Deck 10: The Reactions of Organic Functional Groups in Biochemistry

Question 1

What does [H] represent in the following reaction?

A) the oxidizing agent
B) the species that is oxidized
C) the reducing agent
D) the species that is protonated
E) atomic hydrogen

Answer 1

the reducing agent

Question 2

Cellular respiration and the combustion of fuel in a car engine are similar in many ways, but they also differ. What is one way in which they are different?

A) Cellular respiration occurs in many steps and the combustion of fuel in a single step.
B) Cellular respiration is exothermic and the combustion of fuel is endothermic.
C) Cellular respiration is endothermic and the combustion of fuel is exothermic.
D) Cellular respiration is fast and the combustion of fuel is slow.
E) Cellular respiration requires oxygen and the combustion of fuel does not.

Answer 2

Cellular respiration occurs in many steps and the combustion of fuel in a single step.

Question 3

In the following reaction, the sulfate ion does not react. What is this ion called?

A) This ion has no special name.
B) It is a reactive ion.
C) It is a spectator ion.
D) It is an explosive ion.
E) It is a nonfunctional ion.

Answer 3

It is a spectator ion.

Question 4

Which statement best describes what changes occur over the course of the following oxidation-reduction reaction? Fe + Cu²⁺ → Fe²⁺ + Cu

A) Two electrons are lost.
B) Iron changes into copper.
C) Iron transfers two electrons to copper.
D) Copper transfers two electrons to iron.
E) Two electrons are gained.

Question 5

Which of the following characteristics is not shared by all combustion reactions?

A) They occur in multiple steps.
B) They require oxygen.
C) They release water and carbon dioxide.
D) They are exothermic.
E) They are a type of oxidation-reduction reaction.

Question 6

Which statement best describes the following reaction?

A) In this reaction, both iron and copper are reduced.
B) In this reaction, both iron and copper are oxidized.
C) In this reaction, iron is reduced and copper is oxidized.
D) In this reaction, iron is oxidized and copper is reduced.
E) This is not an oxidation-reduction reaction.

Question 7

The following reaction is an example of a(n) ___________ reaction. CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O
I. oxidation-reduction
II. acid-Base
III. combustion

A) I only
B) I and II only
C) III only
D) I and III only
E) I, II and III

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT an example of an oxidation-reduction reaction?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 9

Which of the following pairs of molecules will react similarly in the presence of an oxidant?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 10

Which statement about vitamins is NOT true?

A) Water soluble vitamins are excreted in the urine.
B) Fat soluble vitamins are stored in fat.
C) Vitamin C is an example of a water soluble vitamin.
D) Water soluble vitamins should be replenished daily.
E) Fat soluble vitamins are readily excreted in the urine.

Question 11

Select the choice that correctly classifies vitamins by their solubility.

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 12

What does [O] represent in the following reaction?

A) the oxidizing agent
B) the species that is oxidized
C) the reducing agent
D) the species that is protonated
E) atomic oxygen

Question 13

Is the alkene oxidized or reduced during this reaction and how can you tell?

A) Neither, this is not an oxidation-reduction reaction.
B) The alkene is both oxidized and reduced because this is an oxidation-reduction reaction.
C) The alkene is oxidized because it loses two hydrogens.
D) The alkene is reduced because it loses two hydrogens.
E) The alkene is reduced because it gains two hydrogens.

Question 14

An oxidation-reduction reaction is the transfer of

A) methyl groups.
B) phosphate groups.
C) protons.
D) electrons.
E) oxygen atoms.

Question 15

Cellular respiration is an example of a(n) ___________ reaction. I. oxidation-reduction
II) acid-Base
III) combustion

A) I only
B) I and II only
C) III only
D) I and III only
E) I, II and III

Question 16

Ascorbic acid, or vitamin C, is a water soluble vitamin. Which of the following interactions is primarily responsible for ascorbic acid's water solubility?

A) dispersion forces
B) dipole-dipole forces
C) hydrogen bonding forces
D) ionic bonding
E) covalent bonding

Question 17

Which of the following is a reason for classifying organic molecules by functional group?

A) The reactivity of a molecule is determined by the functional groups in a molecule.
B) Molecules with the same functional group tend to react similarly.
C) A specific functional group has characteristic reactivity.
D) You can predict the reactivity of a molecule if you know the functional groups that it contains.
E) All of the above

Question 18

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the species that loses electrons is

A) oxygen.
B) oxidized.
C) hydrogen.
D) reduced.
E) carbon.

Question 19

Which statement best describes why vitamin A is soluble in organic solvents but not in water?

A) Actually, vitamin A is water soluble.
B) The hydroxyl group is hydrophobic in this case.
C) Vitamin A does not contain any hydrophilic groups.
D) The hydrophobic part of the molecule is much larger than the hydrophilic.
E) Vitamin A does not contain any hydrophobic groups.

Question 20

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the species that gains electrons is

A) oxygen.
B) oxidized.
C) hydrogen.
D) reduced.
E) carbon.

Question 21

The following reaction is the hydrogenation of an unsaturated fatty acid. Which of the following choices best describe molecules A and B?

A) Both A and B are fats.
B) Both A and B are oils.
C) A is a fat and B is an oil.
D) A is an oil and B is a fat.
E) A is an oil and B is a trans-fat.

Question 22

Is the aldehyde oxidized or reduced during the following reaction, and how can you tell?

A) Neither. This is not an oxidation-reduction reaction.
B) The aldehyde is neither oxidized nor reduced because the number of hydrogens does not change.
C) The aldehyde is oxidized because it loses two hydrogens.
D) The aldehyde is reduced because it loses two hydrogens.
E) The aldehyde is oxidized because it gains an oxygen.

Question 23

Which of the following statements describes coenzymes?

A) They are organic molecules derived from vitamins.
B) They are only found in bacterial cells.
C) They are chemically unchanged over the course of a reaction.
D) They are enzymes.
E) They are oxidoreductases.

Question 24

The reaction of fatty acid A is an example of a(n)

A) neutralization.
B) combustion.
C) oxidation.
D) reduction.
E) condensation.

Question 25

Which classification of alcohols cannot be oxidized and why?

A) tertiary, because they don't have a hydrogen on the carbon adjacent to the alcohol
B) tertiary, because the alcohol is already attached to four atoms
C) secondary, because they are too hindered by carbons adjacent to the alcohol
D) primary, because they undergo competing reactions in the presence of an oxidant
E) primary, because the reaction takes too much energy

Question 26

Which food is NOT high in niacin?

A) oranges
B) anchovies
C) bran
D) peanuts
E) tuna

Question 27

Which vitamin is NAD⁺/NADH produced from in the body?

A) vitamin C
B) vitamin D
C) niacin
D) vitamin E
E) biotin

Question 28

What is the product of the following reaction?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 29

When ethanol is metabolized, it is

A) synthesized.
B) oxidized.
C) anabolized.
D) substituted.
E) reduced.

Question 30

When unsaturated fatty acids are hydrogenated, an isomerization reaction sometimes occurs producing

A) saturated fatty acids.
B) unsaturated fatty acid.
C) cis-fats.
D) trans-fats.
E) carboxylate ions.

Question 31

Foods that contain the product of the reaction shown below are labeled as

A) hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated.
B) fatty.
C) oily.
D) fat free.
E) diet.

Question 32

Which functional group can be oxidized but not reduced?

A) an alcohol
B) an alkane
C) an alkyne
D) an alkene
E) a carboxylic acid

Question 33

What is the purpose of NAD⁺ in the body?

A) It is an oxidizing agent.
B) It is a reducing agent.
C) It donates oxygen.
D) It donates hydrogen.
E) It accepts oxygen.

Question 34

Sorbitol is a sweetener often used in chewing gum and diet drinks. It is obtained by the following reaction. Which of the following functional group transformations occur during this reaction?

A) The aldehyde becomes an alcohol.
B) An alcohol becomes an aldehyde.
C) An alcohol disappears.
D) A new aldehyde appears.
E) All of the above

Question 35

Which statement best describes the following reaction?

A) In this reaction, both propene and hydrogen are reduced.
B) In this reaction, both propene and hydrogen are oxidized.
C) In this reaction, propene is reduced and hydrogen is oxidized.
D) In this reaction, propene is oxidized and hydrogen is reduced.
E) This is not an oxidation-reduction reaction.

Question 36

What is the product when this compound undergoes oxidation?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 37

Sorbitol is a sweetener often used in chewing gum and diet drinks. It is obtained by the following reaction. Is glucose oxidized or reduced during the reaction?

A) It is oxidized.
B) It is reduced.
C) It is neither oxidized nor reduced.
D) It is both oxidized and reduced.
E) Many different reactions occur.

Question 38

Is the ketone oxidized or reduced during this reaction and how can you tell?

A) Neither. This is not an oxidation-reduction reaction.
B) The ketone is both oxidized and reduced because this is an oxidation-reduction reaction.
C) The ketone is oxidized because it loses two hydrogens.
D) The ketone is reduced because it loses two hydrogens.
E) The ketone is reduced because it gains two hydrogens.

Question 39

Carbohydrates are molecules that are composed of many oxygen-containing functional groups. Carbohydrates, like other oxygen-containing molecules, can be oxidized in the laboratory. Which of the following choices illustrates the oxidation of mannose, a simple carbohydrate?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 40

Which classification of alcohols can undergo oxidation to yield a ketone?

A) Both primary and secondary alcohols yield ketones when oxidized.
B) Both secondary and tertiary alcohols yield ketones when oxidized.
C) Only primary alcohols yield ketones when oxidized.
D) Only secondary alcohols yield ketones when oxidized.
E) Only tertiary alcohols yield ketones when oxidized.

Question 41

The following reaction is one step in the key metabolic pathway called the TCA (or Krebs) cycle. This reaction is missing a reactant (A) which reacts to form a product (B). What is the identity of A and B?

A) A is NAD⁺ and B is NADH + H⁺.
B) A is FAD and B is FADH₂.
C) A is NADH + H⁺ and B is NAD⁺.
D) A is FADH₂ and B is FAD.
E) Actually, there is no A, but B is H₂.

Question 42

Which of the following statements describe esters? I. They are fruit flavorings.
II) They are sometimes a component of perfumes.
III) Soap can be made from an ester.

A) All of these statements describe esters.
B) Only I describes esters.
C) I and II describe esters.
D) I and III describe esters.
E) II and III describe esters.

Question 43

The following reaction occurs in the body. Which of the following reactants is most probably required for this reaction to occur?

A) O₂
B) H₂
C) FAD
D) NAD
E) FADH₂

Question 44

Which of the following is a free radical?

A) "^.OH"
B) "HCOO^-"
C) "
Vitamin C"
D) Mg²⁺"
E) O₂"

Question 45

Which of the following partial structures is an acetyl group?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 46

Which statement best describes what occurs over the course of the following reaction?

A) Two hydrogens are added to acyl-CoA, forming a double bond.
B) Two hydrogens are added to acyl-CoA, breaking a double bond.
C) Two protons are added to acyl-CoA, forming a double bond.
D) Two hydrogens are removed from acyl-CoA, forming a double bond.
E) Two protons are removed from acyl-CoA, forming a double bond.

Question 47

What is the purpose of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in the body?

A) It is an oxidizing agent.
B) It is a reducing agent.
C) It donates oxygen.
D) It donates hydrogen.
E) It accepts oxygen.

Question 48

What is the name of the functional group produced by the following reaction?

A) a thioester
B) a sulfur
C) a sulfhydride
D) a thiol
E) a hydrogen sulfide

Question 49

Which of the following species is NOT a free radical?

A) "HO^."
B) "HOO^."
C) "CH₄"
D) "O₂^.-"
E) "^.CH₃"

Question 50

What is the role of antioxidants in the body?

A) to reduce free radicals before they can damage cells
B) to prevent metabolism from occurring
C) to make free radicals
D) to react with coenzymes
E) All of the above

Question 51

Which of the following functional groups is produced when a carboxylic acid and an alcohol react in the presence of a catalyst?

A) an aldehyde
B) an ether
C) a ketone
D) an ester
E) a salt

Question 52

An antioxidant is a substance that prevents ____________ of other cellular substances.

A) all reduction
B) harmful reduction
C) all oxidation
D) harmful oxidation
E) both oxidation and reduction

Question 53

FAD and NAD⁺ are examples of

A) enzymes.
B) coenzymes.
C) vitamins.
D) substrates.
E) inhibitors.

Question 54

The following reaction is an example of a(n)

A) neutralization.
B) combustion.
C) oxidation.
D) reduction.
E) condensation.

Question 55

The following reaction shows the oxidation-reduction reaction of FAD/FADH₂. Which choice correctly identifies each molecule?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 56

What is the missing reactant for the following reaction?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 57

The reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst produces an ester and a molecule of water. Which of the labeled atoms below are involved in making the molecule of water?

A) a and d
B) b and d
C) b, c, and d
D) a, c, and d
E) c, d, and e

Question 58

Which statement describes a difference between FAD/FADH₂ ?and NAD⁺/NADH?

A) FAD/FADH₂ is an enzyme and NAD⁺/NADH is not.
B) FAD/FADH₂ is coenzyme and NAD⁺/NADH is not.
C) FAD/FADH₂ is found in cells of the body and NAD⁺/NADH is not.
D) FAD/FADH₂ is involved in reactions of alkenes and NAD⁺/NADH is involved in reactions of C-O bonds.
E) FAD/FADH₂ and NAD⁺/NADH are identical.

Question 59

The first two steps of ethanol metabolism are shown below. Which molecule is reduced over the course of these reactions?

A) ethanol and acetaldehyde
B) alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
C) ethanol and alcohol dehydrogenase
D) acetic acid
E) NAD⁺

Question 60

Which of the following partial structures is an acyl group?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 61

An ester, thioester or amide can all undergo hydrolysis. Which of the following characteristics do these three reactions have in common?

A) All produce water.
B) All produce a carboxylic acid.
C) All require a strong acid to occur.
D) All are very unfavorable.
E) All are very fast reactions.

Question 62

What are the products of the following reaction?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 63

Which of the following reactions is used in making soap?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 64

During hydrolysis reactions, like all reactions, some bonds are broken and new ones are formed. Which bonds are broken and which are formed during the following hydrolysis reaction?

A) Broken: a-b only Formed: e-a only
B) Broken: b-c only Formed: b-d only
C) Broken: b-c and d-e Formed: b-d and c-e
D) Broken: a-b and b-c Formed: a-e and c-e
E) Broken: a-b and e-d Formed: a-e and b-d

Question 65

What is the product of this esterification reaction?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 66

Which of the following reactions is the saponification of a fat?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 67

After an amide is hydrolyzed, it undergoes further reaction. Which of the following occurs after an amide is hydrolyzed?

A) hydration
B) dehydration
C) an acid-base reaction
D) another hydrolysis
E) condensation

Question 68

Which ester has a line through the bond(s) that is broken during hydrolysis?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 69

Which statement best describes the distinction between a hydration and a dehydration reaction?

A) Hydration requires a carbonyl group and dehydration does not.
B) Hydration is the addition of water and dehydration is the loss of water.
C) Hydration results in breaking bonds and dehydration creates bonds.
D) Hydration is an oxidation and dehydration is a reduction.
E) Hydration and dehydration actually describe the same process.

Question 70

Which amide has a line through the bond that is broken during hydrolysis?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 71

Hydrolysis is an example of an acyl group transfer reaction. To what molecule is an acyl group transferred during this type of reaction?

A) an amine
B) -OH
C) a carboxylic acid
D) a thiol
E) an ether

Question 72

What type of reaction is this?

A) oxidation
B) reduction
C) combustion
D) hydration
E) dehydration

Question 73

What is the product of the following reaction?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 74

What is the product of the following amidation reaction?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 75

An amide is hydrolyzed as is shown in the following reaction. After it is hydrolyzed, it undergoes another reaction. Which of the following choices represent the products of this further reaction?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 76

Which of the following is the missing reactant in the reaction below, the hydrolysis of a thioester?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 77

Which statement best describes a similarity between a hydration and a dehydration reaction?

A) They both involve hydrogen.
B) They both involve addition to a double bond.
C) They both result in splitting a molecule.
D) The both result in forming one molecule from two.
E) They both involve water.

Question 78

What is the product of the following hydrolysis reaction between an ester and water?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 79

What type of reaction is this?

A) oxidation
B) reduction
C) combustion
D) hydration
E) dehydration

Question 80

What is the product of the following reaction?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e