Deck 16: Recombinant Dna and Genetic Engineering

Question 1

Ingo Potrykus and Peter Beyer introduced genes for the production of beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, into rice.They used rice because rice

A)is the main food for people in impoverished countries.
B)plants were readily available to them.
C)plants can produce some vitamin A on their own.
D)is otherwise a complete nutrient source.
E)is all of these.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Recombinant DNA is any DNA that

A)has been cut by restriction enzymes.
B)is at least four to eight base pairs in length.
C)has had its gene sequence rearranged.
D)consists of base pairs from two or more organisms
E)is none of these.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

cDNA

A)does not contain introns.
B)is produced from mRNA.
C)production utilizes reverse transcriptase.
D)begins as a hybrid molecule with an mRNA.
E)fits all of these descriptions.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of the following enzymes join the paired sticky ends of DNA fragments?

A)reverse transcriptases
B)restriction enzymes
C)DNA ligases
D)DNA polymerases
E)polynucleotide kinases

Question 5

Golden rice was genetically engineered to

A)produce vitamin B12.
B)produce vitamin A.
C)bind minute gold molecules.
D)grow twice as fast as normal rice.
E)do all of these.

Question 6

All of the following can be true of cloning vectors EXCEPT that they

A)are plasmids that slip into a host cell.
B)are plasmids that accept foreign DNA.
C)can be engineered to contain multiple cloning sites.
D)are portions of the main bacterial chromosome.
E)can be viruses.

Question 7

Restriction enzymes

A)work at specific base sequences
B)function only at "sticky ends."
C)produce uniform lengths of DNA.
D)function in viruses.
E)are produced by viruses to break down bacterial DNA.

Question 8

According to the World Health Organization, approximately how many children around the world show a vitamin A deficiency?

A)14 million
B)24 million
C)140 million
D)524 million
E)724 million

Question 9

Small circular molecules of "extra" DNA in bacteria

A)are plasmids.
B)are DNA fragments from their main chromosome.
C)result from the activity of restriction enzymes.
D)are eventually degraded.
E)are none of these.

Question 10

Restriction enzymes cut double-stranded DNA

A)between genes.
B)at specific base sequences
C)between bacterial and viral DNAs.
D)between purines and pyrimidines.
E)between promoter and operator DNA sequences.

Question 11

Restriction enzymes

A)produce staggered cuts in DNA that are often useful in splicing genes.
B)are very specific in their action.
C)are natural defense mechanisms in bacteria that destroy foreign DNA introduced by viruses.
D)are used along with ligases and plasmids to produce DNA libraries.
E)are all of these.

Question 12

In order for DNA molecules to undergo recombination,

A)they must be from the same species.
B)their strands must separate as in replication.
C)they must be cut and spliced at specific nucleotide sequences.
D)one of the two DNA strands must be degraded.
E)they must first be transcribed.

Question 13

Bacteria use restriction enzymes to

A)integrate viral DNA.
B)destroy viral DNA.
C)prevent mutation of their DNA.
D)copy their genes.
E)inhibit the expression of some of their genes.

Question 14

Ingo Potrykus and Peter Beyer's production of a new variety of rice is not unlike the artificial selection practices of previous agrarian societies that produced new

A)plants.
B)breeds of cattle.
C)breeds of cats.
D)breeds of birds.
E)all of these.

Question 15

All of the following are true concerning plasmids EXCEPT that they

A)are self-reproducing circular molecules of DNA.
B)are sites for inserting genes for amplification.
C)may be transferred between different species of bacteria.
D)may confer the ability to donate genetic material when bacteria conjugate.
E)are usually essential in bacteria.

Question 16

Among the effects of vitamin A deficiency are

A)dry skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.
B)increased vulnerability to infections of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.
C)impaired growth and development.
D)mental impairment.
E)all of these.

Question 17

Even though nature has been carrying out genetic experiments for 3.8 billion years, what may be the unsettling aspect of biologists' foray into this endeavor is

A)that humans are now "playing god."
B)uncertainty about our ability to evaluate the impact
C)that scientists really do not know what they are doing in this area.
D)the number of dangerous plants and animals that have been produced.
E)the new diseases that could be created.

Question 18

The fragments of chromosomes split by restriction enzymes

A)have fused ends.
B)have specific sequences of nucleotides and often have sticky ends.
C)each have the same number of nucleotides as the original chromosome.
D)form a circle.
E)have modified DNA nucleotides.

Question 19

Enzymes used to cut genes in recombinant DNA research are

A)ligases.
B)restriction enzymes.
C)transcriptases.
D)DNA polymerases.
E)replicases.

Question 20

RNA can be used as a template for the production of DNA through the action of

A)DNA polymerase.
B)RNA polymerase.
C)reverse transcriptase.
D)ligase.
E)restriction endonuclease.

Question 21

In automated DNA sequencing, eventually there will be millions of DNA fragments all tagged at

A)one end.
B)both ends.
C)every nucleotide.
D)the most numerous nucleotide.
E)the least numerous nucleotide.

Question 22

Thermus aquaticus was important in the development of PCR in that it provided the necessary

A)DNA polymerase. b reverse transcriptase.
C)primers.
D)DNA template.
E)DNA ligase.

Question 23

Cloned fragments of all of the DNA in a haploid number of chromosomes characterizing a species is a

A)cDNA library.
B)transcribed DNA library.
C)genomic library.
D)gene library.
E)plasmid library.

Question 24

Sequencing of the human genome was officially completed in 2003 with about __________ percent of the coding regions deciphered with a high degree of accuracy.

A)89
B)93
C)95
D)97
E)99

Question 25

In human gene therapy, genes are transferred by

A)viral vectors or lipid clusters
B)bacterial cells.
C)bacterial plasmids.
D)hypodermic injection.
E)tissue transplantation.

Question 26

Which of the following is (are) true concerning the use of DNA fingerprinting?

A)It can be used on very small samples of hair or blood.
B)The procedure has been firmly established as accurate and unambiguous.
C)PCR can be used to amplify tandem repeat regions of DNA.
D)It has been used to convict the guilty and exonerate the innocent.
E)All of these are true.

Question 27

In this step in the identification of the colony that contains a targeted gene,

A)bacterial cells are cloned. b bacterial colonies are transferred.
C)bacterial cells are ruptured.
D)DNA is lysed.
E)cells with the targeted gene are identified.

Question 28

The process illustrated in the figure is a step in

A)the production of recombinant DNA.
B)probing for transferred genes.
C)DNA fingerprinting.
D)sequencing DNA.
E)producing radioactive probes.

Question 29

Probes for cloned genes use

A)complementary nucleotide sequences labeled with a tracer
B)specific antibodies that kill all the cells except those that have incorporated the genes.
C)specific enzymes that lyse all the cells except those that have incorporated the genes.
D)certain bacteria that glow when they take up the genes.
E)all of these.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT involved in probing for a gene using nucleic acid hybridization and a radioactive probe?

A)cloning of individual cells
B)a hybridized probe
C)rupturing cells
D)denaturing DNA
E)antibiotics that kill the cells that have not incorporated the gene

Question 31

Nucleic acid hybridization is the pairing between

A)cDNA and DNA.
B)mRNA and cDNA.
C)mRNA and DNA.
D)mRNA and tRNA.
E)DNA or RNA from more than one source.

Question 32

Which area of biology is concerned with studying gene maps, looking for similarities and differences that point to evolutionary connections?

A)structural genomics
B)Darwinian genomics
C)phylogenetic genomics
D)comparative genomics
E)classical genomics

Question 33

The primers in PCR are

A)fragments of mRNA. b designed to base pair with mRNA.
C)free nucleotides.
D)radioactive.
E)none of these.

Question 34

Because it has no introns, researchers prefer to use __________ when working with eukaryotic genes.

A)cDNA
B)single-stranded DNA
C)hybridized DNA
D)bacterial DNA
E)viral DNA

Question 35

"Genetic fingerprinting" is based on unique

A)nucleotide base pairing
B)types of nucleotides
C)differences in tandem repeats.
D)ratios of purines to pyrimidines
E)bonding patterns between nucleotides

Question 36

Gel electrophoresis separates the DNA fragments according to

A)their length.
B)their mass.
C)their speed of travel through the gel.
D)the number of nucleotides in the fragment.
E)all of these.

Question 37

For polymerase chain reaction to occur, a primers must hydrogen-bond to the template DNA
B)all DNA fragments must be identical. c the DNA must remain double stranded.
D)a sticky end must be available for the ligase enzyme to function.
E)all of these must occur.

Question 38

A collection of host cells that houses different cloned fragments of DNA is a

A)cDNA library.
B)transcribed DNA library.
C)genomic library.
D)DNA library.
E)plasmid library.

Question 39

Which individual associated with the beginning of the Human Genome Project was concerned with its ethical and social implications?

A)Walter Gilbert
B)James Watson
C)Francis Crick
D)Francis Collins
E)Craig Venter

Question 40

Although all human beings have unique sets of DNA sequences, about __________ percent of human DNA is the same for all humans.

A)50
B)60
C)75
D)90
E)99

Question 41

Genetic engineering has produced which of the following animals?

A)goats with heart-healthy milk
B)low-fat pigs
C)extra hefty sheep
D)cows resistant to mad cow disease
E)all of these

Question 42

Xenotransplantation refers to

A)the substitution of one organ for another.
B)the transfer of an organ from one individual to another individual of the same species.
C)transplantation of an organ from an individual of one species to an individual of another species.
D)transplantation of an organ to augment the function of an otherwise healthy organ.
E)none of these.

Question 43

Biotech barnyard animals produce which of the following human products?

A)a protein that treats cystic fibrosis
B)a protein that counters the effects of a heart attack
C)interleukin-2 that triggers divisions of certain human immune cells
D)a protein that treats blood-clotting disorders
E)all of these

Question 44

The first transgenic animals were created in

A)1952.
B)1962.
C)1972.
D)1982.
E)1992.

Question 45

Which of the following have been produced through genetic engineering?

A)insect resistant corn
B)drought tolerant banana trees
C)aspen trees that produce less lignin for better paper making
D)glyphosate resistant soy
E)all of these

Question 46

One of the first successful applications of genetic engineering was the commercial production of

A)clotting factor.
B)insulin.
C)hemoglobin.
D)collagen.
E)human growth factor.

Question 47

The most common GMOs are

A)protists and plants
B)fungi
C)animals
D)bacteria and fungi
E)plants

Question 48

DNA chips are used

A)to sequence DNA.
B)in DNA fingerprinting.
C)to determine which genes are silent or are being expressed.
D)in PCR.
E)for all of these.

Question 49

The term "biotech barnyards" commonly refers to

A)the production of human products by farm animals.
B)the development of new species of farm animals.
C)the increase of milk, egg, and wool production.
D)ultramodern methods of rearing more animals on less feed.
E)creation of transgenic animals that can produce more of their natural products.

Question 50

Cross-breeding produced featherless chickens for which of the following purposes?

A)to make it easier to process after slaughter
B)to prevent a feather infecting disease
C)to be more resistant to high temperatures in the desert
D)to improve breeding efficiency
E)to do all of these

Question 51

The animals most likely to be used for xenotransplantation of organs into humans are

A)goats.
B)sheep.
C)cattle.
D)pigs.
E)dogs.

Question 52

Tinkering with the genetics of animals

A)does not raise ethical questions.
B)violates the laws of nature.
C)can be viewed as an extension of thousands of years of acceptable barnyard practices.
D)will inevitably result in the elimination of natural species.
E)is not considered an acceptable scientific endeavor.

Question 53

Which statement is true concerning human genetic disorders?

A)There are more than 15,000 of them.
B)Many are rare.
C)They contribute to many age-related disorders.
D)They cause 20 to 30 percent of all infant deaths per year.
E)All of these are true.

Question 54

When the gene for rat growth hormone was injected into mouse eggs,

A)they were subsequently implanted unsuccessfully into female mice.
B)a third of the offspring of the surrogate mothers grew much lager than their littermates.
C)the rat gene integrated into the mouse DNA, but did not express itself.
D)the rat gene failed to integrate into the mouse DNA.
E)all of the offspring of the surrogate mothers grew much larger than their littermates.

Question 55

Human insulin is produced in transgenic

A)bacteria.
B)viruses.
C)fungi.
D)plants.
E)animals.

Question 56

The value of inserting human genes suspected of causing Alzheimer disease into mice is to

A)make mice act more human.
B)make antibodies, which can be injected into suffering patients.
C)develop mice that can serve as models for study of this condition.
D)use the mice for production of a vaccine for the disease.
E)accomplish all of these.

Question 57

Gene therapy

A)has not yet been used successfully with mammals.
B)is a surgical technique that replaces defective genes with normal genes.
C)has been used successfully to treat victims of autosomal dominant disorders by replacing the dominant allele with a recessive allele.
D)is a genetic engineering technique that replaces defective alleles with normal ones.
E)is none of these.

Question 58

Researchers can deliver genes into plants by using

A)the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
B)microscopic particles coated with DNA.
C)electric shocks.
D)chemicals.
E)all of these.

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true?

A)There is no danger involved in recombinant DNA research in humans.
B)There is no danger involved in recombinant DNA research in bacteria.
C)There is no danger in releasing recombinant organisms into the environment.
D)Stringent safety rules make the use of recombinant DNA research possible.
E)It is safe to conduct recombinant DNA research in plants.