Deck 16: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host

Question 1

Innate immunity

A) provides increased susceptibility to disease.
B) involves T cells and B cells.
C) is slower than adaptive immunity in responding to pathogens.
D) is nonspecific and present at birth.
E) involves a memory component.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

TLRs attach to all of the following EXCEPT

A) LPS.
B) peptidoglycan.
C) PAMPs.
D) AMPs.
E) flagellin.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Alpha interferon acts against specific viruses.
B) Beta interferon attacks invading viruses.
C) Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages.
D) All three types of interferons have the same effect on the body.
E) Alpha interferon promotes phagocytosis.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Margination refers to

A) adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels.
B) the adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms.
C) the chemotactic response of phagocytes.
D) dilation of blood vessels.
E) the movement of phagocytes through walls of blood vessels.

Question 5

The antimicrobial effects of AMPs include all of the following EXCEPT

A) lysis of bacterial cells.
B) inhibition of cell wall synthesis.
C) pore formation in bacterial membranes.
D) inhibition of phagocytosis.
E) destruction of nucleic acids.

Question 6

The function of the ʺciliary escalatorʺ is to

A) remove microorganisms from the lower respiratory tract.
B) propel inhaled dust and microorganisms toward the mouth, away from the lower respiratory tract.
C) trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucus and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract.
D) remove microorganisms from the gastrointestinal tract.
E) trap microorganisms in mucus in the upper respiratory tract.

Question 7

All of the following increase blood vessel permeability EXCEPT

A) prostaglandins.
B) histamine.
C) kinins.
D) lysozymes.
E) leukotrienes.

Question 8

The swelling associated with inflammation decreases when the fluid

A) is excreted in urine.
B) is transported into macrophages.
C) goes into lymph capillaries.
D) returns to the blood.
E) is lost as perspiration.

Question 9

Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT

A) they make the chemical environment unsuitable for nonresident bacteria.
B) they produce antibacterial chemicals.
C) they produce lysozyme.
D) they change the pH of the environment.
E) they compete with pathogens for nutrients.

Question 10

A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes?

A) normal skin flora
B) lysozyme
C) acidic skin secretions
D) mucociliary escalator
E) phagocytosis in the inflammatory response

Question 11

Each of the following provides protection from phagocytic digestion EXCEPT

A) M protein.
B) leukocidins.
C) formation of phagolysosomes.
D) capsules.
E) biofilms.

Question 12

Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity?

A) neutrophils
B) erythrocytes
C) macrophages
D) eosinophils
E) basophils

Question 13

A differential cell count is used to determine each of the following EXCEPT

A) the numbers of each type of white blood cell.
B) leukopenia.
C) leukocytosis.
D) the number of red blood cells.
E) the total number of white blood cells.

Question 14

Phagocytes utilize all of the following to optimize interaction with (getting to and getting hold of) microorganisms EXCEPT

A) chemotaxis.
B) complement.
C) trapping a bacterium against a rough surface.
D) opsonization.
E) lysozyme.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about fixed macrophages is FALSE?

A) They are mature monocytes.
B) They gather at sites of infection.
C) They are cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system.
D) They develop from neutrophils.
E) They are found in certain tissues and organs.

Question 16

All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT

A) saliva.
B) tears.
C) multiple layers of cells.
D) HCl.
E) the ʺciliary escalator.ʺ

Question 17

The complement protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway after the point in the cascade where the activation of takes place.

A) C2
B) C6
C) C1
D) C3
E) C5

Question 18

Which of the following is found normally in serum?

A) leukocytosis-promoting factor
B) histamine
C) complement
D) TLRs
E) interferon

Question 19

Each of the following is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT

A) increased blood vessel permeability.
B) opsonization.
C) interference with viral replication.
D) bacterial cell lysis.
E) increased phagocytic activity.

Question 20

Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?

A) increased diapedesis of phagocytes
B) increased margination of phagocytes
C) increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms
D) cytolysis
E) inflammation

Question 21

Innate immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) production of interferon.
B) phagocytosis.
C) inflammation.
D) activation of complement.
E) production of antibody.

Question 22

All of the following are iron-binding proteins found in humans EXCEPT

A) siderophorin.
B) hemoglobin.
C) transferrin.
D) lactoferrin.
E) ferritin.

Question 23

All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT

A) redness.
B) pain.
C) fever.
D) vasodilation.
E) swelling.

Question 24

Neutrophils with defective lysosomes are unable to

A) produce toxic oxygen products.
B) engulf microorganisms and other foreign material.
C) undergo chemotaxis.
D) migrate.
E) attach to microorganisms and other foreign material.

Question 25

All of the following pertain to fever EXCEPT that it

A) intensifies the effect of antiviral interferons.
B) stimulates T lymphocyte activity.
C) is caused by interleukin-1 and TNF-alpha coming into contact with the hypothalamus.
D) can be initiated by specific types of pathogens.
E) accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract.

Question 26

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Complement activity is antigen-specific.
B) Complement increases after immunization.
C) All of the complement proteins are constantly active in serum.
D) There are at least thirty complement proteins.
E) Factors B, D, and P cause cytolysis.

Question 27

Which of the following is mismatched?

A) diapedesis  movement of leukocytes between capillary walls cells out of blood and into tissue
B) scab  dried blood clot over injured tissue
C) pus  tissue debris and dead phagocytes in a white or yellow fluid
D) chemotaxis  chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome
E) abcess  a cavity created by tissue damage and filled with pus

Question 28

The classical pathway for complement activation is initiated by

A) antigen-antibody reactions.
B) factors released from phagocytes.
C) lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3.
D) C5-C9.
E) factors released from damaged tissues.

Question 29

All of the following occur during inflammation. What is the first step?

A) vasodilation
B) phagocyte migration
C) repair
D) margination
E) diapedesis

Question 30

The alternative pathway for complement activation is initiated by

A) C5-C9.
B) lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3.
C) antigen-antibody reactions.
D) factors released from damaged tissues.
E) factors released from phagocytes.

Question 31

All of the following are part of the mechanism of action of alpha and beta interferons EXCEPT

A) they initiate transcription.
B) they are effective for long periods.
C) they bind to the surface of uninfected cells.
D) they initiate manufacture of antiviral proteins.
E) they disrupt stages of viral multiplication.

Question 32

All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT

A) isolation of an injurious agent.
B) repair of damaged tissue.
C) removal of an injurious agent.
D) production of antibodies.
E) destruction of an injurious agent.

Question 33

Activation of C3a results in

A) opsonization.
B) acute inflammation.
C) attraction of phagocytes.
D) increased blood vessel permeability.
E) cell lysis.

Question 34

All of the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT

A) they destroy infected body cells by phagocytosis.
B) they are a type of lymphocyte.
C) they have the ability to kill infected body cells and some tumor cells.
D) they are found in tissues of the lymphatic system.
E) they release toxic substances that cause cell lysis or apoptosis.

Question 35

A chill is a sign that

A) blood vessels are dilating.
B) body temperature is rising.
C) the metabolic rate is decreasing.
D) body temperature is falling.
E) body temperature is not changing.

Question 36

After ingesting a pathogen, lysosomal enzymes produce all of the following EXCEPT

A) complement.
B) HOCl.
C) o₂-.
D) H₂o₂.
E) OH.

Question 37

The lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by

A) mannose on the surface of microbes.
B) gram-negative cell walls.
C) mannose on host membranes.
D) gram-positive cell walls.
E) lectins of the microbe.

Question 38

Which of the following is involved in resistance to parasitic helminths?

A) lymphocytes
B) eosinophils
C) neutrophils
D) monocytes
E) basophils

Question 39

Macrophages arise from which of the following?

A) eosinophils
B) neutrophils
C) monocytes
D) basophils
E) lymphocytes

Question 40

Activation of C5-C9 results in

A) lysis of microbial cells.
B) inflammation.
C) activation of C3.
D) phagocytosis.
E) fixation of complement.

Question 41

Which of the following statements about the classical pathway of complement activation is FALSE?

A) C1 is the first protein activated in the classical pathway.
B) The C1 protein complex is initiated by antigen-antibody complexes.
C) C3b causes opsonization.
D) Cleaved fragments of some of the proteins act to increase inflammation.
E) C3 is not involved in the classical pathway.

Question 42

Lysozyme and the antibiotic penicillin have similar mechanisms of action in that they both cause damage to the bacterial

A) DNA.
B) ribosomes.
C) cell wall.
D) cell membrane.
E) capsule.

Question 43

The inflammatory response can only be triggered by an infection.

Question 44

The dermis is composed of connective tissue and serves the primary purpose of providing direct protection from the external environment.

Question 45

Ingestion of certain lactic acid bacteria (LABs) has been shown to be beneficial for function and health of the intestinal tract.

Question 46

Digestion of microorganisms occurs in phagosomes.

Question 47

All of the following are components of the inflammatory process EXCEPT

A) diapedesis.
B) chemotaxis.
C) dilation of blood vessels.
D) release of histamines and prostaglandins.
E) antibody synthesis.

Question 48

Explain how each of the following avoids being killed by phagocytes.
a. Streptococcus pneumoniae
b. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
c. Streptococcus pyogenes
d. Shigella dysenteriae

Question 49

The complement system is extremely important in the innate defense response. It can be said that this system is a cascade system. Explain this statement.

Question 50

Which non-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or body fluid?

A) lysozyme  tears and saliva
B) keratin and tightly packed cells  skin
C) mucociliary escalator  intestines
D) very acidic pH  stomach
E) cerumen and sebum  ear

Question 51

An example of a TLR would be peptidoglycan found in the cell wall of gram -positive bacteria.

Question 52

Histamine and kinins cause increased blood flow and capillary permeability.

Question 53

Several inherited deficiencies in the complement system occur in humans. Which of the following would be the MOST severe?

A) deficiency of C6
B) deficiency of C8
C) deficiency of C7
D) deficiency of C5
E) deficiency of C3

Question 54

Microorganisms that are members of the normal microbiota are also known to cause disease.

Question 55

Maturation of stem cells into mature blood cells occurs in the red bone marrow.

Question 56

Describe and differentiate between the three pathways of activating complement.

Question 57

Aspirin alleviates pain, inflammation, and fever by inhibiting prostaglandins.

Question 58

Describe the nonspecific antimicrobial effects of mucus, lysozyme, and low pH. For each of these substances, list where they are found in the body and how they function in fighting pathogens.

Question 59

Complement proteins in their intact and unactivated form act as opsonins by binding to microorganisms and promoting phagocytosis.