Deck 15: Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence

Question 1

What is the advantage of using Pemoline to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder instead of Ritalin?

A) Pemoline increases the child's intelligence.
B) Pemoline works faster.
C) Pemoline has fewer side effects.
D) Pemoline reduces anxiety attacks.

Answer 1

Pemoline has fewer side effects.

Question 2

In studies looking at the effectiveness of treatment for ADHD, what was found?

A) While good results are achieved when medication is combined with therapy, the medication appears to be the more effective element of the treatment.
B) While good results are achieved when medication is combined with therapy, the therapy appears to be the more effective element of the treatment.
C) The use of medications interferes with the effectiveness of behavioral approaches.
D) Cognitive-behavioral therapy is more effective than behavioral modification.

Answer 2

While good results are achieved when medication is combined with therapy, the medication appears to be the more effective element of the treatment.

Question 3

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by

A) an increasing frequency from age 6 to age 16.
B) a greater frequency in girls than in boys.
C) mild to moderate mental retardation.
D) difficulties that interfere with effective task-oriented behavior.

Answer 3

difficulties that interfere with effective task-oriented behavior.

Question 4

Children with ADHD that have symptoms of hyperactivity

A) are usually well liked by their peers because they are always active.
B) are usually well liked by their peers because they become "class clowns."
C) are usually viewed negatively by their peers because of their behaviors.
D) are usually viewed negatively by their peers because they are socially withdrawn.

Question 5

What two childhood disorders are characterized by aggressive or antisocial behavior?

A) Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder
B) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder
C) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and childhood depression
D) Conduct disorder and childhood depression

Question 6

George is in second grade and is having trouble. He frequently is out of his seat, looking at the work of other students and annoying them by making comments. He interrupts the teacher, blurts out answers before she finishes the question, and usually needs directions repeated multiple times. At home, his mother says he is always "on the go." The most likely diagnosis for George is

A) conduct disorder.
B) oppositional defiant disorder.
C) separation anxiety disorder.
D) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a subtype of ADHD found in the DSM-IV-TR?

A) Combined Type
B) Predominantly Inattentive Type
C) Inattentive/Impulsive Type
D) Hyperactive/Impulsive Type

Question 8

The evidence suggests that medications for ADHD

A) work well for the short-term but show little long-term effect.
B) work well for both the short- and long-term.
C) really don't work at all - what is seen is due to the placebo effect.
D) only work for children who have had the diagnosis at least two years.

Question 9

A young child who tries to kill him/herself

A) is doing it to try to manipulate adults, not because he/she really wants to die.
B) is depressed and really wants to die.
C) may have unrealistic beliefs about death and not really understand what it means to die.
D) is probably more mature and aware than most children their age.

Question 10

What was the greatest problem that emerged as a classification system for childhood disorders was being developed?

A) The same classification system that had been developed for adults was used for children.
B) Few childhood disorders had been identified.
C) The role of parents in the development of disordered behavior was overemphasized.
D) There was a hesitancy to identify childhood disorders as parents were likely to be blamed for any diagnosis given.

Question 11

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD)

A) is commonly diagnosed after age of 15.
B) is the most frequent psychological referral to mental health facilities.
C) is seen equally in boys and girls.
D) is thought to occur in about 10 percent of school-aged children.

Question 12

Historically, why has little attention been paid to childhood psychopathology?

A) Mental illness was not recognized in children.
B) Childhood disorders were viewed as childhood versions of adult disorders.
C) All signs of mental illness in children were assumed to reflect some developmental stage that would be outgrown.
D) Society viewed children as inherently good and accepted all behavior unconditionally.

Question 13

Currently, the cause of ADHD is believed to be

A) a combination of family pathology and poor peer modeling.
B) excessive sugar in the diet.
C) an allergic reaction to certain foods and food additives.
D) both biological and psychological factors.

Question 14

Among children, the most commonly diagnosed disorders are

A) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and separation anxiety disorders.
B) psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia.
C) depression and phobic conditions.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder and conduct disorder.

Question 15

Suppose you were the director of a mental health center that provided treatment for children. Based on research, you would expect that

A) more girls would be diagnosed with disorders than boys.
B) the most common disorders diagnosed would be eating disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder.
C) the average age of your child clients would be around 5 or 6.
D) more boys would be diagnosed with disorders than girls.

Question 16

As children with ADHD become adolescents and adults,

A) they outgrow their ADHD symptoms.
B) many continue to experience symptoms.
C) most get worse.
D) those with hyperactivity tend to get worse, the rest get better.

Question 17

Treatment of ADHD with drugs such as Ritalin is thought to be effective as it

A) quiets the voices.
B) increases the ability to concentrate.
C) interferes with glutamate activity.
D) acts as a sedative.

Question 18

A crucial aspect of developmental psychopathology is understanding individual maladaptation

A) as a phenomenon no different in children than in adults.
B) as a disease process.
C) in the context of normal developmental changes.
D) in a cultural context that determines what is acceptable behavior.

Question 19

What complicates the diagnosis of maladaptive behavior in childhood?

A) Behavior that is problematic for a child of one age is normal behavior for a child of a different age.
B) The dividing line between childhood and adolescence has been arbitrarily drawn.
C) Most psychological disorders in the young have an identifiable environmental cause.
D) Drugs are not effective in treating the disorders that are most commonly seen in children.

Question 20

Which of the following both protects children from environmental influences, but also makes them more vulnerable?

A) A lack of self-understanding
B) Dependence on adults
C) Unrealistic expectations
D) A limited understanding of death

Question 21

What is the relationship between oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder?

A) Virtually all children who develop conduct disorder have oppositional defiant disorder first.
B) Almost every case of oppositional defiant disorder develops into conduct disorder.
C) Before children develop oppositional defiant disorder, they have conduct disorder.
D) Children who develop conduct disorder almost never had oppositional defiant disorder.

Question 22

Effective treatments for conduct disorder usually involve

A) removing the child from the environment that has fostered the maladaptive behavior.
B) legal intervention.
C) teaching the child basic moral lessons.
D) parental participation.

Question 23

Which behavior pattern is extremely unlikely to be found in a child with conduct disorder?

A) Firesetting and vandalism
B) Substance abuse
C) Constant worry about minor issues
D) Depression

Question 24

Justine has the ability to speak and knows the language. However, for more than six months she has refused to speak to her teacher or any adult other than her parents. The best diagnosis for Justine is probably

A) antisocial personality disorder.
B) autism.
C) separation anxiety disorder.
D) selective mutism.

Question 25

Brad has been diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder ODD). The disorder began around age 12 and is characterized by disobedient and hostile behavior toward authority figures. What aspect of this case is unusual?

A) It is unusual for children with ODD to be boys.
B) It is unusual for the onset of ODD to occur at age 12.
C) It is unusual for children with ODD to be hostile toward authority figures.
D) Nothing about this case is unusual.

Question 26

Which statement about separation anxiety disorder is accurate?

A) Children who have the disorder commonly develop antisocial personality disorder as adults.
B) The child with separation anxiety is likely to be immature and lack self-confidence.
C) The disorder is equally common in boys and girls.
D) It is a severe but extremely rare form of childhood anxiety disorder.

Question 27

What is the self-perpetuating cycle in conduct disorder?

A) A genetic predisposition leads to a low IQ and difficult temperament, which leads to poor parenting and an insecure attachment, which leads to conduct disorder.
B) A genetic predisposition leads to a difficult temperament, which leads to behavior problems, which lead to parental overindulgence and lack of discipline, which leads to conduct disorder.
C) A genetic predisposition leads to an easy temperament but because of abusive parents, this leads to depression which in turn leads to conduct disorder.
D) A genetic predisposition leads to an easy temperament, which leads to parental neglect, which leads to anxiety, which leads to conduct disorder.

Question 28

The development of conduct disorder in adolescence

A) predicts the development of other psychopathology in adulthood.
B) rarely occurs.
C) commonly occurs in teens who suffer from ADHD.
D) is not associated with lasting behavioral problems.

Question 29

All of the following are risk factors for ODD and conduct disorder EXCEPT

A) parental psychopathology.
B) familial dysfunction.
C) economic disadvantage.
D) childhood obesity.

Question 30

The most common childhood anxiety disorder is .

A) selective mutism
B) depression
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) separation anxiety disorder

Question 31

In order to make a diagnosis of selective mutism

A) the child must be at least 4 years old.
B) the child must know the language.
C) other developmental delays must be ruled out.
D) the condition must persist for at least two months.

Question 32

Research on the families of children with conduct disorder suggests that

A) antisocial behavioral patterns may be learned.
B) environmental factors are rarely involved in disorders of childhood onset.
C) genetics do not play a role in the development of antisocial tendencies.
D) parental substance abuse is the greatest risk factor for early-onset conduct disorder.

Question 33

Divorce, hostility, and lack of monitoring are family characteristics most closely associated with

A) separation anxiety disorder.
B) conduct disorder.
C) autism.
D) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Question 34

Artiss developed conduct disorder early. Bertram developed conduct disorder late. This suggests that

A) Artiss will have a higher level of intelligence.
B) Artiss will have a higher likelihood of adult antisocial personality disorder.
C) Bertram will have a higher likelihood of social dysfunctions.
D) Bertram will show more severe neuropsychological deficits and attentional problems.

Question 35

Which of the following statements about early-onset conduct disorder is true?

A) Later problems are not likely.
B) Most will develop antisocial personality disorder.
C) The majority will continue to have, at minimum, social dysfunction as adults.
D) Environmental factors predict whether or not the disorder persists.

Question 36

In order of diagnosis, occurs before antisocial personality disorder just as occurs before conduct disorder.

A) ODD; conduct disorder
B) conduct disorder; ODD
C) ADHD; conduct disorder
D) conduct disorder; ADHD

Question 37

Children with separation anxiety disorder

A) have a school phobia.
B) fear impending separation but are fine once it actually happens.
C) fear separation from major attachment figures and worry they will die once it happens.
D) frequently develop conduct disorder as a result.

Question 38

Punitive approaches to antisocial youth are

A) likely to make problems worse.
B) effective when intervention occurs before adolescence.
C) not the norm.
D) effective at "teaching the child a lesson."

Question 39

Separation anxiety disorder is best illustrated by which of the following people?

A) Thomas, who is fiercely independent of other children and his parents.
B) Harriet, who refuses to talk to her teachers or other adults other than her parents.
C) Isabella, who worries that her father will die if she is not near him.
D) Chuck, who is afraid he will be beaten by bullies at school.

Question 40

The cohesive family model is a treatment strategy for the child with conduct disorder that

A) focuses on how the child's behavior elicits negative responses from other family members.
B) proposes that dysfunctional interactions have served to maintain the child's problematic behavior.
C) teaches the child basic moral lessons.
D) combines punitive and therapeutic interventions.

Question 41

After her parents' divorce, Julia began wetting the bed. She wets the bed almost nightly and is embarrassed about it in the morning. What disorder would this 7- year-old be diagnosed with?

A) Primary functional enuresis
B) Secondary functional enuresis
C) Primary functional encopresis
D) Secondary organic enuresis

Question 42

Throughout his young life, Quincy, age 7, rarely wakes up in the morning to a dry bed. Quincy would be diagnosed as having

A) primary functional encopresis.
B) secondary functional encopresis.
C) primary functional enuresis.
D) secondary functional enuresis.

Question 43

Research on the effects of parental depression

A) confirms that genes play a role in the etiology of childhood depression.
B) suggests that parental psychopathology leads to changes in parenting behavior that has lasting effects on children.
C) does not indicate that environmental factors play a role in the development of childhood depression.
D) indicates that the influence of peers is greater than that of parents.

Question 44

Studies of the effectiveness of antidepressant medication with children have

A) shown that Prozac is extremely effective in producing long-term symptom relief.
B) produced inconsistent results.
C) indicated that while these drugs have few side effects, neither do they have any benefits.
D) a major drawback: children develop tolerance to the drugs and become psychologically dependent on them.

Question 45

Juliet is a depressed child. When she wins a prize at school for her art project, how is she likely to explain it?

A) I was the best.
B) My teacher likes me.
C) I got lucky.
D) I worked hard.

Question 46

Childhood and adult depression differ in what way?

A) Irritability is often seen as a major symptom in childhood depression.
B) Altered eating habits are not seen in childhood depression.
C) Adult depression does not remit without pharmacological intervention.
D) Altered hormone levels are not seen in children.

Question 47

Which of the following is most likely to be used in the treatment of selective mutism?

A) Family therapy
B) Medications
C) Individual therapy
D) Extinction

Question 48

Childhood anxiety disorders are associated with each of the following factors EXCEPT

A) a deficit in conditionability to aversive stimuli.
B) maladaptive learning from an overprotective parent.
C) moving to a new school.
D) an unusual constitutional sensitivity.

Question 49

Anxiety disorders of childhood

A) tend to persist into adulthood.
B) show few cross-cultural differences.
C) are usually effectively treated with drugs.
D) typically do not lead to problems later in life.

Question 50

Evidence that culture plays a role in the development of childhood anxiety disorders comes from the fact that

A) African American children rarely show symptoms of PTSD.
B) children from cultures that favor inhibition and compliance report more fears.
C) children from cultures that favor independence report more fears.
D) overanxious children rarely have overanxious parents.

Question 51

As a camp counselor, you are surprised when you hear that one of your young campers takes a hormone replacement drug intranasally to treat a psychological disorder. The disorder is most likely

A) enuresis.
B) autism.
C) somnambulism.
D) encopresis.

Question 52

Compared to enuresis, encopresis is

A) diagnosed at an earlier age.
B) more common.
C) less likely to be treated with drugs.
D) more likely be effectively treated with conditioning procedures.

Question 53

Childhood depression is likely to persist because

A) lasting changes occur in the brain.
B) positive events are unlikely to occur.
C) most treatments are not effective.
D) an attributional style is adopted that maintains a negative mood state.

Question 54

What type of behavioral therapy is most likely to be used in the treatment of child with an anxiety disorder?

A) Behavior therapy that includes assertiveness training and desensitization using graded real-life situations.
B) Behavior therapy that includes a generalized desensitization to fearful situations using Ruthanne's imagination to picture these situations.
C) A combination of Ritalin and family therapy.
D) A group therapy in which anxious children are taught to ignore their anxious feelings.

Question 55

Research on the effectiveness of antidepressants for the treatment of childhood depression

A) demonstrates that drugs are just as effective as therapy.
B) suggests that children experience more side effects from these medications than adults.
C) indicates that there is not a biological basis for childhood depression.
D) has been inconclusive.

Question 56

What has been found to be the most effective approach to the treatment of enuresis?

A) Cognitive-behavioral therapy
B) Conditioning procedures
C) Behavioral modification
D) Family therapy

Question 57

Suicidal behavior in children and adolescents

A) is extremely rare.
B) should be ignored as manipulative behavior.
C) is usually not related to depression.
D) may be increased by taking SSRIs.

Question 58

Drugs used to treat enuresis are thought to

A) alleviate the anxiety that is leading to poor bladder control.
B) increase water retention.
C) inhibit reflexive bladder emptying.
D) decrease the deepest stage of sleep.

Question 59

Functional enuresis

A) always has an organic cause.
B) usually develops following some traumatic event.
C) is seen in boys more commonly than girls.
D) exists in primary, secondary, and tertiary forms.

Question 60

It is believed that depressed mothers negatively affect their infants because they

A) are overly intrusive with their children, depending upon the child rather than allowing the child to depend upon them.
B) respond less sensitively to their children and show more irritable behavior.
C) tend to blame themselves when, in fact, the children have made mistakes.
D) engage in impulsive, antisocial behaviors which the children mimic.

Question 61

Despite what is shown in movies like Rain Man, most autistic children would not cope well being brought to a Las Vegas casino for the first time, because

A) they are afraid of large groups of people.
B) they would want to touch things they weren't allowed to touch.
C) they would be so excited by all the sights and sounds they would become overagitated.
D) they often show aversion to auditory stimulation and prefer a limited and solitary routine.

Question 62

Which of the following is TRUE concerning sleepwalking disorder?

A) If a child has one episode of sleepwalking, he or she is likely to have repeated episodes.
B) Takes place during non-REM sleep.
C) Awakening an individual who is sleepwalking will result in severe physiological stress for the person.
D) While moving about, sleepwalkers' eyes are closed so they are in constant danger of injuring themselves.

Question 63

Orlando, 14, frequently twists his head uncontrollably and yelps or grunts. If he has not done this for several hours, he has a sensation that can only be relieved by engaging in these movements and sounds. Orlando has had this problem since he was 8. The most likely diagnosis is

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) tic disorder.
C) coprolalia.
D) Tourette's syndrome.

Question 64

Which child below best illustrates the typical child with functional encopresis?

A) A 12-year-old girl who soils herself at school.
B) A 14-year-old boy who suffers from chronic diarrhea.
C) A 7-year-old boy who soils himself when under stress.
D) A 10-year-old girl who also has attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Question 65

It is important to do a thorough physical examination, to rule out medical problems, before diagnosing encopresis because these children often

A) have sleep and metabolic disorders, as well.
B) engage in hypochondriacal behaviors.
C) suffer from diabetes and other serious, chronic conditions.
D) suffer from constipation.

Question 66

are a group of severely disabling conditions in children that are considered to be the result of structural differences in the brain and usually apparent at birth or as the child begins to develop.

A) Pervasive developmental disorders
B) Symptom disorders
C) Conduct disorders
D) Tic disorders

Question 67

William is an autistic child. He is probably

A) severely lacking in emotional expression.
B) unable to utter any meaningful sounding words.
C) relatively withdrawn and uncommunicative.
D) aggressive and frequently attacks others.

Question 68

Which of the following is not listed in the DSM-IV-TR under disorders of infancy, childhood, and adolescence?

A) Autism
B) Encopresis
C) Enuresis
D) Sleepwalking disorder

Question 69

We are likely to find that most of the children with autistic disorder

A) are girls.
B) also suffer from depression, tic disorders, and other forms of psychopathology.
C) come from poverty-stricken environments.
D) were identified as having the disorder before they were 3 years old.

Question 70

All of the following are symptoms of Tourette's syndrome EXCEPT

A) coprolalia.
B) enuresis.
C) explosive outbursts.
D) uncontrollable head movements.

Question 71

Children with autism often have additional problems such as

A) encopresis and sleep problems.
B) obsessive compulsive disorder and Tourette's syndrome.
C) conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder.
D) social anxiety disorder and elective mutism.

Question 72

Children with are believed to be "mind blind," that is, they cannot take the attitude of or "see" things as others do. They are also deficient at locating and orienting to sounds in their environment.

A) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
B) Childhood disorder
C) Separation anxiety disorder
D) Autistic disorder

Question 73

Cross-cultural studies of tics find that

A) the types of tics seen most commonly vary with culture.
B) the average age of tic onset appears to be universal.
C) tics occur less frequently in cultures that are less expressive.
D) tics are always seen more frequently in females.

Question 74

Asperger's disorder is

A) similar to but less severe than autism.
B) what was once called "autism."
C) a severe form of conduct disorder.
D) an extreme tic disorder.

Question 75

Coprolalia

A) is a vocal tic involving yelling obscenities.
B) frequently accompanies encopresis.
C) is a common side effect of medications used in the treatment of childhood depression.
D) is a rare pervasive developmental disorder.

Question 76

Which of the following is a possible explanation for the seeming lack of emotion in autistic children?

A) They have no emotions
B) They have a lack of social understanding
C) Neurological impairment - they can feel but not show emotions
D) Immaturity - they will show more as they get older

Question 77

In autistic children, head banging, spinning in circles, and rocking are behaviors that

A) are exceedingly rare.
B) are common forms of self-stimulation.
C) are believed to be ways of communicating without language.
D) are used because these children find repetitive routines very aversive.

Question 78

Tics

A) are only seen in Tourette's syndrome.
B) usually have an organic basis.
C) are usually associated with severe behavioral problems.
D) rarely are effectively controlled with medication.

Question 79

Tics

A) are usually not noticed by the individual performing the act.
B) are often related to enuresis.
C) occur most frequently in adults, but occasionally they also occur in children.
D) almost always have an organic basis.

Question 80

The hallmark symptom of autism is

A) lack of language.
B) lack of interest in other people.
C) mental retardation.
D) strange behaviors.