Deck 21: Viruses and Prokaryotes

Question 1

The name "virus" is appropriate because it is derived from Latin meaning

A)small.
B)powerful.
C)poison.
D)dangerous.
E)disease.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?

A)Contains DNA or RNA genetic material.
B)Contains cytoplasm and ribosomes.
C)Has a protein coat.
D)Can only replicate inside a living host cell.
E)Is very small.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following statements about viral origins and evolution is NOT true?

A)Viruses may be descendants of parasitic cells.
B)Viruses may be genetic elements that escaped from cells.
C)Viruses may represent a separate evolutionary branch.
D)Most viral proteins are unlike any found in cellular organisms.
E)Viral genes have no counterparts in cellular organisms.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Drugs designed to fight HIV work by

A)preventing binding of HIV to host cell.
B)slowing reverse transcription.
C)preventing integration of viral DNA.
D)preventing viral protein production.
E)all of these.

Question 5

RNA viruses can use their RNA to produce DNA because they carry __________ enzymes.

A)reverse transcriptase
B)restriction
C)endonuclease
D)polymerase
E)ligase

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT true of type I Herpes simplex?

A)It is a DNA virus.
B)It has a latent phase in its replication cycle.
C)It remains in nerve cells for a time.
D)Sunburn or other stress can activate it.
E)Once activated it causes a form of skin cancer.

Question 7

Retroviruses are characterized by

A)an RNA core.
B)integrating DNA into the host's chromosome.
C)the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
D)having one strain that causes AIDS.
E)all of these.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT caused by one of the herpes viruses? a cold sores
B)West Nile encephalitis
C)chicken pox
D)genital herpes
E)mononucleosis

Question 9

An adenovirus

A)is a naked virus.
B)does not have a lipid envelope.
C)has a spiked protein coat.
D)infects animals.
E)all of these.

Question 10

Latency is associated with which of the following?

A)adenoviruses
B)lysogenic pathways
C)lytic pathways
D)DNA viruses
E)RNA viruses

Question 11

The geographic area on the continent of Africa that is hardest hit by AIDS is

A)northern Niger.
B)southwest Ireland.
C)sub-Saharan.
D)costal South Africa.
E)none of these.

Question 12

Which of the following is (are) NOT involved in the reproduction of all viruses?

A)attachment and penetration
B)replication and synthesis
C)assembly
D)latency
E)release

Question 13

AIDS is short for

A)Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
B)Accelerated Immune Death Syndrome.
C)Accentuated Induced Deficiency Syndrome.
D)Advantageous Immunity Deficiency Syndrome.
E)none of these.

Question 14

Viral infections are difficult to treat because

A)there are no drugs to treat virus infections.
B)medicines can't reach viruses inside cells.
C)vaccines are ineffective against viruses.
D)we do not yet understand how viruses work.
E)all of these are true.

Question 15

HIV infected mothers can transmit the virus by

A)breast milk.
B)during natural birth.
C)with a C-section.
D)by kissing the baby on the cheek.
E)both A and B.

Question 16

Herpes and other enveloped viruses enter their host cells

A)through pores.
B)by dissolving the host plasma membrane.
C)by fusion of the viral membrane with the cell's plasma membrane.
D)by activating transport proteins in the host cell's plasma membrane.
E)any of these.

Question 17

Which of the following is false?

A)The outer coats of all viruses are alike.
B)The virus contains either DNA or RNA at its core, but not both.
C)Viruses infect organisms in all three domains of life.
D)Most viruses have a protein coat or covering.
E)Some viruses benefit us indirectly.

Question 18

Sequencing of HIV-1 revealed that it is most closely related to which of the following?

A)simian immunodeficiency virus
B)feline leukemia
C)bovine immunodeficiency virus
D)hepatitis B
E)all of these

Question 19

Which disease is caused by an enveloped virus?

A)hepatitis
B)AIDS
C)polio
D)common colds
E)warts

Question 20

Once inside the human body, HIV primarily infects

A)liver tissue.
B)kidney tissue.
C)red blood cells.
D)white blood cells.
E)all of these.

Question 21

Prions cause damage to the brain called

A)Alzheimer's.
B)neuronal desensitization.
C)spongiform encephalopathy.
D)feral neuron disjunction.
E)none of these.

Question 22

The first viroid was found in plants and was a

A)circular DNA surrounded by protein.
B)circular RNA surrounded by protein.
C)circular DNA with no protein coat.
D)circular RNA with no protein coat.
E)none of the above.

Question 23

Who proposed the theory that prions infected humans following an outbreak of BSE in cattle?

A)Stanley Prusiner
B)Adolph Hisler
C)Andrew Webber
D)Louis Pasteur
E)Robert Koch

Question 24

Which of the following lack a nucleus and are structurally simple?

A)eukaryotes
B)prokaryotes
C)fungi
D)algae
E)all of these

Question 25

Which current method allows for classification of both cultivable and non-cultivable prokaryotes?

A)isolation and observation
B)protein analysis
C)lipid analysis
D)DNA sequencing
E)none of these

Question 26

Which of the following prokaryotic nutritional groups use CO₂ and inorganic substances to produce energy?

A)photoautotrophs
B)chemoautotrophs
C)photoheterotrophs
D)chemoheterotrophs
E)none of these

Question 27

All of the following are prion diseases EXCEPT

A)BSE.
B)Kuru.
C)Mad Cow Disease.
D)variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease.
E)all of these are prion diseases.

Question 28

Which of the following prokaryotic nutritional groups use CO₂ and sunlight to produce energy?

A)photoautotrophs
B)chemoautotrophs
C)photoheterotrophs
D)chemoheterotrophs
E)all of these

Question 29

How did prions get from sheep to cattle?

A)Cattle were fed sheep parts as nutrient supplements.
B)From humans infected with BSE.
C)From humans infected with vCJD.
D)From keeping sheep and cows in the same herd.
E)Through a virus.

Question 30

Which of the following prokaryotic nutritional groups use organic substances for carbon and photons for energy?

A)photoautotrophs
B)chemoautotrophs
C)photoheterotrophs
D)chemoheterotrophs
E)none of these

Question 31

Theodore Diner was able to determine that viroids are composed of RNA by using which of the following techniques?

A)cDNA library creation
B)nucleotide sequencing
C)chemical analysis
D)treatment with enzymes that destroy RNA
E)all of the above

Question 32

Traditionally, an unknown bacterium is classified based on all the following EXCEPT

A)observable characteristics.
B)shape.
C)cell wall structure.
D)metabolism.
E)sexual partners.

Question 33

Theodore Diner was researching which of the following plant diseases when he discovered the first viroid?

A)potato spindle tuber disease
B)tulip variegation
C)tomato root rot
D)chestnut blight
E)all of the above

Question 34

Most prokaryotes

A)are rare in nature.
B)are easily cultured in the laboratory.
C)can't be cultured.
D)are large enough to see with the naked eye.
E)are none of these.

Question 35

Prions differ from viroids in that they are

A)made up of DNA.
B)circular RNA surrounded with protein.
C)linear DNA surrounded with lipid.
D)circular RNA with no protein coat.
E)single proteins.

Question 36

There are an estimated __________ number of bacteria alive today.

A)5 x 10³⁰
B)5 billion
C)50 million
D)5 trillion
E)none of these

Question 37

Only one viroid has been found to affect humans, and it attacks which of the following tissues?

A)liver tissue
B)kidney tissue
C)red blood cells
D)white blood cells
E)all of these

Question 38

Prions cause damage to the brain by

A)causing normal proteins to change shape.
B)enzymatically destroying brain cells.
C)cleaving all the oxygen from that area of the brain.
D)binding to bacteria in the brain and stimulating them to kill tissue.
E)none of these.

Question 39

Of all organisms, prokaryotes are

A)the smallest.
B)the most abundant.
C)the most metabolically diverse.
D)the most widespread.
E)all of these.

Question 40

Which of the following prokaryotic nutritional groups use organic substances for both carbon and energy?

A)photoautotrophs
B)chemoautotrophs
C)photoheterotrophs
D)chemoheterotrophs
E)none of these

Question 41

Gram staining divides bacteria into __________ groups based on differences in the composition of their __________.

A)two; DNA
B)four; capsules
C)two; cell walls
D)four; cell walls
E)two; plasma membranes

Question 42

Endospores can resist

A)boiling water.
B)acids.
C)irradiation.
D)disinfectants.
E)all of these.

Question 43

Gram-positive bacteria have __________ and appear __________ under the microscope.

A)thick walls; pink
B)thick walls; purple
C)thin walls; pink
D)thin walls; purple
E)none of these

Question 44

Plasmids

A)are self-replicating circular molecules of DNA.
B)may be transferred between prokaryotic cells of different species.
C)may pick up genes from other prokaryotes.
D)contains genes separate from the bacterial chromosome.
E)fit all of these descriptions.

Question 45

Peptidoglycan is a compound in

A)bacterial flagella.
B)bacterial cell walls.
C)archaean cell walls.
D)archaean flagella.
E)all of these.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true of the proteobacteria?

A)They are the largest group of bacteria.
B)Some are photoautotrophs.
C)Some are chemoautotrophs.
D)Some are chemoheterotrophs.
E)All of these are true.

Question 47

Prokaryotes are the ancestors of

A)protists.
B)fungi.
C)plants.
D)animals.
E)all of these.

Question 48

In what way does prokaryotic fission resemble eukaryotic mitosis?

A)mechanism of chromosome movement
B)genetically equivalent daughter cells are produced
C)chromosome attachment
D)production of a cytoskeletal framework for separating chromosomes
E)all of these

Question 49

Which of the following is an intracellular parasite that causes sexually transmitted disease?

A)Chlamydia
B)Cyanobacteria
C)Clostridium
D)Chondromyces
E)all of these

Question 50

Which of the following is a correct description of a prokaryote shape?

A)A coccus is corkscrew shaped.
B)An archaean is arch shaped.
C)A bacillus is rod shaped.
D)A spirillum is spherical.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT true about cyanobacteria?

A)Cyanobacteria have the same light-capturing chlorophylls as plants.
B)Chloroplasts evolved from ancient cyanobacteria.
C)Cyanobacteria can fix carbon.
D)Cyanobacteria can fix nitrogen.
E)Cyanobacteria put nearly all of the nitrogen into Earth's atmosphere.

Question 52

Which of the following does NOT characterize most prokaryotes?

A)no nucleus
B)a single circular chromosome
C)cell wall
D)complex internal membranes
E)great metabolic diversity

Question 53

A dangerous form of food poisoning is caused by

A)Clostridium botulinum.
B)Clostridium tetani.
C)Bacillus anthracis.
D)Heliobacter pylori.
E)Thermus aquaticus.

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT true concerning the spirochetes?

A)Some live inside a host organism.
B)Some form endospores that germinate in wounds.
C)All are free-living.
D)Some are pathogens carried by vectors.
E)Some cause Lyme disease.

Question 55

Pili may do all of the following EXCEPT

A)help cells attach to surfaces.
B)function in reproduction.
C)extend from the cell surface.
D)be transferred between cells.
E)function in cell locomotion.

Question 56

The process by which bacterial cells transfer DNA is

A)horizontal gene transfer.
B)conjugation.
C)transduction.
D)transformation.
E)all of these.

Question 57

All of the following are located on the exterior surface of a prokaryote EXCEPT

A)flagellum
B)pilus
C)plasma membrane
D)capsule
E)none of these

Question 58

All of the following are true of Gram-positive bacteria EXCEPT

A)Some species are used to make popular foods.
B)Some species lower the pH of skin and vaginal linings.
C)Some species form endospores.
D)Some species cause anthrax, tetanus, and botulism.
E)Some species are used as vectors in genetic engineering.

Question 59

Which of the following distinguishes bacterial flagella from those of eukaryotes?

A)number per cell and structure
B)structure and mechanism of movement
C)function and mechanism of movement
D)number per cell and mechanism of movement
E)number per cell and function

Question 60

Most species of Gram-positive bacteria are

A)photoautotrophic.
B)photoheterotrophic.
C)chemoautotrophic.
D)chemoheterotrophic.
E)photochemoautotrophic.

Question 61

The extreme thermophilic archaean Nanoarchaeum

A)lives near hydrothermal vents.
B)can live in temperatures above 230°F.
C)is among the smallest known cells.
D)is a parasite.
E)is all of these.

Question 62

In which of the following ways are archaeans similar to eukaryotic cells?

A)size
B)shape
C)histones
D)DNA polymerases
E)presence of operons

Question 63

Archaeans are similar to bacteria in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A)size.
B)shape.
C)membrane phospholipids.
D)absence of a nucleus.
E)presence of operons.

Question 64

The methanogenic archaeans are __________.

A)aerobes
B)facultative aerobes
C)strict aerobes
D)facultative anaerobes
E)strict anaerobes

Question 65

Bacteriorhodopsin is a light-sensitive pigment found in _________ archaeans and used to supply energy for __________.production.

A)halophilic; ATP
B)thermophilic; carbohydrate
C)methanogenic; methane
D)halophilic; carbohydrate
E)thermophilic; ATP

Question 66

The methanogenic archaeans are __________ that pull electrons from __________.

A)chemoautotrophs; oxygen
B)chemoheterotrophs; carbon dioxide
C)chemoautotrophs; water
D)chemoheterotrophs; methane
E)chemoautotrophs; hydrogen gas