Deck 6: The Principles of Pleasure: Understanding Positive Affect, Positive Emotions, Happiness and Well-Being

Question 1

What is the relationship between pleasant and unpleasant affects?

A) They are physiologically the same.
B) They are polar opposites.
C) They are independent of each other.
D) They are strongly and inversely related.

Answer 1

They are independent of each other.

Question 2

Negative and positive affect were once thought to be polar opposites. How are they understood now?

A) As aspects of different personality traits
B) As independent with different correlates
C) As aspects of the same personality traits
D) As dependent with the same correlates

Answer 2

As independent with different correlates

Question 3

What basic question was the PANAS-X designed to answer?

A) Do we experience positive affect more saliently than negative affect?
B) Are positive and negative affect the identical constructs?
C) Do we experience negative affect more saliently than positive affect?
D) Can we experience positive and negative affect simultaneously?

Answer 3

Can we experience positive and negative affect simultaneously?

Question 4

How is mood different from emotion?

A) Mood involves judgments about important things.
B) Mood is defined individually and subjectively.
C) Mood is objectless, free-floating, and long-lasting.
D) Mood is a purely physiological response.

Question 5

Which emotional term is defined as a person's immediate, physiological response to a stimulus?

A) Emotion
B) Affect
C) Happiness
D) Mood

Question 6

In a study in which some physicians were given a gift of chocolate while some were not, how did the group of physicians who received the candy differ from the group who did not receive candy?

A) They displayed superior reasoning and decision making.
B) They behaved more altruistically.
C) They displayed more optimism that their patients would recover.
D) They came up with fewer possible diagnoses.

Question 7

When experiencing positive emotions, what three (3) things are we more likely to do?

A) Be ambivalent, behave selfishly, and be flexible in our thinking.
B) Help other people, be flexible in our thinking, and come up with solutions to our problems.
C) Help other people, be inflexible in our thinking, and become fixated on one solution to our problems.
D) Be indecisive, insecure, and help other people.

Question 8

The appraisal of an event as painful or pleasurable and the experience of autonomic arousal are components of what emotional term?

A) Emotion
B) Mood
C) Well-being
D) Affect

Question 9

A combination of positive affect, general life satisfaction, and the absence of negative affect is the definition of which emotional term?

A) Subjective well-being
B) Happiness
C) Joy
D) Contentment

Question 10

Which emotional term involves responses that occur when we become aware of painful or pleasurable experiences and associated autonomic arousal and evaluate the situation?

A) Affect
B) Happiness
C) Subjective well-being
D) Emotion

Question 11

What is emotion a more specific version of?

A) Feeling
B) Disposition
C) Mood
D) Affect

Question 12

In his research on the effects of prolonged exposure to fear and anger, what did Hans Selye conclude?

A) Physical stress only serves to harm the body and does not provide any adaptive function.
B) That while physical stress harms the body it also has a survival value for humans.
C) There is a direct relationship between amount of physical stress experienced and length of life.
D) Exercise can serve to undo the harm that physical stress causes the body.

Question 13

Which term for well-being is most likely to be used by the media and lay people?

A) Happiness
B) Subjective well-being
C) Pleasure
D) Joy

Question 14

What is affect believed to be a component of?

A) Mood
B) Disposition
C) Feeling
D) Emotion

Question 15

In an experiment by Isen, how did induced positive affect through the finding of a coin effect human behavior?

A) Those who found the coin behaved more selfishly.
B) Those who found the coin were ambivalent to the person in need.
C) Those who found the coin were more likely to help someone in need.
D) Those who did not find the coin were more likely to help someone in need.

Question 16

According to the PANAS-X, how are negative affect states described?

A) By general anxiety
B) By general distress
C) By increased arousal
D) By increased irritability

Question 17

Watson and Lee Anna Clark developed the PANAS-X. What two dimensions of affect does the PANAS-X assess?

A) Attraction and aversion
B) Stability and pervasiveness
C) Valence and content
D) Flexibility and strength

Question 18

The ability to think in more than one direction, or from more than one point of view is referred to as

A) convergent thinking.
B) divergent thinking.
C) symmetrical thinking.
D) dialectical thinking.

Question 19

What is the definition of happiness?

A) Happiness is the combination of positive affect, satisfaction, and the absence of negative affect.
B) Happiness is a positive emotional state that is defined individually or subjectively.
C) Happiness is a positive emotional state that is defined collectively by an individual's culture.
D) Happiness is a physiological response to a stimulus and is based on a sense of arousal.

Question 20

Whether an event is perceived as painful or pleasurable refers to its

A) valence.
B) affect.
C) trajectory.
D) saliency.

Question 21

According to the original calculations of Fredrickson and Losada, what is the mean ratio of positive emotions that predicts human flourishing?

A) 10:1
B) 1:1
C) 5:7
D) 2:9

Question 22

What do specific action tendencies suggest?

A) One specific pathway to achieve a goal
B) A restricted range of possible behavioral options
C) Multiple pathways to achieve a goal
D) A broad range of possible behavioral options

Question 23

In the Cohen study of emotional style and health, which of the following statements is true?

A) Those with lower positive emotions reported fewer symptoms of illness.
B) Those with higher positive emotions reported fewer symptoms of illness.
C) Negative or positive emotions did not affect how many symptoms people reported.
D) People with negative emotional styles had the same number of symptoms, but were more likely to report them.

Question 24

What psychological theory is most in line with need/goal satisfaction theories?

A) Psychoanalytic
B) Behavioral
C) Existential
D) Interpersonal

Question 25

How might joy and contentment have an "undoing" potential for negative emotions?

A) They change our cognitions and thus the way we perceive the world.
B) They increase our sense of hope.
C) They enhance our subjective well-being.
D) They act as antidotes to negative emotions.

Question 26

The increased likelihood of behaving positively toward other people and developing more positive relationships are the benefits of what positive emotion?

A) Contentment
B) Joy
C) Happiness
D) Pleasure

Question 27

In Fredrickson's model, what component consists of the expansion of an individual's momentary thought-action repertoire?

A) Build
B) Expansion
C) Development
D) Broaden

Question 28

Which of the following theories of happiness are most consistent with psychoanalytic and humanistic theorists?

A) The process/activity theory
B) The genetic theory
C) The need/goal satisfaction theory
D) The personality predisposition theory

Question 29

Which theory of happiness would be consistent with the statement "we are happy because we have reached a desired outcome?"

A) Subjective well-being theories
B) Need/goal satisfaction theories
C) Process/activity theories
D) Genetic/personality predisposition theories

Question 30

According to Fredrickson, how are momentary thought-action repertoires defined?

A) As a broad range of behavioral options
B) As one specific pathway to achieve a goal
C) As a restricted range of possible behavioral options
D) As multiple pathways to achieve a goal

Question 31

What do need/goal satisfaction theories of happiness state?

A) Engaging in particular life activities generates happiness.
B) We are happy only when we are in a state of "flow."
C) the reduction of tension or the satisfaction of needs lead to happiness.
D) Happiness is closely related to certain personality traits.

Question 32

Who proposed the theory of flow?

A) Diener
B) Csikszentmihalyi
C) Seligman
D) Fredrickson

Question 33

Which of the following has been found to be associated with the presence of positive emotions?

A) Greater success in creative problem-solving
B) increases in coping effectively
C) Decreasing levels of stress
D) All of the above are benefits of positive emotions.

Question 34

After viewing a film clip that induced either positive or negative emotions, how did research participants who watched negative emotions respond to the request to list everything they would like to do at that moment?

A) They came up with a shorter list of possible activities than those who viewed positive emotions.
B) They came up with more possibilities of activities than those who viewed positive emotions.
C) They did not respond any differently than those who viewed positive emotions.
D) They came up with a list of possibilities that was less creative than those who viewed positive emotions.

Question 35

How do process/activity theories explain happiness?

A) The reduction of tension or the satisfaction of needs lead to happiness.
B) Engaging in particular life activities generates happiness.
C) Happiness is closely related to certain personality traits.
D) Happiness continuously changes with our differing life conditions.

Question 36

In the broaden and build model, how are individuals believed to build resources?

A) Through an upward spiral of positive emotions
B) Through a downward spiral of negative emotions
C) Through a downward spiral of positive emotions
D) Through an upward spiral of negative emotions

Question 37

What effect does the emotion of joy tend to have on people?

A) They are likely to be content with staying where they are.
B) They are likely to initiate activities.
C) They are likely to act selfishly.
D) They are likely to be less judgmental of others.

Question 38

According to Fredrickson's work, the reactions people have to positive emotions tend to be______________, and the reactions people have to negative emotions tend to be _____________________.

A) cognitive; physical
B) physical; cognitive
C) cognitive; cognitive
D) physical; physical

Question 39

Multiple studies have shown that positive affect is associated with

A) better decision-making.
B) increases in helping behavior.
C) greater willingness to take risks.
D) All of the above results have been found.

Question 40

According to research by Sheldon Cohen, participants who were low on positive emotional style were _______ times more likely to get sick than those with positive emotional styles.

A) two
B) three
C) five
D) seven

Question 41

Which of the following statements about the relationship between income and happiness is true?

A) More money is associated with greater happiness.
B) More money is associated with greater happiness in affluent nations, but not in poor nations.
C) More money is associated with greater happiness in poor nations, but not in affluent nations.
D) People in poor countries are generally happier than people in first world countries.

Question 42

What two qualities or characteristics consistently emerge in the lives of the happiest young adults?

A) Financial stability and marriage at a young age
B) Good mental health and good social relationships
C) Low socio-economic status and parents are stilled married
D) Good academic grades and good physical health

Question 43

Jordan works out at the gym and fines of the workouts relieve tension and create positive feelings. Which theory of happiness is Morgan most likely to accept?

A) Process/activity theories
B) Need/goal satisfaction theories
C) Genetic/personality predisposition theories
D) Subjective well-being theories

Question 44

What type of happiness theorist would agree with the statement "happiness changes little over a six year period?"

A) A genetic/personality predisposition theorist
B) A process/activity theorist
C) A subjective well-being theorist
D) A need/goal satisfaction theorist

Question 45

Which of the following statements about marriage and subjective well-being is true?

A) The relationship varies according to age, income, education, and ethnic factors.
B) Marriage is a predictor of happiness amongst heterosexual couples, but not amongst same-sex couples.
C) Marriage is a predictor of happiness amongst introverts, but not amongst extroverts.
D) All of the above statements are true.

Question 46

How do genetic/personality predisposition theorists explain the experience emotion?

A) It is modeled or learned from the environment.
B) It is inherited from the maternal side.
C) It is experienced while engaging in personally satisfying activities.
D) It is related to certain personality traits.

Question 47

Which person is more likely to subscribe to the personality predisposition theory of happiness?

A) John, who believes he has the same happy disposition of his parents.
B) Sarah, who believes that being happy is largely a result of being free of tension.
C) Margaret, who has immigrated to the United States in search of the founders' vision of America.
D) Walter, who believes that achieving financial stability is the key to happiness.

Question 48

How would a psychologist who supports the hedonic perspective view subjective well-being and happiness?

A) As synonymous
B) As distinct
C) As independent
D) As dynamic

Question 49

According to Diener, happiness is synonymous with

A) joy.
B) mental health.
C) harmony.
D) subjective well-being.

Question 50

How does marital status influence subjective well-being?

A) Individuals who are married report higher subjective well-being than individuals who are not married.
B) Individuals who are not married report lower subjective well-being than individuals who are married.
C) Whether or not an individual is married does not influence subjective well-being.
D) Marriage influences reported levels of subjective well-being for women only.

Question 51

A combination of positive affect (in the absence of negative affect) and general life satisfaction is the definition of what term?

A) Subjective well-being
B) Happiness
C) Joy
D) Complete mental health

Question 52

Which person is more likely to subscribe to the process/activity theory of happiness?

A) John, who believes he has the same happy disposition of his parents.
B) Sarah, who believes that being happy is largely a result of being free of tension.
C) Margaret, who has immigrated to the United States in search of the founders' vision of America.
D) Walter, who believes that achieving financial stability is the key to happiness.

Question 53

The subjective evaluation of one's status in the world is a simple definition of what?

A) Happiness
B) Complete mental health
C) Subjective well-being
D) Life satisfaction

Question 54

In what type of nation is financial status more highly correlated with satisfaction for students?

A) Wealthy nations
B) Poor nations
C) Democratic nations
D) Autocratic nations

Question 55

Which of the determinants of happiness has a greater degree of genetic contribution?

A) Positive emotionality
B) Negative emotionality
C) They are the same
D) Very little of happiness is determined by genetic contributions.

Question 56

Which two of the big five factors of personality were found to be most closely related to the characteristics of happiness?

A) Openness and agreeableness
B) Extroversion and neuroticism
C) Conscientiousness and extroversion
D) Extroversion and neuroticism.

Question 57

Which theory of happiness is our founders' promise of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" most congruent with?

A) Process/activity theories
B) Need/goal satisfaction theories
C) Genetic/personality predisposition theories
D) Subjective well-being theories

Question 58

According to Aristotle, what is eudaimonia?

A) The pursuit of happiness
B) Happiness based on a lifelong pursuit of meaningful goals.
C) Enlightenment and a sense of peace and happiness
D) Psychological, social, and emotional health.

Question 59

Morgan is a happy person, who attributes happiness to keeping busy at work, and coaching a little league ball team. Which theory of happiness is Morgan most likely to accept?

A) Process/activity theories
B) Need/goal satisfaction theories
C) Genetic/personality predisposition theories
D) Subjective well-being theories

Question 60

Studies of the biological or genetic determinants of happiness have found that _____% of positive emotionality and ______% of negative emotionality are genetically based.

A) 40; 55
B) 55; 40
C) 50; 50
D) 60; 60

Question 61

Discuss the procedure and findings for two of the following research studies: Estrada and Isen's physician study, Xing and Sun's study of risk-taking, or Cohen's study of emotion styles and the common cold..

Question 62

Outline and describe the differences between the three theories of happiness (need/goal satisfaction theories, process/activity theories, genetic/predisposition theories) discussed in Chapter 6.

Question 63

According to David Myers, what is the relationship between happiness and helpfulness?

A) Being helpful makes us feel good.
B) People who feel good are more helpful.
C) Being helpful helps us focus beyond ourselves.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 64

According to Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, and Schkade, a genetically determined set point for happiness, happiness-relevant circumstantial factors, and happiness-relevant activities and practices are the three major factors involved in what positive emotion?

A) Happiness
B) Joy
C) Pleasure
D) Subjective well-being

Question 65

Discuss some of the tips for increasing pleasant emotional experiences, happiness, and well-being in your life drawing from each of life's three domains of love, work, and play.

Question 66

David Myers identified 10 general strategies for increasing happiness in one's life. Identify and define five of these strategies. Be sure to give examples of how each these strategies can be employed.

Question 67

What does the eudaimonic version of happiness embrace as the goal in all our actions?

A) Savoring
B) Flourishing
C) Mindfulness
D) Thriving

Question 68

David Myers has identified several strategies for increasing happiness in one's life. One of these is to act happy. Why is this likely to be effective?

A) Sometimes our emotions follow our behaviors.
B) We are more likely to attract other happy people.
C) We are more likely to create a positive impression.
D) Nobody wants to be around a person who is grumpy.

Question 69

According to Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, and Schkade, about _____% of the population variance for happiness is based on genetics.

A) 30
B) 40
C) 50
D) 60

Question 70

David Myers has identified several strategies for increasing happiness in one's life. What is one of these strategies?

A) Count your blessings
B) Be mindful of other peoples' feelings
C) Give priority to close relationships
D) Exercise regularly

Question 71

According toDiener, the thing most important to happiness is

A) our objective circumstances.
B) our perceptions of the world.
C) our connection to other people.
D) our ability to play.

Question 72

Discuss the determinants of subjective well-being with regard to financial status, marriage, and culture.

Question 73

To be authentic and live according to real needs and desired goals is characteristic of what view of happiness?

A) A Eudaimonic view
B) A Western world view
C) A Hedonic view
D) A Buddhist view

Question 74

What principal being illustrated in the article titled "Beach Man Named Nations Happiest? "

A) Establishing a professional career contributes to happiness.
B) Whether or not a person is happy is largely a matter of luck.
C) Whether or not a person is happy is largely a matter of choice.
D) Whether or not a person is happy is largely genetic.

Question 75

According to Ryff and Keyes, emotional well-being, social well-being, and psychological well-being are the three components that make up what?

A) Subjective well-being
B) Happiness
C) Life satisfaction
D) Complete Mental Health