Deck 14: Preventing the Bad and Promoting the Good

Question 1

What is the purpose of primary enhancements?

A) To stop problems before they appear
B) To eliminate problems after they appear
C) To build on already optimal functioning to achieve peak experiences
D) To establish optimal functioning and satisfaction

Answer 1

To establish optimal functioning and satisfaction

Question 2

According to Durlak and Wells, how much better off were adolescents who participated in programs for behavioral and social problems?

A) 59% to 82%
B) 0% to 39%
C) 85% to 100%
D) 20% to 40%

Answer 2

59% to 82%

Question 3

What is the purpose of secondary enhancements?

A) To eliminate problems after they appear
B) To make things the very best they can be
C) To make things good
D) To prevent problems from happening in the first place

Answer 3

To make things the very best they can be

Question 4

Which part of the head start program proved to be especially effective (efficacious)?

A) Meals
B) Medical screenings
C) Academic enrichment
D) Parental education

Question 5

What is a common component of successful prevention programs for ethnic minorities?

A) Emphasizing the strengths of the individual
B) Emphasizing the support of the community
C) Emphasizing group differences
D) Emphasizing the role of the family

Question 6

The US Department of Health and Human Services estimates that what percent of Americans die from chronic, possibly preventable diseases?

A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 70%
D) 80%

Question 7

Optimal functioning is to peak experiences as ______________ is to_______________.

A) primary prevention; secondary prevention
B) Secondary prevention; primary prevention
C) primary enhancements; secondary enhancements
D) Secondary enhancements; primary enhancements

Question 8

Of the five suggestions for implementing successful primary prevention, which is the first?

A) Making the program attractive
B) Teaching problem-solving skills
C) Giving the target population knowledge about the risk behavior
D) Change norms or social structures that reinforce counterproductive behavior

Question 9

Collins and Dozois site all of the following as active ingredients in the change process EXCEPT

A) Inclusion of parents in treatment
B) Generating an attitude of hope
C) Focusing on interpersonal interactions
D) Incorporating cognitive-behavioral interventions

Question 10

With regard to the effectiveness of primary preventions, what would a positive psychologist be most likely to say?

A) Primary preventions are ineffective.
B) Primary preventions are quite effective.
C) Primary preventions are only effective for adolescents.
D) Primary preventions are effective for communities, but not individuals.

Question 11

In discussing the advantages and disadvantages of the head start program, which of the following is true?

A) African-Americans received the greatest level of intervention.
B) African-Americans received the lowest quality of care
C) Rural children received the lowest quality of care
D) Children from single-parent households received the lowest quality of care.

Question 12

Which of the following theories is applicable to the idea of laws designed to promote primary prevention?

A) The frustration - aggression hypothesis
B) The learned helplessness hypothesis
C) The self-efficacy hypothesis
D) a and b

Question 13

"Actions intended to stop physical or psychological problems before they appear" is the definition of what term?

A) Secondary preventions
B) Primary preventions
C) Primary enhancements
D) Secondary enhancements

Question 14

Child immunizations are an example of

A) primary prevention.
B) primary enhancement
C) universal prevention
D) Selective prevention

Question 15

Head Start is a government sponsored program that provides poor children with a level of preparation that is equivalent to their economically more advantaged counterparts. What type of preventions is Head Start an example of?

A) Secondary prevention
B) Universal prevention
C) Primary prevention
D) Principal prevention

Question 16

"Actions to lessen or eliminate problems after they have appeared" is the definition of what term?

A) Primary preventions
B) Secondary enhancements
C) Secondary preventions
D) Primary enhancements

Question 17

What is selective prevention?

A) When prevention is focused on a particular at-risk population
B) When prevention is aimed at an entire community
C) When prevention is focused on eliminating problems after they occur
D) When prevention is focused on stopping problems before they appear

Question 18

When prevention is aimed at an entire community, what is it called?

A) Universal prevention
B) Community prevention
C) Selective prevention
D) Secondary prevention

Question 19

Which of the following is associated with citizens perception of government blockages of goal pursuit activities?

A) Increased turnout during the next election
B) Higher suicide rates
C) Higher rates of civil unrest
D) Higher rates of teen pregnancy

Question 20

How can the government engage in primary prevention?

A) By passing laws against prejudicial hiring practices
B) By passing laws to promote merit-based success
C) By taking actions to promote employment
D) All of the above are examples of government primary prevention.

Question 21

Psychotherapy is an example of what type of prevention?

A) Primary prevention
B) Universal prevention
C) Selective prevention
D) Secondary prevention

Question 22

What is the name of the program that is based on the premise that keeping the elderly involved and actively participating in their families prevents them from experiencing isolation and depression?

A) The Penn Resiliency Program
B) Grandma Please
C) Project Active Elderly
D) The Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC)

Question 23

How does hope therapy work?

A) By pointing out blockages to people's goals
B) By looking for exceptions to the client's problems
C) By probing clients for their goals in different areas of their lives
D) By pointing out the client's irrational beliefs

Question 24

Kanfer's three - stage self - control model is often used with what type of psychological problems?

A) Depression
B) Anxiety
C) Schizophrenia
D) Personality disorders

Question 25

Which of the following presents the greatest difficulty in defining what a good therapeutic outcome is?

A) Greater emphasis on symptomology than on growth.
B) The definition of a good outcome is culturally biased.
C) Not enough is known about the biological underpinnings of disorders.
D) Not enough studies have been done in determining therapeutic outcomes.

Question 26

Which of the following is a stage of Kanfer's self-control model?

A) The client gathers information about the problem, including maladaptive cognitions
B) Verbal persuasion by the helper
C) Teaching the client more adaptive internal dialogues
D) The client learns how to reinforce herself for controlling the desired behavior

Question 27

Which to your authors discuss as a force undermining prevention activities?

A) People's passivity
B) Lack of long-term benefits
C) Lack of trust
D) Difficulty accessing services

Question 28

What problem is Michenbaum's self-instructional training aimed at?

A) Self-efficacy
B) Depression
C) Self-control
D) Anxiety

Question 29

On average, how much better off on a variety of outcomes are clients who undergo psychotherapy as opposed to those who have not received treatment?

A) 75%
B) 34%
C) 10%
D) 98%

Question 30

Which of the following is of greatest importance in determining whether therapy is effective?

A) Matching the therapeutic technique to the problem in question
B) The resources available to the client to facilitate change.
C) The level of effectiveness of the therapist
D) The affordability of the program

Question 31

Your authors suggest Seligman's book on Learned Optimism as a guide for

A) primary prevention
B) Secondary prevention
C) Primary enhancement
D) Secondary enhancement

Question 32

The belief that clients can learn efficacy beliefs through modeling and actual performance accomplishments is congruent with which model?

A) Bandura's self-efficacy model
B) Michenbaum's self-instructional model
C) Kanfer's self-control model
D) Seligman's resiliency model

Question 33

In Seligman's attributional retraining model what do the ABCDs stand for?

A) Adversity, Behavior, Consequence, Dissonance.
B) Attitude, Beliefs, Concern, Disagreement
C) Adversity, Beliefs, Consequence, Dispute
D) Actualization, Behavior, Concern, Dispute

Question 34

Your authors suggest that, compared to placebo groups, people receiving treatments are about ______% better off.

A) 15
B) 35
C) 25
D) 50

Question 35

According to Jerome Frank, what is the underlying process common to all successful psychotherapy approaches?

A) Empathy
B) Efficacy
C) Determination
D) Hope

Question 36

In Seligman's attributional retraining model, which stage is associated with replacing depression producing beliefs with compelling, accurate evidence?

A) Adversity
B) Belief
C) Consequence
D) Disputation

Question 37

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Chicago Urban Resiliency Building Program?

A) It is Internet-based.
B) It attempts to reduce substance use disorders.
C) It is an intervention for African-American and Latino preschool children.
D) All of the above are characteristics.

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics in Bandura's self efficacy model as it pertains to psychotherapy?

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Verbal persuasion
C) Controlling negative cognitive processes
D) Modeling

Question 39

Which of the following programs of primary prevention was most discussed in your book?

A) Adults at-risk for depression
B) Children at-risk for abuse
C) Children in low income families
D) Children at-risk for depression

Question 40

What is a factor that makes it difficult to implement primary prevention programs?

A) Illusion of uniqueness
B) Normalizing
C) Government funding
D) Participation

Question 41

From an evolutionary perspective, where do researchers believe happiness stems from?

A) Remaining sedentary and relaxed
B) An environment that is fertile and productive of food
C) A disorganized and insecure environment
D) The pursuit of material goals

Question 42

According to Czikszentmihalyi, primary enhancement activities are most enjoyable when they are

A) challenging.
B) attainable.
C) absorbing.
D) easy.

Question 43

Which of the following statements about depression and the elderly is true?

A) Depression is a normal part of the aging process.
B) Older people experience lower levels of depression than younger people.
C) Older people are as likely to get depression, but are better at overcoming it.
D) Depression is the most frequent problem among older people who go for psychotherapy.

Question 44

How do researchers believe leisure activities bring people pleasure?

A) They allow us time to reflect on the goals we have achieved.
B) They provide a social network and allow for the testing of talents and skills.
C) They are equivalent to being in a meditative state.
D) They act as a recharging process.

Question 45

What is the overall goal of hope therapy?

A) To prevent depression in at-risk children and adolescents
B) To teach clients how to attain ongoing life goals, especially when encountering blockages
C) To prevent/treat depression by having clients exercise, get more light exposure, and increase their intake of omega-3 fatty acids
D) To increase self-awareness, self-control, and self-efficacy

Question 46

The degree to which people are satisfied with their work is related to happiness. What is one possible reason for this finding?

A) Work allows for the testing of talents and skills.
B) Work provides a sense of purpose.
C) Work provides people with a internal motivation.
D) Work has been found to be necessary to balance family.

Question 47

Which of the following statements about religiosity and spirituality is true?

A) Satisfaction for religion probably stems from the social contacts it provides.
B) Religiosity and prayer are related to a more meaningful life.
C) Religion produces positive benefits by removing the burden of decision-making.
D) All of the above are true

Question 48

What is a characteristic of a flow experience?

A) People stay within their comfort zones and their talents are not challenged.
B) People focus their attention on a single thought or object.
C) People can only experience flow on time in their lives.
D) People lose track of themselves and the passage of time.

Question 49

The degree to which people are satisfied with their work is related to happiness. What is one possible reason for this finding?

A) Work provides a social network
B) Work provides a stable income and therefore a sense of financial security.
C) Work provides people with a sense of purpose in life.
D) Work has been found to be related to hope and subjective well-being.

Question 50

Which researcher is known for his discussion of flow experiences?

A) Bandura
B) Seligman
C) Czikszentmihalyi
D) Ilardi

Question 51

Which of the following to your authors suggest is the MOST crucial for life satisfaction?

A) Religion and spirituality
B) A good standard of living
C) Leisure activities
D) Relationships

Question 52

In the book The Optimistic Child, Martin Seligman shows teachers and parents how to teach children the necessary skills to diminish depression and enhance self-esteem. What have these strategies been found to improve?

A) Children's school performance, self-efficacy, and psychological health
B) Children's social relationships, self-reliance, and happiness
C) Children's social relationships, self-efficacy, and acting out behaviors
D) Children's school performance, self-reliance, and physical health

Question 53

What is the biggest problem in attempting to draw conclusions about the best approaches to therapy with minority populations?

A) There is a lack of interest.
B) There is too little research.
C) The research is lacking in quality.
D) There are not enough minorities to study.

Question 54

"The indulgence of pleasure and the satisfaction of appetites and needs" is the definition of which term?

A) Hedonic primary enhancement
B) Selective enhancement
C) Eudemonic primary enhancement
D) Universal enhancement

Question 55

"Emphasizing effective functioning and happiness as a desirable result of the goal pursuit process" is the definition of which term?

A) Universal enhancement
B) Eudemonic enhancement
C) Selective enhancement
D) Hedonic primary enhancement

Question 56

Which of the following types of primary enhancement is believed to be rooted in biology?

A) Maximizing individual rewards
B) Avoiding work
C) Exercising
D) All of the above

Question 57

What is one down fall or caveat of secondary preventions?

A) Secondary prevention programs have not been found to be effective.
B) Secondary preventions programs are typically only available for the wealthy.
C) There is a stigma related to mental health treatment that may impede people from seeking treatment.
D) Secondary prevention programs are based on unsound psychological theory.

Question 58

Which of the following is true about self-employment and happiness?

A) Self-employment is positively related to happiness.
B) Self-employment is negatively related to happiness.
C) Self-employment is positively related to happiness for optimistic people and negatively related to happiness for pessimistic people.
D) Self-employment is positively related to happiness for people who have higher education and negatively related to happiness for people who have lower education.

Question 59

In his book The Optimistic Child, Seligman proposes doing what to diminish depression in children?

A) Teaching children to master one particular area of interest.
B) Teaching children how to decrease negative thoughts and increase positive thoughts
C) Teaching children to attain necessary life skills
D) Teaching children how to get higher grades in school

Question 60

Secondary preventions for the elderly should include which of the following?

A) Making sure the elderly can see and hear clearly in sessions
B) Having sessions move quickly so as not to lose the attention of the clients
C) Decreasing reliance on psychoeducational approaches
D) Having extremely high expectancies so the clients have something to aim for

Question 61

Martin Seligman conducted research aimed at finding interventions that are effective as primary enhancements. He had four conditions: (1) the control group; (2) the gratitude group; (3) the three good things in life group, and; (4) the character strengths group. What did Seligman find?

A) Each of the treatments was effective in terms of raising the participants' happiness relative to the control group.
B) There were no differences in levels of happiness across the four groups.
C) Only the gratitude group showed a significant increase in participants' levels of happiness.
D) Only the character strengths group showed a significant increase in participants' levels of happiness.

Question 62

Discuss some of the factors that undermine both the implementation and the effectiveness of prevention activities. Be sure to include social, personal, and financial considerations.

Question 63

A state where awareness is restricted by focusing on a single thought or object is known as what?

A) Flow
B) Savoring
C) Concentrative meditation
D) Leisurely activity

Question 64

Distinguish between primary and secondary preventions and primary and secondary enhancements and give an example from your own life that applies to each of these four concepts. In other words, discuss some of the behaviors you engage in to stop the bad and promote the good.

Question 65

What is the purpose of Steve Ilardi's Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) program?

A) The treatment and prevention of depression
B) Keeping the elderly involved and active with their families
C) Identifying motivation for and pathways toward one's goal
D) To prevent depression in at-risk children

Question 66

What is a potential caveat about secondary enhancement?

A) People can become almost addicted to peak experiences.
B) When seduced by the pleasures derived from building strengths, a person may lose a sense of balance in his or her life.
C) It has not been proven to help people; therefore people are unwilling to fund secondary enhancement programs.
D) There is difficulty convincing people that secondary enhancements are beneficial.

Question 67

Describe the differences between primary and secondary enhancements. Provide examples of both types of enhancements. Discuss the benefits and caveats.

Question 68

The issue of primary prevention has been discussed as it pertains to racial and ethnic minorities, children, and the elderly. Choose any two of these and discuss programs that have been developed, and the outcomes of those programs.

Question 69

Which of the following would be an example of secondary enhancement?

A) Engaging in an average amount of exercise
B) Living life "on the edge"
C) Seeing something awe-inspiring
D) All of the above are secondary enhancements

Question 70

"Thoughts or actions that are aimed at appreciating and amplifying on a positive experience" is known as what?

A) Meditation
B) Savoring
C) Flow
D) Mindfulness

Question 71

Discuss some of the ways in which secondary enhancement can improve physical and psychological health.

Question 72

Analyze and describe the primary and secondary preventions discussed in Chapter 14. Be sure to include examples. Discuss the benefits and caveats of primary and secondary preventions.

Question 73

How does secondary enhancement enable people to maximize their pleasures?

A) By building on their previous positive mental health
B) By building on their social support systems
C) By pointing out their strengths and limitations
D) By building on their previous physical health

Question 74

Discuss some of the research including both prevention and enhancements in the treatment of depression. In doing so, include particular focus on TWO of: Bandura's self efficacy model, Seligman's attributional retraining, and Ilardi's Therapeutic Lifestyle Change program.

Question 75

Which of the following is a component of Steve Ilardi's TLC program?

A) Decreasing the amount of light clients are exposed to
B) Getting sufficient exercise
C) Decreasing intake of omega-3 fatty acids
D) Hope therapy

Question 76

What two processes are at work in prevention and enhancement?

A) Avoidant and approach processes
B) Internal and external processes
C) Subjective and objective processes
D) Dynamic and stable processes

Question 77

The high level of pleasure that winners experience would be an example of what?

A) Secondary psychological enhancements
B) Primary psychological enhancements
C) Flow
D) Mindfulness

Question 78

The process of savoring include which of the following?

A) Anticipation, absorption, and reminiscing
B) Engagement, mindfulness, and reliving
C) Reminiscing, being in the moment, and sharing
D) Anticipation, being in the moment, and reminiscing

Question 79

Researchers have proposed seven qualities of mindfulness meditation. What is one of those qualities?

A) Solitude
B) Serenity
C) Jealousy
D) Acceptance

Question 80

What one goal did Diener find does not appear to qualify for primary enhancement?

A) Financial wealth
B) Academic performance
C) Promotion
D) Love