Deck 2: Theoretical Foundations of Crime Analysis

Question 1

Which technique of situational crime prevention seeks to make it more difficult for the offender to commit the crime?

A)Increase perceived risk
B)Increase perceived effort
C)Reduce anticipated rewards
D)Reduce provocations
E)Remove excuses

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which theory asserts that criminal events are most likely to occur in areas where the activity space of potential offenders overlaps with the activity space of potential victims/targets?

A)Rational Choice Theory
B)Crime Pattern Theory
C)Routine Activities Theory
D)Routine Pattern Theory

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A mother drops her 16-year old son at the mall for the afternoon.The boy meets his friends and shoplifts several CDs.A store security is a:

A)Handler
B)Place manager
C)Guardian
D)None of the above

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which theory asserts that offenders make choices about committing crimes based on anticipated risks and rewards?

A)Rational Choice Theory
B)Crime Pattern Theory
C)Routine Activities Theory
D)Routine Pattern Theory

Question 5

A mother drops her 16-year old son at the mall for the afternoon.The boy meets his friends and shoplifts several CDs.The owner of the music store is a:

A)Handler
B)Place manager
C)Guardian
D)None of the above

Question 6

A woman telling a rapist she has AIDS would be an example of which situational crime prevention technique?

A)Increase perceived risk
B)Increase perceived effort
C)Reduce anticipated rewards
D)Reduce provocations
E)Remove excuses

Question 7

A mother drops her 16-year old son at the mall for the afternoon.The boy meets his friends and shoplifts several CDs.His friends are:

A)Handlers
B)Place managers
C)Guardians
D)None of the above

Question 8

Which technique of situational crime prevention seeks to change social practices as a way of encouraging compliance with the law?

A)Increase perceived risk
B)Increase perceived effort
C)Reduce anticipated rewards
D)Reduce provocations
E)Remove excuses

Question 9

Which theory focuses on how opportunities for crime change based on changes in behavior on a societal level?

A)Rational Choice Theory
B)Crime Pattern Theory
C)Routine Activities Theory
D)Routine Pattern Theory

Question 10

Environmental criminology

A)Attempts to explain root causes of crime and why people become criminals
B)Focuses on opportunities that exist for crime and the environments in which criminal events occur
C)Seeks to explain why a specific offender commits a specific crime
D)None of the above

Question 11

Which technique of situational crime prevention seeks to reduce the value of the crime itself to the offender?

A)Increase perceived risk
B)Increase perceived effort
C)Reduce anticipated rewards
D)Reduce provocations
E)Remove excuses

Question 12

Which theory would help explain why large retail stores and movie theaters are more likely to have crime than individual residences?

A)Rational Choice Theory
B)Crime Pattern Theory
C)Routine Activities Theory
D)Routine Pattern Theory

Question 13

A mother drops her 16-year old son at the mall for the afternoon.The boy meets his friends and shoplifts several CDs.His mother is a:

A)Handler
B)Place manager
C)Guardian
D)None of the above

Question 14

Which technique of situational crime prevention seeks to change social and environmental conditions in ways that will diminish stress, conflict, and temptation to offend?

A)Increase perceived risk
B)Increase perceived effort
C)Reduce anticipated rewards
D)Reduce provocations
E)Remove excuses

Question 15

Building a fence around a construction site would be an example of which situational crime prevention technique?

A)Increase perceived risk
B)Increase perceived effort
C)Reduce anticipated rewards
D)Reduce provocations
E)Remove excuses

Question 16

Which theory would explain how the Internet has created opportunities for new or formerly rare crimes?

A)Rational Choice Theory
B)Crime Pattern Theory
C)Routine Activities Theory
D)Routine Pattern Theory

Question 17

Stop selling alcohol in the 7^th inning of a baseball game would be an example of which situational crime prevention technique?

A)Increase perceived risk
B)Increase perceived effort
C)Reduce anticipated rewards
D)Reduce provocations
E)Remove excuses

Question 18

Which technique of situational crime prevention seeks to make the offender "think twice" because he or she perceives a possibility of getting caught?

A)Increase perceived risk
B)Increase perceived effort
C)Reduce anticipated rewards
D)Reduce provocations
E)Remove excuses

Question 19

Installing a CCTV camera to record activity around a school playground would be an example of which situational crime prevention technique?

A)Increase perceived risk
B)Increase perceived effort
C)Reduce anticipated rewards
D)Reduce provocations
E)Remove excuses

Question 20

Which theory would explain how a person who would normally not steal may decide to steal mulch from Home Depot when the clerk miscounted the number of bags at checkout?

A)Rational Choice Theory
B)Crime Pattern Theory
C)Routine Activities Theory
D)Routine Pattern Theory

Question 21

Fast-food restaurants with unusually high amount of crime activity are an example of a:

A)A repeat place
B)A hot product
C)A hot spot
D)A hot target

Question 22

Which type of repeat victimization occurs when commercial burglaries occur at stores in the same outdoor shopping plaza?

A)Near victims
B)Virtual repeats
C)True victims
D)Chronic victims

Question 23

When police routinely patrol a particular area in the evenings for prostitution and the prostitutes move their business to after midnight, this is an example of:

A)Spatial displacement
B)Temporal displacement
C)Target displacement
D)Tactical displacement

Question 24

Which type of repeat victimization occurs when the same person has three different vehicles stolen?

A)Near victims
B)Virtual repeats
C)True victims
D)Chronic victims

Question 25

Types of places that are frequently victimized that are not necessarily in the same area are called:

A)Repeat place
B)Hot products
C)Hot spots
D)Hot targets

Question 26

Which type of repeat victimization occurs when robberies occur at several locations of the same convenience store e.g., 7-Eleven)?

A)Near victims
B)Virtual repeats
C)True victims
D)Chronic victims

Question 27

Copper wire or aluminum is an example of:

A)Repeat property
B)A hot product
C)A hot spot
D)A hot target

Question 28

Having trespass signs on a vacant lot would be an example of which situational crime prevention technique?

A)Increase perceived risk
B)Increase perceived effort
C)Reduce anticipated rewards
D)Reduce provocations
E)Remove excuses

Question 29

Which type of repeat victimization occurs when the exact same individuals and/or places that were victimized again?

A)Near victims
B)Virtual repeats
C)True victims
D)Chronic victims

Question 30

A major finding of the research on repeat victimization is

A)People that have been victimized in the past have a higher likelihood of being victimized again than do people and places that have never been victimized
B)Places that have been victimized in the past have a higher likelihood of being victimized again than do people and places that have never been victimized
C)Most crimes have some form of repeat victimization
D)All of the above

Question 31

Specific locations or small areas that suffer large amounts of crime are called:

A)Repeat locations
B)Hot products
C)Hot spots
D)Hot targets

Question 32

Individuals who commit a disproportionate amount of crime are called:

A)Repeat offenders
B)Repeat victims
C)Known offenders
D)Suspects

Question 33

Which type of repeat victimization occurs when victims or targets that are virtually identical to the original victim and share characteristics?

A)Near victims
B)Virtual repeats
C)True victims
D)Chronic victims

Question 34

When police address drug activity in one area, the activity moves to another area of the city is an example of:

A)Spatial displacement
B)Temporal displacement
C)Target displacement
D)Tactical displacement

Question 35

Displacement of crime

A)Occurs regardless of the response implemented
B)When crime or other types of activity shift to other forms, times, and locales instead of being eliminated
C)Is often underestimated
D)When targeted problems are successfully eliminated, other problems are also often eliminated

Question 36

The 80/20 Rule is

A)The notion that a large amount of outcomes is related to only a small amount of relative causes
B)The notion that a large amount of causes is related to only a small amount of relative outcomes
C)That 20 people are responsible for 80 crimes
D)Only applicable to arrests and crime locations

Question 37

Teenagers who are truant in school and consistently commit crime and disorder in neighborhoods around school are an example of:

A)Repeat offenders
B)Repeat victims
C)Known offenders
D)Suspects

Question 38

Types of property that are repeatedly victimized are called:

A)Repeat property
B)Hot products
C)Hot spots
D)Hot targets

Question 39

Which type of repeat victimization occurs when victims or targets that are physically close to the original victim and share characteristics with the original victim?

A)Near victims
B)Virtual repeats
C)True victims
D)Chronic victims

Question 40

A two block area of a residential neighborhood that suffers and unusual amount of crime relative to the areas around it is an example of:

A)Repeat locations
B)Hot products
C)Hot spot
D)Hot targets

Question 41

Routine activities theory focuses on how opportunities for crime change based on changes in behavior on a societal level.

Question 42

Displacement of crime does not occur.

Question 43

Rational choice theory states that offenders do not make choices about committing crimes and must act once they decide to do so.

Question 44

Three theoretical perspectives help crime analysts understand and anticipate patterns of behavior that create opportunities for crime: rational choice theory, crime pattern theory, and routine activities theory.

Question 45

The 80/20 rule comes from the observation that exactly 80% of some kinds of outcomes are the result of only 20% of the related causes.

Question 46

Research has previously overlooked the fact that the successful elimination of targeted problems may also reduce other problems.

Question 47

Shifting from burglarizing unlocked cars to breaking the windows to burglarize locked cars is and example of:

A)Spatial displacement
B)Temporal displacement
C)Target displacement
D)Tactical displacement

Question 48

Construction site burglary decreases but burglary of fully constructed vacant homes increases, is an example of:

A)Spatial displacement
B)Temporal displacement
C)Target displacement
D)Tactical displacement

Question 49

Criminological theories that deal with explanations of why people offend are most relevant to crime analysis.

Question 50

The problem analysis triangle illustrates the relationships among the offender's criminal history, the vulnerability of the target/victim, the time and place of the crime event, and the lack of oversight/protection.

Question 51

The goal of environmental criminology is not to explain why a specific offender commits a specific crime but to understand the various aspects of a criminal event.