Deck 24: Fungi

Question 1

Which of the following statements describes the value of fungi in the environment?

A)Fungi "fix" nitrogen from the air for use by plants.
B)Fungi trap sunlight energy in the form of carbohydrates.
C)Fungi release elements from organic matter.
D)Fungi enrich the soil by decreasing the rate of decay of organic matter.
E)Fungi remove toxic metals from the soil.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The major groups of fungi are assigned names on the basis of

A)feeding structures.
B)mode of nutrition.
C)ecological role.
D)reproductive structures.
E)when they appear in the fossil record.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Most true fungi send out cellular filaments called

A)mycelia.
B)hyphae.
C)mycorrhizae.
D)stolons.
E)rhizoids.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

All fungi

A)are saprobes.
B)digest food extracellularly.
C)are parasites.
D)digest food intracellularly.
E)can ingest food particles.

Question 5

Aspergillus sydowii spores land in the Caribbean Sea and infect__________.

A)salmon.
B)red snapper.
C)sea urchins.
D)sea fans.
E)all of these.

Question 6

The principal difference between a saprophytic and parasitic mode of nutrition is

A)the quality of the nutrients.
B)the species of fungus that possess it.
C)determined by the quantity of available nutrients.
D)determined by the source of the nutrients.
E)whether the digestion is intracellular or extracellular.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT descriptive of any fungus?

A)saprophytic
B)decomposer
C)parasitic
D)autotrophic
E)heterotrophic

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT true of the chytrids?

A)They belong to the most ancient lineages of fungi.
B)Their flagellum is similar to eukaryotes.
C)They form non-flagellated spores and gametes.
D)They reflect the origin of the fungi in aquatic habitats.
E)They are associated with serious diseases in various vertebrates.

Question 9

The above photomicrograph is of

A)mycelium.
B)protistans.
C)mycorrhizae.
D)stolons.
E)rhizoids.

Question 10

Most fungi are

A)photosynthetic organisms.
B)heterotrophic and saprophytic.
C)chemoautotrophs.
D)seasonal growers.
E)any of these.

Question 11

The walls of fungi are reinforced with

A)cellulose.
B)lignin.
C)chitin.
D)pectin.
E)protein.

Question 12

One example of fungal spores being transferred long distances on air currents is

A)spores attached to flying tree frogs.
B)dust storms from Africa bringing spores of Aspergillus sydowii.
C)mushrooms growing on the underside of airplanes.
D)hurricanes spreading mushrooms in the vortex.
E)all of these.

Question 13

All EXCEPT which of the following statements concerning fungal body plans are true?

A)A mesh of hyphae is called a mycelium.
B)Branching filaments are called hyphae.
C)Most fungi are unicellular.
D)Cell walls contain chitin.
E)Some filaments become modified into reproductive structures.

Question 14

Coccidioides immitis is commonly found in __________.

A)southeastern U.S.
B)southwest Canada.
C)western Africa.
D)southwest U.S.
E)none of these.

Question 15

Fungi are genetically most closely related to

A)ferns.
B)flowering plants.
C)algae.
D)animals.
E)none of these.

Question 16

Saprobes are

A)extensions from the main fungal body.
B)fungal metabolic by-products.
C)organisms that feed on dead material.
D)parasites of plants and animals.
E)organisms that feed on plant juices.

Question 17

Fungi are

A)chemosynthetic.
B)chemoautotrophic.
C)autotrophic.
D)heterotrophic.
E)all of these.

Question 18

Lichens are made of

A)bacteria and photosynthetic algae.
B)fungi and photosynthetic algae.
C)protozoa and fungi.
D)fungi only.
E)any of these.

Question 19

The __________ fungi rely on extracellular digestion and absorption of energy-rich substances from living organisms.

A)chemosynthetic
B)saprobic
C)parasitic
D)plasmodial
E)autotrophic

Question 20

Which of the following statements is NOT true of fungal spores? They

A)are small.
B)are dispersed by air currents.
C)are hydrated.
D)may germinate to start a new mycelium.
E)may be sexual or asexual.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the structures labeled "D" in the figure?

A)They are sexual spores.
B)They are haploid.
C)They will germinate to produce a new mycelium.
D)They will give rise to different mating strains of the fungus.
E)They may fuse to produce a zygote.

Question 22

What species of Rhizopus may infect people who have a weakened immune system?

A)R.oryzae
B)R nigicans
C)R.stolonifer
D)R.arrhizus
E)any of these

Question 23

The structures labeled "A" and "C" in the figure are

A)dikaryotic hyphae.
B)gametangia.
C)of different mating strains.
D)zygospores.
E)all of these.

Question 24

Mushrooms are found in which of the following?

A)Ascomycetes
B)Basidiomycetes
C)Glomeromycetes
D)Chytrids
E)Zygomycetes

Question 25

A favorite ascomycete for genetic research is a Rhizopus stolonifer
B)Neurospora crassa
C)Penicillium chrysogenum
D)Saccharomyces cerevisiae
E)Candida albicans

Question 26

Aspergillus and Penicillium are related because both

A)produce antibiotics.
B)reproduce sexually using ascospores.
C)are club fungi.
D)parasitize human mucous membranes.
E)lack known sexual stages.

Question 27

The direct result of cytoplasmic fusion is the production of a

A)dikaryotic cell.
B)zygote.
C)gamete.
D)spore.
E)mushroom.

Question 28

The above figure is of one of the most poisonous mushrooms.Which of the following is true?

A)It is a club fungus.
B)It is called death cap.
C)It is responsible for about 90% of all mushroom poisonings.
D)It kills by causing liver and kidney failure.
E)All of these are true.

Question 29

Cytoplasmic fusion involves the union of fungal

A)nuclei.
B)cells.
C)spores.
D)mycelia.
E)gametes.

Question 30

Which of the following reproductive structures is incorrectly matched with the group in which it is found?

A)zygospore: zygomycetes
B)ascus: sac fungi
C)conidia: club fungi
D)basidiospores: mushrooms
E)gametangium: zygomycetes

Question 31

The Basidiomycetes include the

A)sac fungi.
B)club fungi.
C)water molds.
D)imperfect fungi.
E)bread molds.

Question 32

Which of the following is diploid in the life cycle of a basidiomycete?

A)spore
B)dikaryotic hyphae
C)zygote
D)gamete
E)mushroom

Question 33

The sac fungi are members of the

A)Ascomycetes.
B)Basidiomycetes.
C)Glomeromycetes.
D)Chytrids..
E)Zygomycetes.

Question 34

The club fungi are members of which of the following?

A)Ascomycetes
B)Basidiomycetes
C)Glomeromycetes
D)Chytrids
E)Zygomycetes

Question 35

The major difference between a mature zygospore and a spore produced in a sporangium is that the mature zygospore

A)produces gametes.
B)produces a diploid mycelium.
C)is diploid.
D)is produced asexually.
E)undergoes mitosis.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT associated with a mushroom?

A)gill
B)dikaryotic hyphae
C)nuclear fusion
D)meiosis
E)single-nuclei hyphae

Question 37

The only group of fungi to have a flagellated stage are the

A)Chytrids.
B)Ascomycetes.
C)Basidiomycetes.
D)Glomeromycetes
E)Zygomycetes.

Question 38

The life cycle of a zygomycete differs markedly from that of animals because in this fungus

A)a sexual stage is absent.
B)mitosis occurs in the haploid growth stage.
C)there is no fusion of nuclei.
D)meiosis occurs to produce the haploid growth stage.
E)a diploid stage is absent.

Question 39

Baking bread and making wine are dependent on fungi belonging to the

A)Ascomycetes.
B)Zygomycetes.
C)Basidiomycetes.
D)Chytrids.
E)Glomeromycetes.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a member of the Ascomycetes? a yeast
B)black bread mold
C)truffle
D)Aspergillus
E)Neurospora

Question 41

Which factor is the most important algal contribution to the fungal component of a lichen?

A)improved water conservation
B)mechanical protection
C)photosynthetically derived food
D)conversion of nitrogen gas to nitrates
E)pigment for camouflage

Question 42

The structure that people typically refer to as a "mushroom" is in reality the

A)basidiocarp.
B)mycelium.
C)ascocarp.
D)hyphal mass.
E)zygospore.

Question 43

Mycorrhizae are

A)the small roots in the root systems of trees.
B)endosymbiotic bacteria associated with plant roots.
C)fungus and root mutualistic associations.
D)parasitic fungal infections of tree roots.
E)endosymbiotic fungal cells associated with leaves.

Question 44

Lichens are particularly intolerant of __________ despite their tolerance for harsh environments.

A)drought
B)cold
C)bright sunlight
D)airborne pollutants
E)shade

Question 45

Histoplasmosis

A)is a respiratory disease.
B)is common in the Midwestern and Southcentral United States.
C)is transmitted through inhaled spores.
D)may be fatal in immune-suppressed individuals.
E)is described by all of these.

Question 46

Mycorrhizae

A)increase plant growth.
B)are symbionts.
C)concentrate nutrients they then share with plants.
D)increase the surface area for absorption.
E)are described by all of these.

Question 47

A dikaryotic cell

A)is a spore.
B)results from nuclear fusion.
C)contains nuclei of two different mating types.
D)becomes a zygote.
E)becomes a gamete.

Question 48

Endophytic fungi a are parasitic fungi that live inside the leaves and stems of most plants.
B)are symbionts that live inside the leaves and stems of most plants.
C)are parasitic fungi that live inside the cells of most animals.
D)are fungi that live inside the cells of other fungi.
E)cause disease in important grasses such as fescue.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT harmful to humans?

A)Candida
B)Histoplasma
C)Neurospora
D)Claviceps
E)Coccidioides

Question 50

Lichens are symbiotic relationships established between

A)a club fungus and a green alga.
B)a club fungus and a cyanobacterium.
C)sac fungi and green algae.
D)sac fungi and cyanobacteria.
E)any of these.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT true of the organism depicted in the figure below?

A)It represents a symbiotic relationship.
B)It contains two symbionts.
C)It is found in association with tree roots.
D)It can live in harsh climates.
E)It can break down the bedrock it colonizes.

Question 52

In club fungi, each club-shaped cell initially

A)is a spore.
B)is a zygote.
C)contains a single nucleus.
D)is dikaryotic.
E)undergoes mitosis to produce spores.