Deck 29: Giving It All Some Perspective: a Brief History

Question 1

In a sentence for each, distinguish between the terms cognitive behavior therapy, applied behavior analysis, and behavior modification as they tend to be used today.

Answer 1

Cognitive behavior therapy is behavior modification carried out on dysfunctional behavior, generally in a clinical setting.Applied behavior analysis emphasizes the application of operant conditioning principles in which there is often an attempt to analyze or clearly demonstrate controlling variables of the behavior of concern.Behavior modification is a broader term that includes both cognitive behavior therapy and applied behavior analysis.

Question 2

Distinguish between the behavioral model and the medical model of abnormal behavior.

Answer 2

The behavioral model of abnormal behavior suggests that abnormal behavior is a function of specifiable environmental causes, and that it is possible to rearrange the environment so that the behavior can be changed or improved.The medical model of abnormal behavior considers abnormal behavior as a symptom of an underlying disturbance in a personality mechanism, with the implication that one must treat the underlying personality disturbance through Freudian psychoanalysis, rather than treating the observed symptoms by rearranging the environment.

Question 3

What does the term cognitive processes mean?

Answer 3

Cognitive processes refer to things that we say to ourselves or imagine, which are frequently called, "believing," "thinking," and "expecting."

Question 4

What did Wolpe call his procedure for using relaxation to inhibit a learned fear?

Question 5

What role did Hans Eysenck play in the development of behavior therapy in the 1950s?

Question 6

Who first used the term behavior therapy and in what context?

Question 7

Briefly describe one of the first published reports (a very influential one)that concerned practical applications within the operant tradition.

Question 8

What are two other names for Pavlovian conditioning?

Question 9

Many of the early reports in the operant tradition in the 1950s were straightforward experiments that demonstrated that consequences influence human behavior.Briefly, describe two such experiments.

Question 10

Describe how Pavlov demonstrated Pavlovian conditioning with dogs.

Question 11

The publications of the early 1960s within the operant orientation seem to have been characterized by two features.What were they?

Question 12

In what way was the Keller and Schoenfeld book Principles of Psychology unlike other introductory psychology texts of its day?

Question 13

Briefly, how did cognitive therapists Ellis and Beck explain emotional problems, and how did they propose to treat them?

Question 14

Describe how Watson and Rayner demonstrated Pavlovian conditioning of a fear response in an 11-month-old infant.

Question 15

What is a major emphasis of social learning theory, and who was its most influential proponent?

Question 16

Was the influential book Case Studies in Behavior Modification strictly within the operant orientation? Why or why not?

Question 17

How did Skinner's Science and Human Behavior influence the initial development of behavior modification?

Question 18

What is operant conditioning?

Question 19

How did Joseph Wolpe extend the principle of reciprocal inhibition?

Question 20

What is another name for the operant orientation?

Question 21

Name three countries that were important in the development of behavior modification in the 1950s and the person most associated with this development in each of these countries.

Question 22

Briefly state a contribution each of the following made to the behavioral approach:
a.Descartes
b.the British empiricists
c.the Russian reflexologists
d.the functionalists

Question 23

To which of the two major orientations did Hull and his followers Dollard and Miller mainly contribute, and briefly what were their contributions?

Question 24

Cite three of Skinner's contributions other than his basic research and theoretical writings.

Question 25

How did Aristotle's view of the soul differ from that of Plato's?

Question 26

In what Latin American country did Keller accept an academic position in 1961, and what contribution did he make to behavior modification while there?