Deck 33: Neural Control

Question 1

Clusters of nerve cell bodies that function as a local integrating center are

A)nerve cords.
B)ganglia.
C)a plexus.
D)notochords.
E)nerves.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is true concerning transport proteins in the neuron membrane?

A)Only sodium is actively transported.
B)Only potassium is actively transported.
C)Passive transporters with open channels prevent ions from leaking across the membrane.
D)Active transporters move ions against their concentration gradients.
E)It takes energy to move ions through passive transporters.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT true concerning sensory neurons?

A)They detect changing conditions inside or outside the body.
B)They lie in the pathway between the interneurons and motor neurons.
C)They respond to stimuli such as light or odor.
D)They relay information to integrators.
E)They are one of three types of neurons.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The basic unit of the nervous system is the

A)neuron.
B)neuroglial cell.
C)brain.
D)nerve.
E)neurotransmitter.

Question 5

The vertebrate autonomic system

A)carries signals to and from visceral organs.
B)is a functional division of the peripheral nervous system.
C)includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
D)includes afferent and efferent nerve fibers.
E)includes all of these descriptions.

Question 6

Active transport

A)helps establish the resting potential of a neuron.
B)counters the process of diffusion.
C)allows transport of ions across the plasma membrane of the neuron against the concentration gradient.
D)helps establish the resting potential of a neuron and counters the process of diffusion.
E)does all of these.

Question 7

Neurons and other cells that produce action potentials are said to show

A)passive transport.
B)saltatory conduction.
C)excitability.
D)capacitance.
E)facilitated transport.

Question 8

Which of the following is false about the human nervous system?

A)Cranial nerves attach directly to the brain.
B)There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves.
C)There are twelve pairs of thoracic spinal nerves.
D)Spinal nerves attach directly to the spinal cord.
E)There are two sciatic nerves in each leg

Question 9

The psychoactive drug Ecstasy

A)relieves anxiety.
B)sharpens the senses.
C)produces a mild high.
D)can kill.
E)does all of these.

Question 10

One or more neural effect(s) of MDMA include(s)

A)temporary psychosis.
B)panic attacks.
C)depletion of natural serotonin reserves.
D)memory loss.
E)all of these.

Question 11

The single long process that extends from a typical motor neuron is the

A)axon.
B)neuron.
C)synapse.
D)dendrite.
E)cell body.

Question 12

The input zone of a motor neuron is the

A)axon.
B)axonal endings.
C)cell body.
D)dendrites.
E)cell body and dendrites.

Question 13

Reduced serotonin levels from MDMA use

A)contribute to memory loss.
B)contribute to a loss of concentration.
C)may take months to reverse.
D)are correlated with depression.
E)include all of these.

Question 14

Within a single motor neuron, the direction an impulse follows is

A)dendrite >>> axon >>> cell body.
B)axon >>> dendrite >>> cell body.
C)dendrite >>> cell body >>> axon.
D)cell body >>> dendrite >>> axon.
E)cell body >>> axon >>> dendrite.

Question 15

Which of these statements is false about Ecstasy's active ingredient?

A)It is a type of amphetamine.
B)It causes a surge of serotonin release from brain neurons.
C)It disrupts homeostatic pathways that control temperature and blood pressure.
D)It is a hallucinogen.
E)It causes target cells to be overstimulated.

Question 16

Interneurons

A)receive and process information from sensory neurons.
B)are located in the brain and spinal cord.
C)have many dendrites and one axon
D)send information to motor neurons.
E)include all of these descriptions.

Question 17

Which of the following sequences is correct?

A)receptors >>> sensory neurons >>> motor neurons >>> interneurons
B)sensory neurons >>> receptors >>> motor neurons
C)motor neurons >>> integrators >>> sensory neurons
D)receptors >>> motor neurons >>> interneurons >>> sensory neurons
E)sensory neurons >>> interneurons >>> motor neurons

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT defined as a part of the vertebrate central nervous system?

A)brain
B)cerebellum
C)spinal cord
D)thoracic nerves
E)neuroglia

Question 19

The two major divisions of the vertebrate nervous system are the

A)autonomic and peripheral systems.
B)sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
C)cranial and spinal nerves.
D)central and peripheral nervous systems.
E)brain and spinal cord.

Question 20

When an impulse passes from one neuron to the next, it

A)passes directly from dendrite to axon.
B)passes from axon to cell body to dendrite.
C)bypasses the cell bodies of both.
D)passes from the output zone of one to the input zone of the other.
E)undergoes repolarization.

Question 21

Before another action potential "spike" can occur

A)there must be a very brief restoration of the resting conditions in the membrane.
B)the membrane voltage must drop to zero.
C)the sodium-potassium pump must cease temporarily.
D)all of the membrane gates must be closed at the same time.
E)all of these must happen.

Question 22

The neuron transport proteins that maintain the resting membrane potential and restore ion gradients following an action potential are

A)sodium-phosphorus passive transporters.
B)sodium-potassium pumps.
C)sodium-chlorine gated channels.
D)phosphorus-calcium pumps.
E)phosphorus-chlorine gated channels.

Question 23

Action potentials are

A)faster in neurons than in muscle cells.
B)faster in muscle cells than in neurons.
C)essentially the same in neurons and muscle cells.
D)completely different in neurons and muscle cells.
E)none of these.

Question 24

Use the figure above to answer questions

The resting membrane potential is indicated by

A)A.
B)B.
C)C.
D)D.
E)E.

Question 25

An action potential is brought about by

A)a sudden membrane impermeability.
B)the movement of negatively charged proteins through the neuronal membrane.
C)the movement of lipoproteins to the outer side of the membrane.
D)a local change in membrane permeability caused by a threshold level stimulus.
E)all of these.

Question 26

Which of the following most accurately describes the cellular activity associated with the actual passage of a nerve impulse?

A)electrical discharge
B)action of sodium-potassium pump
C)wave of depolarization and repolarization
D)hyperpolarization followed by rebalancing
E)active transport of ions

Question 27

Use the figure above to answer questions

The portion(s) of an action potential where the sodium gates are open is (are) indicated by

A)A.
B)B.
C)C.
D)D.
E)A and B.

Question 28

Which of the following statements is false?

A)The information that travels along the neural membrane is little more than a transient change in the membrane potential.
B)A neuron is never really at rest but must expend energy to keep the membrane potential constant even when no impulse is being transmitted.
C)During the short time an action potential occurs, the cytoplasmic side of the membrane becomes positive with respect to the outside.
D)Only nerve cells can exhibit depolarization events.
E)Action potentials are not directly transferred from neuron to neuron.

Question 29

Once a threshold is reached,

A)the number of sodium gates that open depends upon the strength of a stimulus and its duration.
B)a graded local potential will be unable to spread to a trigger zone of the nerve membrane.
C)the resting potential of a neuron is restored.
D)potassium channels in the input zone open.
E)progressive opening of more and more sodium gates and the accompanying flow of sodium ions is an example of positive feedback.

Question 30

The reason that an action potential is so brief is that

A)a wave of repolarization immediately follows the rising portion of the spike.
B)the closing of potassium gates allows the voltage difference across the neural membrane to be restored.
C)the channels for sodium movement remain open.
D)the sodium-potassium pump restores the electrical gradients.
E)the membrane limits electrical activity.

Question 31

What first happens to a neuron as an impulse passes along it is best described as

A)polarization.
B)depolarization.
C)ionization.
D)hyperpolarization.
E)transpolarization.

Question 32

Which of the following occurs first during an action potential?

A)Many sodium ions flow into the neuron.
B)Voltage-gated sodium channels open.
C)A local disturbance triggers the resting voltage to reach the threshold level.
D)The interior of the neuron becomes positive.
E)The interior of the neuron becomes negative.

Question 33

The phrase "all or nothing" used in conjunction with discussion about an action potential means that

A)a resting membrane potential has been received by the cell.
B)the change in membrane potential always spikes with the same intensity.
C)the membrane either achieves total equilibrium or remains as far from equilibrium as possible.
D)propagation along the neuron jumps from node to node.
E)none of these occur.

Question 34

What happens first following a neuron stimulation?

A)Sodium ions enter the cell.
B)Sodium ions leave the cell.
C)Potassium ions enter the cell.
D)Potassium ions leave the cell.
E)Potassium ions are involved in positive feedback.

Question 35

During the passage of a nerve impulse,

A)sodium ions pass through gated channels.
B)positive feedback causes more sodium ions to enter the cell.
C)the interior of the cell becomes positive relative to the outside.
D)changing voltage increases the number of open gates.
E)all of these occur.

Question 36

Which of the following statements is false?

A)A neuron will not fire unless a stimulus reaches the threshold.
B)An action potential is an all-or-nothing event.
C)An action potential continues indefinitely until a quenching signal is released.
D)An action potential is self-propagating.
E)An action potential transmission depends on activities at the membrane.

Question 37

When a neuron is at rest

A)there is a voltage difference across the membrane of about 70 millivolts.
B)the interior is negatively charged.
C)it is not responding to a stimulus.
D)the fluid outside the membrane has more sodium and less potassium than the cytoplasm.
E)all of these occur.

Question 38

The occurrence of an action potential can best be compared to a

A)switch to turn a lamp on and off.
B)volume control on a stereo.
C)door to a classroom.
D)room light-dimmer switch.
E)desk drawer opening and closing.

Question 39

Disturbances in sensory neurons will result in an action potential if the

A)potential is graded.
B)potential change remains local.
C)graded potential of threshold size reaches a trigger zone.
D)localized potential changes do not spread too far.
E)potential changes become downgraded to localized ones.

Question 40

Which statement is false about intact neurons?

A)An action potential can be generated in an input zone only.
B)A trigger zone has enough sodium gates to initiate an action potential.
C)Each portion of a membrane has its own recovery time.
D)The potassium gates open during the recovery period.
E)Gated sodium channels are inactivated during the recovery period.

Question 41

Ethyl alcohol

A)is a depressant.
B)produces an initial euphoria due to its effect on inhibitory synapses.
C)crosses the blood-brain barrier.
D)binds to many types of neurotransmitter receptors.
E)includes all of these.

Question 42

Drug addiction

A)is a form of chemical dependence.
B)may result from habituation and increased tolerance.
C)may result in deterioration of personal and professional relationships.
D)may result in risk taking to obtain or use the drug
E)includes all of these

Question 43

Use the figure above to answer questions

What happens at time "C" of the action potential?

A)sodium-potassium pumps are active
B)potassium gates close and sodium gates open
C)sodium gates close and potassium gates open
D)positive feedback begins
E)both potassium gates and sodium gates close

Question 44

Pain relievers such as endorphins and enkephalins are

A)depressants.
B)stimulants.
C)analgesics.
D)hallucinogens.
E)antipsychotics.

Question 45

Which of the following bridges the gap between a neuron sending a message and the neuron receiving it?

A)threshold value
B)action potential
C)transmitter molecules
D)a neurohormone
E)all of these

Question 46

Four of the five drugs listed below are stimulants.Select the exception.

A)heroin
B)caffeine
C)nicotine
D)cocaine
E)amphetamine

Question 47

Active chemicals found in chocolate, tea, coffee, and soft drinks are examples of which of the following?

A)depressants
B)stimulants
C)analgesics
D)hallucinogens
E)antipsychotics

Question 48

Transmitter substances

A)are expelled from the presynaptic cells by exocytosis.
B)tend to destroy acetylcholine.
C)enter the postsynaptic cell to continue the passage of the impulse.
D)interact with membrane receptors of the postsynaptic cells.
E)are expelled from the presynaptic cells by exocytosis and interact with membrane receptors of the postsynaptic cells.

Question 49

Which of the following is a junction between two neurons?

A)Schwann cell
B)chemical synapse
C)unsheathed node
D)sodium gate
E)all of these

Question 50

The presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron do not directly contact each other because

A)one would inhibit the actions of the other.
B)they never grow to sufficient length.
C)the synaptic vesicles keep them apart.
D)this would cause continuous impulse transmission.
E)acetylcholine prevents this action.

Question 51

Which of the following is mismatched?

A)acetylcholine; muscle contraction
B)endorphin; pain perception
C)norepinephrine; fight-or-flight response
D)serotonin; sexual function
E)GABA; major inhibitor in the brain

Question 52

Use the figure above to answer questions

The point at which this neuron will be able to generate another action potential is indicated by

A)A.
B)B.
C)C.
D)D.
E)E.

Question 53

Which of the following drugs is a depressant?

A)heroine
B)ketamine
C)PCP
D)ethyl alcohol
E)oxycodone

Question 54

Enkephalins and endorphins are

A)neuromodulators.
B)stimulators of brain and nervous activity.
C)inhibitors of pain perception.
D)neuromodulators and stimulators of brain and nervous activity.
E)neuromodulators and inhibitors of pain perception.

Question 55

Endorphins

A)are natural painkillers.
B)are released during orgasm
C)influence the effects of neurotransmitters
D)are released during exercise or laughter.
E)include all of these descriptions.

Question 56

The operation of a synapse

A)results from the passage of an electrical charge across the gap.
B)involves a transmitter substance from vesicles in the presynaptic neuron that act upon receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron.
C)occurs only between two nerves.
D)is limited only by the action of acetylcholinesterase.
E)involves transduction of the electrochemical energy of an action potential into mechanical energy of movement.

Question 57

Neurotransmitters

A)include acetylcholine.
B)change the permeability of postsynaptic cells.
C)may be inhibitory or stimulatory.
D)elicit graded potentials near the synapse.
E)include all of these descriptions.

Question 58

Four of the five drugs listed below are analgesics.Select the exception.

A)endorphin
B)opium
C)heroin
D)enkephalin
E)Ecstasy

Question 59

During the short recovery period before another action potential, the

A)threshold value is increased.
B)threshold value is reduced.
C)sodium gates are shut, and the potassium gates are opened.
D)sodium-potassium pumps restore the ion gradients across the membrane.
E)sodium gates are shut, potassium gates are opened, and the sodium-potassium pumps restore the ion gradients across the membrane.

Question 60

The nerve gas Sarin kills by blocking acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that degrades acetylcholine.What effect does this have?

A)ACh breakdown stops.
B)It results in paralysis of skeletal muscles, confusion, and slurred speech.
C)Signals for breathing may be disrupted.
D)ACh breakdown stops, and signals for breathing may be disrupted.
E)ACh breakdown stops; paralysis of skeletal muscles, confusion, headache, and possibly death

Question 61

Substances that cause euphoria and relieve pain are

A)depressants.
B)stimulants.
C)analgesics.
D)hallucinogens.
E)antipsychotics.

Question 62

A reflex pathway is the simplest pathway because it

A)involves only one synapse.
B)is evaluated and integrated by the medulla, not the cerebrum.
C)involves only two or three neurons.
D)does not involve the central nervous system in any way.
E)includes all of these.

Question 63

Which of the following is used during the fight-or-flight response?

A)sympathetic nervous system
B)parasympathetic nervous system
C)norepinephrine
D)sympathetic nervous system and norepinephrine
E)parasympathetic nervous system and norepinephrine

Question 64

Which of these is mismatched?

A)oligodendrocytes; make myelin for brain axons
B)Schwann cells; make myelin for peripheral axons
C)astrocytes; most abundant cells in the brain
D)microglia; engulf dead or dying brain tissue
E)none of these are mismatched

Question 65

By definition, a nerve is

A)a bundle of sensory, motor, or both types of nerve fibers outside the central nervous system.
B)a single extension of a neuron.
C)the same as a neuron but within the central nervous system.
D)a collection of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system.
E)a fiber more than ten inches in length.

Question 66

The myelin sheath of peripheral neurons

A)is formed by Schwann cells.
B)speeds up the transmission of impulses.
C)does not surround all neuron axons.
D)is interrupted along the axon by nodes.
E)includes all of these descriptions.

Question 67

Which of the following statements concerning the peripheral nervous system is false?

A)Spinal nerves lead to and from the spinal cord.
B)There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
C)Cranial nerves connect directly to the brain
D)Peripheral nerves include axons from numerous neurons.
E)All spinal nerves carry only motor fibers.

Question 68

A nerve whose fibers conduct impulses only away from the central nervous system is

A)exclusively motor.
B)exclusively sensory.
C)motor or sensory depending on body location.
D)a spinal nerve.
E)a cranial nerve.

Question 69

The interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems is best described as

A)antagonistic.
B)cooperative.
C)overriding.
D)synergistic.
E)ineffective.

Question 70

The major divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the

A)somatic and autonomic systems.
B)sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
C)peripheral and central systems.
D)afferent and autonomic systems.
E)cranial and skeletal nerves.

Question 71

Barbiturates are

A)depressants.
B)stimulants.
C)analgesics.
D)hallucinogens.
E)antipsychotics.

Question 72

Substances that alter sensory perception, cause disorientation, and inhibit the ability to perform complex tasks are

A)depressants.
B)stimulants.
C)analgesics.
D)hallucinogens.
E)antipsychotics.

Question 73

The part of the nervous system that is composed of two parts that are antagonistic to each other is

A)the autonomic nervous system.
B)the spinal cord.
C)the peripheral nervous system.
D)the central nervous system.
E)none of these.

Question 74

Signals from the parasympathetic nervous system cause which of the following?

A)increase in blood pressure
B)increase in pulse rate
C)increase in digestive activities
D)increase in blood sugar level
E)increase in metabolic rate

Question 75

A group of chemicals that at low doses reduces fatigue and heightens awareness but at high doses elicits anxiety and irritability are

A)depressants.
B)stimulants.
C)analgesics.
D)hallucinogens.
E)antipsychotics.

Question 76

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

A)causes the pupils of the eye to dilate.
B)causes the release of ACh.
C)stimulates peristaltic contractions of the intestinal system.
D)slows heartbeat and lowers blood pressure.
E)allows the body to relax rather than prepare for fight or flight.

Question 77

Somatic system fibers in nerves carry information

A)to and from receptors.
B)to and from effectors.
C)from receptors in skin, tendons, and skeletal muscles.
D)to skeletal muscles.
E)from receptors in skin, tendons, and skeletal muscle and to skeletal muscles.

Question 78

A chemical substance that behaves as a natural analgesic is

A)an amphetamine.
B)LSD.
C)epinephrine.
D)an endorphin.
E)none of these.

Question 79

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Organs receive either parasympathetic fibers or sympathetic fibers but not both.
B)The sympathetic nervous system that supplies an organ will also provide parasympathetic fibers to it.
C)Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic have either excitatory or inhibitory effects.
D)The sympathetic branch of the sympathetic system usually speeds up the activities of the body.
E)All of these are true.

Question 80

Once the body becomes adapted to drugs, it takes even greater exposure to that drug to achieve the same level of reaction.This condition is known as

A)synergism.
B)habituation.
C)psychological dependence.
D)tolerance.
E)concealment.