Deck 35: Endocrine Control

Question 1

The Environmental Protection Agency

A)regulates the agricultural application of chemicals.
B)has called for further study on the effects of atrazine on amphibians.
C)now encourages farmers to minimize the runoff of atrazine-laden water from fields.
D)does all of these.
E)does none of these.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

When Bayliss and Starling conducted experiments to determine what caused secretion of pancreatic juice, they

A)cut the blood supply to the upper digestive tract.
B)added acidic food to the small intestine and got secretions of pancreatic juices.
C)cut the nerve supply to the upper digestive tract.
D)got a response from the pancreas using extracts of cells lining the intestinal tract.
E)did all of these except "cut the blood supply to the upper digestive tract."

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Steroid hormones

A)are proteins.
B)include testosterone, estrogens, and cortisol.
C)never activate second messengers.
D)never alter membrane transport of ions.
E)fit all of these descriptions.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The word "hormone" comes from the Greek word meaning

A)target.
B)response.
C)secretion.
D)set in motion.
E)internal gland.

Question 5

Estrogens from birth control pills

A)are excreted in the urine.
B)are removed during standard wastewater treatment.
C)can cause female fish to develop male traits.
D)have different effects in fish than those of industrial estrogen-mimicking pollutants.
E)do none of these.

Question 6

Signaling molecules in animals are

A)neurotransmitters.
B)hormones.
C)pheromones.
D)local signaling molecules.
E)all of these.

Question 7

Target cells

A)are found only in specific endocrine glands.
B)are equipped with specific receptor molecules.
C)are never muscle cells.
D)may occur in any part of the body.
E)are equipped with specific receptor molecules and may occur in any part of the body.

Question 8

The reason that some individual hormones have so many different effects is that

A)they influence gene transcription.
B)they trigger a second messenger system that produces a cascade effect.
C)there are a great many different cells in different tissues that have specific receptors for the hormone.
D)the hormone is carried throughout the body, and only a small amount is needed to produce its effect.
E)all of these are true.

Question 9

Signaling molecules act to adjust __________ in all animals.

A)growth
B)metabolism
C)gene expression
D)reproduction
E)all of these

Question 10

Hormones are distributed throughout the body by the __________ system.

A)exocrine
B)lymphatic
C)nervous
D)circulatory
E)integumentary

Question 11

Which statement is false about prostaglandins?

A)They are local signaling molecules.
B)They promote blood flow to injured tissue.
C)They cause blood vessels to dilate.
D)They act as pheromones.
E)They alter chemical conditions in nearby tissues.

Question 12

Which glands secrete pheromones?

A)exocrine
B)ductless
C)mammary
D)endocrine
E)digestive

Question 13

Which of these is false regarding atrazine?

A)It is an endocrine disruptor.
B)It affects frog development and reproduction.
C)Some exposed female tadpoles become masculinized.
D)Some exposed male tadpoles become hermaphrodites.
E)Some exposed male tadpoles develop feminized sex organs.

Question 14

Pheromones are used primarily for

A)signaling target cells in the vicinity of the secreting cells.
B)stimulating transmitter release at certain synapses.
C)integrating social behavior in a population.
D)causing a response in a part of the body some distance from the site of secretion.
E)all of these, depending on the species.

Question 15

An excess of estrogen like molecules can have which of the following effects on males?

A)lower sperm production
B)increase hair growth
C)tumor growth on the surface of the testes
D)increased reproduction
E)all of these

Question 16

One purpose of the endocrine system is to

A)provide a mechanism for rapid response to changes in the body.
B)maintain a relatively constant internal fluid environment.
C)inhibit nervous system effects on muscles and glands.
D)allow for a mechanism to control gene action.
E)do all of these.

Question 17

Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones do not require a membrane receptor because they

A)are small enough to pass directly through the membrane.
B)are soluble in the lipid bilayer.
C)pass through special membrane channels.
D)are water-soluble.
E)dissolve in the cholesterol of the membranes.

Question 18

Bayliss and Starling first demonstrated the existence of hormones when they were studying which of the following?

A)thymus
B)islets of Langerhans
C)bursa of fabricus
D)pancreas
E)none of the above

Question 19

Which is false about estrogen receptors in humans?

A)They are restricted to females.
B)They are necessary for sperm maturation.
C)They bind the insecticides kepone and DDT, now banned in the U.S.
D)Endocrine disruptors affecting them may be responsible for declining sperm counts in western countries.
E)All of these are false.

Question 20

The first hormone discovered was

A)insulin.
B)gastrin.
C)secretin.
D)thyroxine.
E)estrogen.

Question 21

Which of these is true for most water-soluble hormones?

A)They must be transported by specific carriers in the blood.
B)They have no trouble entering their target cells.
C)They find and react with surface receptor molecules.
D)They never elicit the production of a second messenger.
E)They trigger gene transcription.

Question 22

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are products of

A)exocrine glands.
B)secretory neurons
C)blood capillaries.
D)the anterior pituitary.
E)kidney and uterine wall cells, respectively.

Question 23

Use the figure above to answer questions

The cause of androgen insensitivity syndrome is indicated by a defective

A)A.
B)B.
C)D.
D)E.
E)G.

Question 24

Which of the following is an example of an organ that is nervous in origin, structure, and function but releases substances into the bloodstream?

A)anterior pituitary
B)posterior pituitary
C)pancreas
D)adrenal cortex
E)testis

Question 25

Oxytocin affects the

A)uterine wall.
B)voluntary muscles throughout the body.
C)nervous tissue.
D)target cells in the brain.
E)target cells in the digestive tract.

Question 26

A drop in blood volume will trigger the body to secrete

A)parathyroid hormones.
B)somatotropin.
C)antidiuretic hormone.
D)insulin.
E)glucocorticoids.

Question 27

The control over milk release, water balance, and labor in childbirth is mediated by the __________ gland.

A)pineal
B)anterior pituitary
C)posterior pituitary
D)parathyroid
E)thyroid

Question 28

In androgen insensitivity syndrome,

A)no testosterone is produced.
B)chemicals circulating in the blood deactivate the male hormone.
C)the cellular receptor for testosterone in the target cells is defective.
D)the male with this defect is normal in all respects except that he is sterile.
E)all of these are true.

Question 29

Use the figure above to answer questions

A simple way of thinking about the action of a steroid hormone on its target cell is indicated by

A)figure 1.
B)figure 2.
C)A, B, E, and F.
D)E, F, G, and H.
E)none of these.

Question 30

A common second messenger molecule is

A)a steroid compound.
B)cyclic AMP.
C)ADP.
D)prostaglandin.
E)intermedin.

Question 31

Which endocrine gland is the main center for control of the internal environment?

A)pineal and thymus
B)hypothalamus
C)thyroid and parathyroids
D)adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
E)pancreas and gonads

Question 32

If you are cast up on a desert island with no fresh water to drink, the level of which of the following will rise in your bloodstream in an effort to conserve water?

A)erythropoietin
B)oxytocin
C)insulin
D)antidiuretic hormone
E)glucose

Question 33

The release of cyclic AMP as a second messenger is a response to __________ hormones.

A)peptide
B)steroid
C)protein
D)peptide and protein
E)peptide, steroid, and protein

Question 34

The pituitary gland is controlled by the

A)pons.
B)corpus callosum.
C)medulla oblongata.
D)thalamus.
E)hypothalamus.

Question 35

Which is (are) the predominant second messenger(s) involved in regulating glucose metabolism?

A)insulin
B)glucagon
C)adenyl cyclase
D)cAMP
E)all of these

Question 36

Which of the following substances is NOT secreted by secretory neurons?

A)oxytocin
B)antidiuretic hormones
C)epinephrine
D)histamine
E)norepinephrine

Question 37

Which of the following statements is (are) true?

A)The anterior pituitary gland is essentially nervous tissue.
B)The anterior pituitary gland secretes only two hormones.
C)The posterior pituitary gland is the master gland.
D)The posterior pituitary gland only stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
E)All of these are true.

Question 38

Use the figure above to answer questions

A hormone-receptor complex that stimulates the formation of a second messenger is indicated by

A)B.
B)C.
C)E.
D)F.
E)G.

Question 39

Use the figure above to answer questions

The equivalent in figure 2 of letter "D" in figure 1 is indicated by

A)E.
B)F.
C)G.
D)H.
E)all of these.

Question 40

The hypothalamus and pituitary link the activities of the endocrine system and nervous system by

A)the secretion of hormones in response to the summation of neural messages that enter the hypothalamus.
B)shifts in hormonal concentrations being detected by the anterior pituitary.
C)the secretion of pheromones as a response to photoperiodic stimuli.
D)the nervous tissue of the anterior lobe sending stimuli to the glandular tissue of the posterior lobe to produce hypothalamic hormones.
E)all of these.

Question 41

Normal humans have how many parathyroid glands?

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5
E)6

Question 42

The anterior pituitary secretions produce their effects in

A)the gonads.
B)the thyroid gland.
C)the adrenal gland.
D)the mammary glands.
E)all of these.

Question 43

The pituitary hormone associated with metabolic rate and with growth and development is

A)ACTH.
B)TSH.
C)FSH.
D)LH.
E)GH.

Question 44

Which gland secretes sex hormones?

A)testis
B)adrenal medulla
C)thyroid
D)kidney
E)pancreas

Question 45

A simple goiter is caused by a deficiency in

A)thyroxine.
B)triiodothyronine.
C)calcium.
D)iodine.
E)both thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

Question 46

Luteinizing hormone

A)stimulates ovulation.
B)has no function in males.
C)is produced by the corpus luteum.
D)stimulates milk production.
E)promotes bone and soft tissue growth.

Question 47

Use the figure above to answer questions

The hormone __________ is indicated at "E."

A)STH
B)aldosterone
C)oxytocin
D)ADH
E)none of these

Question 48

Prolactin

A)stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk.
B)is the only hormone to affect mammary glands.
C)causes the development of breasts and other secondary sexual characteristics in the male.
D)acts in concert with FSH to produce milk.
E)has secondary effects on reducing the size of the uterus after birth.

Question 49

A simple goiter is an enlarged form of which gland?

A)adrenal
B)pancreas
C)thyroid
D)parathyroid
E)thymus

Question 50

The most general of the pituitary hormones, in that it may affect almost any cell in the body, is

A)the adrenocorticotropic hormone.
B)the thyroid-stimulating hormone.
C)gonadotropin.
D)somatotropin.
E)prolactin.

Question 51

Use the figure above to answer questions

The hormone __________ is indicated at "D."

A)PRL
B)LH
C)oxytocin
D)ADH
E)TSH

Question 52

The secretion of each of the anterior pituitary hormones requires

A)stimulation from the posterior pituitary.
B)that they first be secreted from the neurons of the hypothalamus.
C)two capillary beds.
D)the action of minute amounts of releasing hormones.
E)two capillary beds and the action of minute amounts of releasing hormones.

Question 53

Acromegaly is the result of excessive secretion of which of the following by adults?

A)mineralocorticoid
B)glucocorticoid
C)thyroxine
D)testosterone
E)GH

Question 54

Use the figure above to answer questions

The synthesis site for the hormones of this figure is indicated by

A)A.
B)B.
C)C.
D)D.
E)E.

Question 55

The gonads are another name for

A)the parathyroid and thyroid.
B)the ovary and testis.
C)the adrenal cortex and medulla.
D)the anterior and posterior pituitary.
E)none of these.

Question 56

Which hormone(s) directly prepare(s) and maintain(s) the uterine lining for pregnancy?

A)estrogen
B)progesterone
C)follicle-stimulating hormone
D)luteinizing hormone
E)both estrogen and progesterone

Question 57

Use the figure above to answer questions

Signals that stimulate the release of hormone molecules are carried along

A)A.
B)B.
C)C.
D)D.
E)E.

Question 58

The growth hormone is

A)prolactin.
B)adrenalin.
C)thyroxine.
D)ACTH.
E)somatotropin.

Question 59

ACTH (corticotropin)

A)is secreted by the posterior pituitary.
B)has target cells in the autonomic nervous system.
C)has target cells in the adrenal glands
D)has target cells in the adrenal medulla.
E)initiates the autoimmune response.

Question 60

Use the figure above to answer questions

The releasing site for the hormones of this figure is indicated by

A)A.
B)B.
C)C.
D)D.
E)E.

Question 61

If you skip a meal, which of the following conditions will prevail?

A)Insulin levels will rise.
B)Glucagon levels will rise.
C)Glycogen will be converted to glucose.
D)Insulin levels will rise, and glycogen will be converted to glucose.
E)Glucagon levels will rise, and glycogen will be converted to glucose.

Question 62

Beta cells of the pancreas secrete

A)glucagon.
B)glycogen.
C)insulin.
D)somatostatin.
E)digestive enzymes.

Question 63

The hormone that is antagonistic in action to glucagon is

A)norepinephrine.
B)insulin.
C)thyroxine.
D)epinephrine.
E)mineralocorticoids.

Question 64

Which of the following does NOT affect blood glucose levels?

A)glucagon
B)epinephrine
C)parathyroid hormone
D)glucocorticoids
E)insulin

Question 65

Specialized islet cells that secrete hormones are found scattered throughout the

A)adrenal cortex.
B)liver.
C)thymus.
D)adrenal medulla.
E)pancreas.

Question 66

Rickets is caused by

A)overexposure to UV radiation.
B)an excess of calcitonin.
C)inadequate amounts of vitamin D.
D)an excess of ascorbic acid.
E)a fetal deficiency of thyroid hormone.

Question 67

Symptoms of diabetes mellitus include

A)abnormal thirst.
B)glucose in the urine.
C)ketoacidosis.
D)weight loss.
E)all of these.

Question 68

The main target of glucagon is

A)cardiac muscle.
B)the liver.
C)adipose tissue.
D)the brain.
E)the adrenal cortex.

Question 69

The pancreatic secretions governing glucose levels are precisely controlled by

A)neural connections to the pancreas.
B)the blood-brain barrier.
C)cooperative interactions.
D)feedback mechanisms.
E)releasing factors.

Question 70

If you eliminated all sources of calcium (dairy products, some vegetables) from your diet, the level of which of the following would rise in an attempt to supply calcium stored in your body to the tissues that need it?

A)aldosterone
B)calcitonin
C)mineralocorticoids
D)parathyroid hormone
E)all of these

Question 71

Which gland is both an exocrine and endocrine gland?

A)pancreas
B)adrenal
C)ovary
D)thyroid
E)pituitary

Question 72

Possible complications of diabetes include all EXCEPT

A)blindness.
B)gum disease.
C)kidney failure.
D)memory loss.
E)lower limb amputation.

Question 73

The actions of insulin and glucagon are

A)synergistic.
B)antagonistic.
C)cooperative.
D)permissive.
E)mutualistic.

Question 74

Which of the following is false about type 2 diabetes?

A)It has a genetic basis.
B)It can result from insulin shock.
C)Obesity and sedentary lifestyles put one at increased risk.
D)Target cells do not respond normally to insulin.
E)Rates are currently soaring, and the disease is now a serious public health issue.

Question 75

Insulin directly affects the

A)secretion of saliva.
B)storage of proteins.
C)secretion of pancreatic juices.
D)metabolism of glucose.
E)utilization of fat reserves.

Question 76

A surge in __________ triggers tadpole metamorphosis.

A)testosterone
B)cortisol
C)atrazine
D)thyroid hormone
E)pheromones

Question 77

Which of the following is true of type 1 diabetes?

A)Insulin levels are near normal.
B)Target cells do not respond normally to insulin.
C)It is the more common form of diabetes.
D)It is thought to be an autoimmune disease.
E)It usually occurs in middle-aged people.

Question 78

When investigators exposed embryos of African clawed frogs to lake-water samples from "hot spots,"

A)many of the tadpoles that developed had deformities.
B)some resulting tadpoles never metamorphosed.
C)the effects could be reduced by adding supplemental thyroid hormone.
D)all of these occurred.
E)none of these occurred.

Question 79

Glucagon is produced by the

A)adrenal cortex.
B)adrenal medulla.
C)thyroid.
D)kidneys.
E)pancreas.

Question 80

Excess glucose is converted into glycogen in

A)the pancreas.
B)the liver.
C)the thymus.
D)the thyroid.
E)none of these.