream.
E)Cytotoxic T cells secrete perforins that are able to punch holes in infected cells.