Deck 11: Empathy and Egotism: Portals to Altruism, Gratitude, and Forgiveness

Question 1

In the "Dictator Game,"

A) men gave more tokens than women.
B) Women gave more tokens than men.
C) women gave more tokens to other women, but fewer tokens to men.
D) women gave more tokens to men, but fewer tokens to other women.

Answer 1

Women gave more tokens than men.

Question 2

The concept of egotism as a motive for helping others is most closely related to which term?

A) Empathy
B) Esteem
C) Altruism
D) Compassion

Answer 2

Esteem

Question 3

Teaching people that it is okay to feel good about helping others is one way to increase altruistic behaviors. What is another advantage associated with learning this concept?

A) People are more accepted by their peers
B) People find religion
C) People look for ways to be further rewarded
D) People develop a higher sense of self-esteem

Answer 3

People develop a higher sense of self-esteem

Question 4

Which of the following factors is believed to underlie an evolutionary basis for human empathy?

A) Individuals who were able to evoke empathy in others gained a survival advantage.
B) Being able to recognize altruistic traits resulted in selecting a similarly altruistic mate.
C) Altruistic people were more likely to produce twins, and therefore increase total reproduction.
D) Displays of altruism were more likely to result in gaining sexual favors.

Question 5

According to Batson and colleagues,

A) all altruistic behaviors are motivated by an underlying sense of egotism.
B) individuals higher and empathy are more likely to help those in need.
C) being altruistic is an entirely learned behavior.
D) negative emotions motivate altruistic behavior only when physical or psychological escape is not possible.

Question 6

Because of the positive outcome, what is one of the most influential human motives that drives many human actions?

A) Forgiveness
B) Egotism
C) Altruism
D) Empathy

Question 7

Which of the following represents an egotistic reason for altruistic behavior?

A) Receiving external rewards
B) Lessening our own sense of guilt
C) Reducing distress from seeing another person's misery
D) All of the above are egoistic motives.

Question 8

Research into the genetic and neural foundations of empathy have found that

A) dizygotic twins show a higher correlation for the trait than do monozygotic twins.
B) monozygotic twins show a higher correlation for the trait than do dizygotic twins.
C) monozygotic and dizygotic twins show roughly equal co-relations for the trait.
D) correlations on measures of empathy in twins has been shown to be a result of environment, not biology.

Question 9

Which of the following terms regarding altruism has the greatest applicability to a collectivist society?

A) Empathic venue
B) Egoistic system
C) Social strata
D) Altruism niche

Question 10

A business owner annually donates a large sum of money to a local charity, which publicly announces the donation. The business owner enjoys the advertisement. Which motive best explains this behavior?

A) Egotism Motive
B) Empathy Motive
C) Altruism Motive
D) Gratitude Motive

Question 11

Which of the following is true about gender and altruism?

A) Men were more appreciative of altruistic traits in both short-term and long-term relationships than were women.
B) Women were more appreciative altruistic traits in short-term relationships, but less appreciative in long-term relationships.
C) Both men and women were more appreciative of altruistic traits in short-term relationships.
D) Both men a women were more appreciative of altruistic traits in long-term relationships.

Question 12

Research on the genetic and neural foundations of empathy has indicated that empathy has_______ degree of heritability.

A) virtually no
B) a small
C) a moderate
D) a substantial

Question 13

In the grocery store, a woman sees someone attempting to reach a box from the top shelf, which is clearly out of reach. The woman feels compassion for the person and gets the box down for them. What is this example best describing?

A) The Egotism Motive
B) The Empathy Motive
C) The Altruism Motive
D) The TRIM Motive

Question 14

Bobbie has been working many hours of volunteer work the last six months. It began as a requirement for a class, but Bobbie now feels closer to people and has realized that others are very similar to her. What does this realization due to increased interaction demonstrate?

A) Increased gratitude
B) Decreased aggression
C) Increased empathy
D) Progress in the "impact stage" as described by Gordon et al.

Question 15

A child is playing with her sibling and accidentally gets too rough. The sibling ends up falling down and getting hurt. The child responsible immediately helps the sibling up and offers comfort to attempt to stop the crying for fear of being punished by her parents. What is this an example of?

A) Egotism - Motivated Altruism
B) Benefit finding
C) Empathy - Motivated Altruism
D) Genetic foundations of empathy

Question 16

By engaging in volunteer work, one can invoke which kind of feelings?

A) Egoistic feelings
B) Feelings of forgiveness
C) Empathic feelings
D) Neutral feelings

Question 17

A student is walking in the hall and sees another student drop their books. The thought process behind helping the student who dropped the books included a feeling of slight sorrow for them. Which motive best explains this behavior?

A) Egotism Motive
B) Empathy Motive
C) Altruism Motive
D) Gratitude Motive

Question 18

Scholars have suggested that egotism fuels altruistic behavior because

A) all altruistic actions produce an underlying benefit.
B) we like to protect our feelings of self-worth.
C) we feel empathy towards other people.
D) it is rooted in our evolutionary history.

Question 19

Which part of the brain is related to the development of empathy, according to researchers?

A) The temporal and parietal lobes
B) The left somatosensory cortex
C) The function of mirror neurons
D) All of the above are involved

Question 20

Which of the following has been away to teach greater empathy and thus increase the probability of altruistic actions?

A) Interact more frequently with people who need help.
B) Avoid too much exposure to people who need help, to prevent empathic fatigue.
C) Appeal to a person's sense of social justice and reciprocity.
D) Focus efforts on asking other people to "pay it forward."

Question 21

In studies of children, mention of gratitude towards rescue workers increased as a result of

A) having gone through a time of strife.
B) having personally received assistance from a rescue worker.
C) personally knowing someone in a rescue or helping profession.
D) All of the above.

Question 22

Sarah's car has broken down by the side of the busy highway, and is starting to smoke. Many cars continue to pass her by without stopping to help. Which of the following individuals is most likely to stop and help her?

A) A lawyer
B) A teacher
C) An off-duty police officer
D) A person on his way to work.

Question 23

Timmy gets a flat tire and notices his neighbor running out of the house as if he were late for work. Timmy decides not to ask for help because the neighbor looked to be in such a hurry. The neighbor, however, notices Timmy and kindly comes over and offers his assistance. What is Timmy most likely feeling toward his neighbor?

A) Altruistic
B) Forgiving
C) Gratitude
D) Egotism

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a component related to the emergence of gratitude?

A) The other person has behaved in a way that was costly to him or her.
B) The two people involved in the positive outcome are not related.
C) The recipient of the positive outcome views the assistance as valuable.
D) The assistance was given intentionally

Question 25

You are leaving for work on a snowy afternoon and you notice your neighbor attempting to shovel snow from his driveway. You do not like this neighbor as he constantly complains of loud noise and too many people coming in and out of your house. Even so, you feel a sense of empathy for this neighbor because he is not making much progress in his shoveling. You go over and offer to help. Based on the information on gratitude in Chapter 11, what is this neighbor most likely to feel?

A) He will have more gratitude because he did not expect your help
B) He will have less gratitude because he does not like you
C) He will have no gratitude because he will not allow you to help
D) He will have the same amount of gratitude as if his wife was helping

Question 26

Which of the following factors has NOT been found to be associated with keeping a weekly gratitude journal?

A) The tendency to eat a healthier diet.
B) The amount of exercise undertaken.
C) Optimism about the coming week.
D) Feeling better about one's life.

Question 27

Which of the following does gratitude meditation address?

A) Learning how to get motivated
B) Learning to be more active
C) Learning to appreciate blessings
D) Learning to be more passive

Question 28

When one feels the extreme need to consider oneself special and unique and different from others, it may create difficulty with others. Which of the following will desires such as these hinder?

A) Empathy
B) Forgiveness
C) Gratitude
D) Altruism

Question 29

Which of the following would predict higher levels of gratitude?

A) A close friend helping
B) Events of larger magnitude
C) Help given when no one else is around
D) Repeated helping from the same person

Question 30

The "Dictator Game", in which people have an opportunity to distribute tokens, has been used to understand altruism from what point of view?

A) Economics
B) Political science
C) Philosophy
D) Religion

Question 31

Gratitude meditation requires three main questions be asked of oneself. Which of the following is NOT one of the questions?

A) What did I receive?
B) What did I give?
C) What troubles did I have?
D) What troubles did I cause others?

Question 32

In Froh et al's examination of the effectiveness of gratitude interventions, writing letters was particularly likely to increase levels of gratitude for

A) people from individualistic cultures.
B) people from collectivist cultures.
C) youth who were high in positive affect.
D) youth who were low in positive affect.

Question 33

Which of the following is a way that the author suggest helping children to develop empathy?

A) Help children to develop a wide and diverse social circle.
B) Encourage children to examine their motives for helping others.
C) Give children lots of help, so they can experience what it feels like to be helped by others.
D) Encourage children to develop their personal uniqueness.

Question 34

Who is most likely to help someone pick up dropped groceries?

A) George, who is retired.
B) Keisha, who is putting herself through school.
C) Jordan, who is financially well-off.
D) Suki, who volunteers at an animal shelter.

Question 35

Gratitude has been shown to exist in different magnitudes. According to Ortony and colleagues, when will gratitude be the greatest?

A) When the giving person continuously helps others
B) When the giving person is a stranger
C) When the giving person does something unexpected
D) When the giving person is a friend or family

Question 36

Which of the following characteristics have been reported by people who Gratitude journals?

A) Enthusiasm, empathy, and determination
B) Enthusiasm, alertness, and humility
C) Enthusiasm, alertness, and determination
D) Empathy, humility, and determination

Question 37

A man who had gotten into a terrible car accident was visited by his daughter whom he hadn't talked to in years. This man had gratitude for getting into the car accident, as this event allowed him to re-establish his relationship with his daughter. What is this an example of?

A) Benefit finding
B) Altruism
C) Gratitude meditation
D) Optimism

Question 38

Which of the following factors is positively correlated with general feelings of gratitude?

A) Having more than other people to whom one compares oneself.
B) Having had a history of deficit or hardship.
C) Having been raised by socially conscious and empathetic parents.
D) Degree of religiousness.

Question 39

Sammy is trying to carry many grocery bags to her car on a rainy afternoon. Her daughter is with her and offers to help, which creates a feeling of gratitude in Sammy. According to the theory presented by Ortony and colleagues, how would this feeling of gratitude toward Sammy's daughter differ from that of a stranger who was not expected to help?

A) The gratitude toward Sammy's daughter would be stronger
B) The gratitude toward the stranger would be stronger
C) The gratitude for Sammy's daughter would last longer
D) The gratitude toward each would be the same

Question 40

What do altruism and gratitude have in common as necessary conditions?

A) Some type of inequality between the people involved.
B) The ability to empathize with others.
C) A demonstrated need that exceeds someone's ability to cope.
D) An awareness of social interaction strategies.

Question 41

Which researchers have developed a definition of forgiveness that specifically allows for the forgiveness of things besides other people, such as situations?

A) McCullough and colleagues
B) Enright and colleagues
C) Thompson and colleagues
D) Tangney and colleagues

Question 42

Many different definitions of forgiveness have been operationalized. Who defined forgiveness as being an increase in prosocial motivation with less desire to seek revenge?

A) Thompson and colleagues
B) McCullough and colleagues
C) Enright and colleagues
D) Matthews and colleagues

Question 43

Which of the following statements about forgiveness and culture is true?

A) In some cultures forgiveness may be an interpersonal process and in others it may be an intrapersonal process.
B) Forgiveness is likely to be more common in Western cultures than Eastern cultures.
C) White Americans were more likely to practice forgiveness than Black Americans.
D) All of the above statements are true

Question 44

Scores on the GQ-6 (Gratitude Questionnaire) relate to other positive psychology constructs. Which of the following has been shown to correlate positively with higher levels of gratitude on the GQ-6?

A) Courage
B) Vitality
C) Number of close friends
D) Love

Question 45

A man is angry and resentful toward a snowstorm that caused his wife to get into a terrible car accident. As a result of the accident, she is paralyzed from the waist down. Which of the following forgiveness theorists would accept forgiveness of a non-human?

A) Tangney and colleagues
B) McCullough and colleagues
C) Thompson and colleagues
D) Enright and colleagues

Question 46

Many different definitions of forgiveness have been operationalized. Who defined forgiveness as giving up resentment and limits forgiveness to people only?

A) Thompson and colleagues
B) McCullough and colleagues
C) Enright and colleagues
D) Tangney and colleagues

Question 47

Johnny has done something wrong and is attempting to perform self-forgiveness so he can move on with his life. What feelings is Johnny likely to have before forgiving himself?

A) Shame and Guilt
B) Hostility and Anger
C) No Remorse or Regrets
D) Love and Acceptance

Question 48

On which of the following statements about the nature of forgiveness do researchers most agree?

A) Forgiveness applies to other people, but not to things.
B) Forgiveness is beneficial to people.
C) Transgressors get more value from forgiveness than do victims.
D) Forgiveness is more common in collectivist cultures than in individualistic cultures.

Question 49

With regard to their respective views of forgiveness, which is true about religion versus psychology?

A) Encouraging reconciliation as part of the forgiveness process is more likely to be promoted in psychology.
B) Encouraging reconciliation as part of the forgiveness process is more likely to be promoted in religion.
C) Psychology is more likely to promote the idea that forgiveness can occur with or without an apology from the transgressor.
D) Religion is more likely to promote the idea that forgiveness will lead to personal growth.

Question 50

Which of the following factors make a difference in whether or not forgiveness occurs?

A) When the transgressor apologizes
B) When the transgressor states that he or she will "make things right."
C) When the apology was not required by an authority figure.
D) All of the above affect whether forgiveness will occur.

Question 51

Which of the following is a measure of Gratitude?

A) Prosocial Behavior Questionnaire
B) Multidimensional Prayer Inventory
C) The Helping Attitude Scale
D) Transgression - Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory

Question 52

Everett Worthington's REACH model of forgiveness stands for: R - recall the hurt, E - empathy promotion, A - altruistic gift giving of forgiveness, C - committing verbally to forgive; what does the H stand for?

A) Holding onto forgiveness
B) Helping one another to increase trust
C) Hugging to create a renewed sense of closeness
D) Handling the situation better in the future

Question 53

What is the core concept of the theory of Tangney and colleagues for forgiveness?

A) Forgive everyone
B) Forgive only humans
C) Increase one's own empathy
D) Give up negative emotions

Question 54

According to the forgiveness model of Gordon and colleagues, when someone is in the stage of feeling negative emotions involving hurt, fear, and anger, which stage of forgiveness are they in?

A) The impact stage
B) The recovery stage
C) The meaning stage
D) The transition stage

Question 55

What is a word that is almost synonymous with "appreciation"?

A) Empathy
B) Altruistic feelings
C) Gratitude
D) Acceptance

Question 56

Max has been injured in a car accident and has had damage to his prefrontal and parietal cortexes. This has caused Max difficulty in judging other's emotions. What other skill can also be assumed to have been negatively influenced for Max?

A) The ability to engage in prosocial behaviors
B) The ability to forgive others
C) The ability to show gratitude toward others
D) The ability to have empathy toward others

Question 57

According to the model developed by Gordon, Baucom, and Snyder, which of the following is the second stage to forgiveness of another person?

A) The acceptance stage
B) The recovery stage
C) The impact stage
D) The search for meaning stage

Question 58

A man finds out that his wife of thirty years was having an affair. The couple goes to counseling to attempt to resolve the issues. The therapist offers a treatment plan involving forgiveness. According to the theory presented by Gordon and colleagues, what is the minimum goal for the couple?

A) To move forward and continue in the relationship
B) To make more informed decisions about what to do next
C) To communicate better to avoid similar situations in the future
D) To terminate the relationship and remain friends

Question 59

The GRAT is a self-report measure used to tap into three factors of gratitude. Which of the following is one of these factors?

A) Optimism
B) Acceptance
C) Resentment
D) Pessimism

Question 60

With regard to psychophysiology and gratitude, appreciation is different from gratitude in what way?

A) Appreciation is a long-term effect of helping
B) Appreciation and gratitude are the same thing
C) Appreciation is more easily accomplished
D) Appreciation may or may not include others

Question 61

According to evolutionary theory, lacking specific skills may cause aggressive or retaliative behaviors that may threaten the group. What skill should be learned, according to Enright, to lesson this tendency?

A) Gratitude
B) Altruism
C) Forgiveness
D) Communication

Question 62

Forgiving another creates positive feelings in the person forgiving as well as the one being forgiven. Think about a situation in which you forgave someone. Explain how you felt before and after forgiving. Do you think that this forgiveness was geniune forgiveness? Why? Link your comments to one or more of the forgiveness theories presented in the chapter.

Question 63

Your book lists three ways (scales) to measure gratitude. Choose any one of them and explain how the measurement is accomplished, what constructs the scale attempts to measure, and the resulting research findings for people who score high and low on that scale.

Question 64

Define gratitude and explain some of the reactions that are typical, including affective and cognitive results, as well as cultural variations in gratitude.

Question 65

Which of the following is likely to be the outcome when a person is a recipient of altruism, gratitude, or forgiveness from another?

A) He/she will feel guilty
B) He/she will behave in moral ways toward other people
C) He/she will have higher self-esteem
D) He/she will score higher on the GRAT scale

Question 66

A soldier kills many people during war. He also sees many innocent people suffering, but continues on as he was instructed. What is this an example of?

A) Losing Empathy
B) Muting Empathy
C) Ignoring Empathy
D) Never having Empathy

Question 67

Sally has gotten into an argument with her boyfriend about an accusation that was made of her cheating. Sally was not guilty and had many feelings of bitterness and hatred toward her boyfriend because of this accusation. Her boyfriend calls after many days of not talking and apologizes and asks Sally to forgive him and take her back. Sally has empathic feelings and decides to forgive her boyfriend for doubting her. According to Chapter 11, how is Sally's forgiveness likely to affect her in the future?

A) She will participate in more prosocial behavior
B) She will regret forgiving

Question 68

When the recipient of prosocial behaviors reciprocates the feelings of altruism, gratitude, and forgiveness, what will also be likely to happen?

A) Further Empathy and Egotism
B) Increased likelihood of Moral Behavior
C) Higher Self-Esteem
D) Increased positive outlook on life

Question 69

Which of the following is true about the consequences of not forgiving another versus not forgiving oneself?

A) The consequences for not forgiving others tend to be more severe.
B) The consequences for not forgiving oneself tend to be more severe.
C) Individual personality differences determine whether or not forgiving oneself or not forgiving another person is more severe.
D) In Western culture, there are greater consequences for not forgiving another, but in Eastern cultures there are greater consequences for not forgiving oneself.

Question 70

Which of the following is a measure for forgiveness?

A) The GRAT
B) The TRIM
C) The Helping Attitude Scale
D) The Thanksgiving Self Report Subscale

Question 71

Distinguish between altruism and egotism, and describe at least three factors that characterize each concept.

Question 72

List and explain some of the factors that increase the probability of forgiveness, overall and with specific mention of culture, gender, and age.

Question 73

A client is encouraged not to think about negative events from his past. What is this technique used in forgiving oneself known as?

A) Gestalt "empty chair"
B) Heartland Forgiveness Method
C) Thought Stopping
D) Benefit Finding

Question 74

In which of the following situations is forgiveness most likely to have negative consequences?

A) Carter, who has forgiven his father for being neglectful.
B) Jordan, who has forgiven the person who has killed her son.
C) Michael, who has forgiven the tornado that flattened his home.
D) Jennifer, who has forgiven her husband for abusing her.

Question 75

What is a possible situation in which empathic muting may occur?

A) When one does not produce the positive changes in their profession that they wish to produce.
B) When something bad happens and many people are around so that everyone diffuses responsibility onto another.
C) When one is in contact with another that they do not like and wish bad things upon.
D) When one is extremely tired and incapable of feeling emotions.

Question 76

Now think about a time in which you wanted to be forgiven. Were you or were you not forgiven; how did you feel? What are similarities and differences between the feelings that you felt when forgiving and the feelings you had when you were forgiven?

Question 77

Teri is driving on a busy highway and blows her tire out. After a very dangerous maneuver to attempt to pull over, she patiently waits in her car for someone to help. Although many people drive by on the highway, she did not receive assistance until a police officer saw her two hours later. This story demonstrates a phenomenon called the innocent bystander effect. What is the reason that this occurs?

A) People diffuse responsibility onto others
B) People are "muting" empathy
C) People are inherently evil
D) People are afraid to help a stranger

Question 78

What is the correct order of Jacinto and Edwards' therapeutic stages on the road to self forgiveness?

A) Recognition, responsibility, expression, and recreating.
B) Expression, recognition, recreating, and responsibility.
C) Recognition, expression, recreating, and responsibility.
D) Expression, recreating, recognition, and responsibility.

Question 79

A woman is assaulted in the middle of a busy city in front of thousands of people. No one stepped in to help, and no one called for help. What is the term used for situations such as this?

A) The Diffusion of Responsibility Principle
B) The Egoistic Theory
C) The Innocent Bystander Effect
D) The Greed/Gratitude Comparison

Question 80

Discuss the personal benefits of two of the following: altruism, gratitude, and forgiveness in terms of mental and physical well-being.