Deck 3: Physical Changes

Question 1

Which of the following is not associated with cellular theories of aging?

A) Hayflick limit
B) free radicals
C) cholesterol buildup
D) cross-linking

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is not one of the first signs of aging that are readily apparent?

A) age spots
B) increased blood pressure
C) redistribution of body fat
D) wrinkles

Answer 2

B

Question 3

During middle age, most weight and then weight in old age.

A) people lose; gain
B) people gain; lose
C) women lose; gain
D) There are no systematic weight changes in adulthood.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Severe loss of bone mass and the "laced honeycomb" appearance of bone is called

A) osteoarthritis.
B) osteoporosis.
C) hypertension.
D) skeletosis.

Question 5

The fact that Okinawans, who eat only 60% of the normal Japanese diet, have 40 times as many people over 100 than the rest of Japan, is evidence for which biological theory of aging?

A) rate-of-living
B) cellular
C) programmed-cell-death
D) cross-linking

Question 6

The most noticeable changes in body build are

A) decreased height and fluctuations in weight.
B) increased height and fluctuations in weight.
C) decreased height and stable weight.
D) increased height and stable weight.

Question 7

A theory about aging suggesting that there is an innate ability in cells to self-destruct and the ability of dying cells to trigger key processes in other cells is

A) rate of living.
B) free radicals.
C) programmed-cell-death.
D) cross-linking.

Question 8

Which of the following has not been related to osteoporosis?

A) increasing age.
B) vitamin E deficiency.
C) estrogen depletion.
D) lack of exercise.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a cause of wrinkles?

A) thinning of the epidermal layer
B) collagen fibers losing flexibility
C) elastin fibers keeping skin more stretched
D) losing the underlying layer of fat

Question 10

To understand the overall health of a person requires not only understanding biological functioning, but also

A) psychological functioning.
B) sociocultural functioning.
C) life-cycle forces.
D) all of the these.

Question 11

Research on muscle development has shown that

A) the amount of body tissue declines with age.
B) muscle strength does not diminish significantly during middle adulthood.
C) the improvement rate with exercise does not vary with age.
D) all of the these.

Question 12

Focusing on diet as having a role in aging is one aspect of

A) wear-and-tear theories.
B) cellular theories.
C) programmed-cell-death theories.
D) rate-of-living theories.

Question 13

Changes in the voice with age include all of the following except

A) lowering of the voice.
B) increased trembling.
C) increased volume.
D) slower pronunciation.

Question 14

Highly unstable molecules which are highly reactive and cause cellular damage are known as

A) coenzymes.
B) free radicals.
C) telomeres.
D) cross-linking.

Question 15

The best conclusion to draw from biological theories of aging is

A) programmed cell death accounts for general aging.
B) free radicals explain metabolic changes in aging.
C) metabolic theories account for all of the changes in aging.
D) none of these theories completely explain normative aging.

Question 16

The leading cause of broken bones in women is

A) osteoarthritis.
B) osteoporosis.
C) vitamin E deficiency.
D) skeletosis.

Question 17

Gray hair is caused by

A) cessation of pigment production.
B) destruction of the germ centers.
C) decrease in epidermal cells.
D) changes in collagen content.

Question 18

Substances that prevent oxygen from combining to form free radicals are known as

A) collagen.
B) telomeres
C) antioxidants.
D) coenzymes.

Question 19

This theory is a possible cause of the increasing stiffness of muscles, such as the heart walls, with increasing age.

A) Hayflick limit
B) free radicals
C) cholesterol buildup
D) cross-linking

Question 20

Most facial wrinkling experienced by adults is

A) inevitable.
B) due to programmed genetic changes.
C) due to the overuse of facial cosmetics.
D) preventable.

Question 21

Touch thresholds increase with age on

A) the smooth non-hairy skin of the hand.
B) the smooth hairy skin of the hand.
C) the lower torso.
D) the mid-torso.

Question 22

Rheumatoid arthritis is not caused by

A) heredity.
B) diet.
C) repetitive movements.
D) all of the these.

Question 23

Researchers have found that this form of exercise can reduce an older adult's chance of falling and improve balance.

A) Karate
B) Kick-boxing
C) Tai Chi
D) Tai Bo

Question 24

Mary awakens in the morning with stiff, swollen joints and pain in her fingers, wrists, and ankles. Mary most likely has

A) osteoporosis.
B) rheumatoid arthritis.
C) osteoarthritis.
D) degenerative skeletosis.

Question 25

Roughly 1 in 5 adults over the age of 75 have

A) macular degeneration.
B) glaucoma.
C) increased sensitivity to glare.
D) retinopathy.

Question 26

Mrs. Jones keeps mixing her blue and green medications, which can have very serious effects on her health. The most likely cause of her difficulty with blues and greens is due to

A) light adaptation.
B) macular degeneration.
C) presbyopia.
D) yellowing of the lens.

Question 27

declines steadily starting at the age of 20 and rapidly after the age of 60.

A) Acuity
B) Light adaptation
C) Dark adaptation
D) Retinopathy

Question 28

Reduced sensitivity to high-pitched tones is known as

A) presbyopia.
B) presbycusis.
C) retinopathy.
D) vestibular atrophy.

Question 29

A granddaughter is becoming frustrated because her 91-year-old grandfather never hears what she says. What advice would you give to this woman to increase the chances that her grandfather will be able to understand what she says?

A) Raise the pitch of your voice so that it will be higher.
B) Keep yelling louder and louder until he finally can hear you.
C) Motivate him with candy.
D) Talk in a low-pitch but distinct voice, and articulate every syllable.

Question 30

The most important negative influence on hearing loss is

A) age.
B) noise.
C) injury.
D) weight.

Question 31

The problem of vertigo is associated with

A) kinesthesis.
B) vestibular system.
C) temperature sensitivity.
D) pain sensitivity.

Question 32

Football players often complain about their knees after playing, and tennis players often complain about their elbows after a match. Based on this description you would guess they have

A) osteoporosis.
B) rheumatoid arthritis.
C) osteoarthritis.
D) degenerative skeletosis.

Question 33

Going from inside a dark movie theater back out into the sunshine requires

A) light adaptation.
B) dark adaptation.
C) presbyopia.
D) accommodation.

Question 34

Which of the following is not a normative age-related change in vision?

A) difficulty discriminating different levels of illumination
B) glaucoma
C) increased sensitivity to glare
D) decreased ability to focus on nearby objects

Question 35

When reading a research journal, a 46-year-old professor finds that she must hold it farther away to read the fine print. She is experiencing which normal age-related change in vision?

A) presbycusis
B) retinopathy
C) presbyopia
D) dysthermia

Question 36

is the leading cause of functional blindness of the U.S.

A) Macular degeneration
B) Myocardial infarction
C) Diabetic retinopathy
D) Glaucoma

Question 37

Osteoarthritis is really a

A) "wear and tear" disease.
B) genetic disease.
C) form of viral disease.
D) non-debilitating disease.

Question 38

Age differences in kinesthesis are most apparent for

A) passive movements.
B) active movements.
C) pain sensitivity.
D) temperature sensitivity.

Question 39

The best conclusion concerning age differences in pain sensitivity is that

A) pain sensitivity increases with age.
B) pain sensitivity decreases with age.
C) pain sensitivity is constant throughout life.
D) pain sensitivity varies across body locations and with types of stimulation.

Question 40

Which of the following is not associated with age differences in the vestibular system?

A) vertigo
B) body sway
C) dizziness
D) passive movement

Question 41

Chemicals that communicate from terminal branches of one cell to dendrites of another cell are known as

A) neurotransmitters.
B) neuritic plasma.
C) organelles.
D) neurofibrillary fluid.

Question 42

Which of the following is not a reproductive change in men?

A) rapid decrease in the number of sperm
B) longer time needed to reach orgasm
C) relatively constant levels of testosterone
D) little change in sexual interest

Question 43

What neuronal structure receives incoming information from neurotransmitters?

A) terminal branches
B) nucleus
C) organelles
D) dendrites

Question 44

Which of the following is not a reproductive change in women?

A) significant decreases in hormonal levels
B) significant decrease in sexual desire
C) shrinking and thinning of the vaginal wall
D) longer time needed to reach orgasm

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Atherosclerosis involves fat deposits in the veins.
B) Atherosclerosis is rarely life threatening.
C) Most people do not know if they have hypertension.
D) Hypertension is never a result of atherosclerosis.

Question 46

The ability to smell

A) remains unchanged throughout life.
B) declines slowly from age 30.
C) actually improves as age increases.
D) usually declines only after age 60.

Question 47

One consequence of aging in the cardiovascular system is

A) greater elasticity and flexibility of the arteries.
B) a decrease in overall blood pressure.
C) a reduction in the heart's pumping capacity.
D) blockage of cardiac arteries.

Question 48

The transition from reproductive years to nonreproductive years is called

A) climacteric.
B) menopause.
C) perimenopause.
D) cessation of menstruation.

Question 49

The best conclusion concerning changes in taste sensitivity with age is that such changes

A) are extensive.
B) begin in young adulthood.
C) only occur for sweet tastes.
D) are rather minimal.

Question 50

The term menopause refers to

A) transition from fertility to sterility.
B) the end of ovulation.
C) an increase in estrogen production.
D) cessation of menstruation.

Question 51

Which of the following is thought to be a protective factor against cardiovascular disease in women?

A) estrogen
B) testosterone
C) silicon
D) progesterone

Question 52

Older adults often complain that food is less pleasurable now than when they were younger. On the basis of research, this problem is due mainly to age-related changes in

A) taste.
B) smell.
C) nutritional requirements.
D) cognitive ability.

Question 53

Two common age-related changes in the heart involve

A) the accumulation of fat deposits and stiffening of the heart tissue.
B) an increase in left ventricle size and a change in right ventricle shape.
C) an increase in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in diastolic blood pressure.
D) an increase in ventricular artery connections and a decrease in overall blood pressure.

Question 54

is the common and incapacitating respiratory disorder in older adults.

A) Myocardial infarction
B) Atherosclerosis
C) CVA
D) COPD

Question 55

The most common heart disease in older adults that results in hospitalization is

A) cardiac arrhythmias.
B) arteriosclerosis.
C) myocardial infarction.
D) congestive heart failure.

Question 56

When blood flow is cut off to a specific part of the brain a or stroke results.

A) myocardial infarction
B) atherosclerosis
C) CVA
D) COPD

Question 57

Blockage of the coronary arteries that drops blood flow below the level needed to sustain the heart muscle is termed

A) myocardial infarction.
B) cerebrovascular accident.
C) atherosclerosis.
D) angina pectoris.

Question 58

Which of the following is the most serious form of chronic obstructive lung disease?

A) asthma
B) bronchitis
C) emphysema
D) pneumonia

Question 59

Which of the following is a form of pain usually induced by physical exertion and is relieved by rest in 5 to 10 minutes?

A) myocardial infarction
B) angina pectoris
C) ischemia
D) cardiac arrhythmia

Question 60

Which of the following statements is false?

A) The ability of the heart to contract decreases with age.
B) The amount of connective tissue in the heart decreases with age.
C) Blood pressure normally rises somewhat with age.
D) Cardiac output and cardiac reserve both decrease with age.

Question 61

Reductions in the temperature control mechanisms in the body are largely due to changes in

A) the cardiovascular system.
B) the central nervous system.
C) the vestibular system.
D) the autonomic nervous system.

Question 62

Which of the following is associated with abnormal brain aging?

A) losses greatly outnumber gains before very old age
B) small numbers of neuritic plaques
C) significant changes in synaptic configuration
D) small declines in GABA

Question 63

Dementia occurs in of the elderly over age 65.

A) less than 10%.
B) about 15-20%.
C) 50-60%.
D) over 85%.

Question 64

Normal age-related changes in neurotransmitters include

A) the deletion of the dopamine pathway.
B) an increase in the number of synapses.
C) an increase in granulovacuolar bodies.
D) lower levels of neurotransmitters.

Question 65

happens when the fibers of the axon become twisted together.

A) Neurofibrillary tangles
B) Granulovacuolar bodies
C) Synaptic nodes
D) Neuritic plaques

Question 66

involves the interaction of different hormones and results in tissue stiffening.

Question 67

This is a physical condition in which the inability to breathe temporarily interferes with the individual's sleep

A) dysthermia.
B) sleep apnea.
C) presbyopia.
D) perimenopause.

Question 68

The fact that cell life appears limited to about 50 divisions is referred to as the .

Question 69

is the normative age-related loss of the ability to focus on nearby objects.

Question 70

Which of the following brain imaging techniques is based on X rays?

A) SPECT
B) PET
C) MRI
D) CT

Question 71

Which of the following brain imaging techniques is based on molecular structure and magnetic fields?

A) SPECT
B) PET
C) MRI
D) CT

Question 72

Damaged and dying neurons that collect around a core of protein produce

A) neurofibrillary tangles.
B) granulovacuolar bodies.
C) synaptic nodes.
D) neuritic plaques.

Question 73

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with Parkinson's disease?

A) dopamine
B) acetylcholine
C) serotonin
D) GABA

Question 74

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to both Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease?

A) dopamine
B) acetylcholine
C) serotonin
D) GABA

Question 75

Research on abnormal, age related structural changes in neurons show that

A) neurons are lost by the tens of thousands each year.
B) a pattern of both loss and growth appears to be the case.
C) there is no question that the main issue is dendritic loss.
D) it turns out that there are very few changes in neurons.

Question 76

Senility

A) means losing one's mind.
B) refers to significant memory lapses brought on by increasing age.
C) is the same thing as dementia.
D) no longer has any valid medical or psychological meaning.

Question 77

results from a buildup of pressure within the eye,
whereas are caused by the development of opaque plaques on the lens.

Question 78

is a degenerative bone disease that is more common in women than in men, in which bone tissues deteriorates severely to produce honeycomb-like bone tissue.

Question 79

Which of the following brain imaging techniques can measure glucose metabolism?

A) SPECT
B) PET
C) MRI
D) CT

Question 80

are not typically observed in the human brain until very old age

A) Neurofibrillary tangles
B) Neuritic plaques
C) Synaptic nodes
D) Granulovacuolar bodies