Deck 10: Gender Stratification

Question 1

In the United States, the costs of sexism for men include

A) having fewer privileges than women.
B) having less power than women.
C) having less income than women.
D) engaging in many high-risk behaviors.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Margaret Mead's research on gender in three societies supports the conclusion that

A) societies are as likely to display matriarchy as patriarchy.
B) societies may define both "masculine" and "feminine" differently.
C) all societies define "feminine" the same way.
D) all societies define "masculine" the same way.

Answer 2

societies may define both "masculine" and "feminine" differently.

Question 3

On average, do women or men live longer?

A) On average, men outlive women by about one year.
B) On average, women outlive men by about one year.
C) On average, men outlive women by about five years.
D) On average, women outlive men by about five years.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Margaret Mead's research on gender in three societies in New Guinea concluded that

A) farming is always done by men.
B) all societies consider men to be more aggressive than women.
C) all societies display much the same gender definitions.
D) what is feminine to one society may be masculine to another.

Question 5

The point in describing gender in the Israeli kibbutzim is to show that

A) boys and girls must be raised by biological parents.
B) gender is rooted in biology.
C) women can dominate men.
D) cultures define gender in different ways.

Question 6

The point of describing gender in the Israeli kibbutzim is

A) to show that cultures define gender in different ways.
B) to show that boys and girls should not be raised by biological parents.
C) to show that gender is based in biology.
D) to show that women can dominate men.

Question 7

Margaret Mead's research on gender in three societies showed that

A) all societies define "masculine" the same way.
B) all societies define "feminine" the same way.
C) societies may differ in how they define both "masculine" and "feminine."
D) None of the above is correct.

Question 8

Which of the following job categories has mostly women as workers?

A) corporate managers
B) elementary school teachers
C) physicians
D) "college professors

Question 9

Young men show greater_______ ability than young women; young women show greater _______ability than young men.

A) sensory; intellectual
B) writing; mathematical
C) mathematical; writing
D) intellectual; sensory

Question 10

The concept of gender refers to

A) the secondary sex characteristics of men and women.
B) only whether people are male or female.
C) people's sexual orientation.
D) the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female and male.

Question 11

The "beauty myth" refers to the idea that

A) women learn to measure their personal
B) beautiful women are free from control by men.
C) men prefer women who are physically importance in terms of physical appearance. attractive.
D) women today are as physically attractive as men are.

Question 12

The text argues that male-female differences are

A) mostly the creation of society.
B) more biological than societal.
C) the simple result of biology.
D) entirely the creation of society; all biological differences are a myth.

Question 13

Which of the following concepts refers to social organization in which males dominate females?

A) monarchy
B) patriarchy
C) matriarchy
D) gerontocracy

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a goal of feminism?

A) increasing male power
B) expanding human choice
C) ending sexual violence
D) eliminating gender stratification

Question 15

The chapter argues that gender is not a matter simply of difference, but also a matter of

A) power.
B) wealth.
C) privilege.
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 16

Based on the map and the discussion in the text, where would you go to find societies in which women's social power is lowest compared to men?

A) Niger, in Africa
B) Japan, in Asia
C) Norway, in northern Europe
D) Argentina, in South America

Question 17

Most violence against women occurs

A) on college campuses.
B) in public places.
C) in the home.
D) in the workplace.

Question 18

A comparison of the athletic performances of females and males over time shows

A). that women routinely outperform men in most athletic contests.
B) that women have been closing the gap with men in athletic performance.
C) that male performances are improving faster than female performances.
D) little or no change in female-male differences in performance

Question 19

Based on George Murdock's global study of gender, we should conclude that

A) there was almost no agreement as to feminine and masculine tasks.
B) men are farmers but women rarely engage in farming.
C) many tasks are considered masculine by some societies and feminine by others.
D) most societies do not assign work to one sex or the other.

Question 20

What is a form of social organization in which females dominate males?

A) monarchy
B) patriarchy
C) matriarchy
D) gerontocracy

Question 21

What share of married U.S. couples depend on two incomes?

A) all
B) more than half
C) about one-third
D) none

Question 22

Drawing on Janet Leer's observations of children at play, which of the following would you conclude to be true?

A) Gender has little effect on young children before the age of eight or ten.
B) Boys favor games with clear winners and losers.
C) Play is one part of children's lives that gender does not seem to affect.
D) Boys favor games that develop communication and cooperation.

Question 23

In 2009, U.S. women held about _______of seats in Congress.

A) 77 percent
B) 57 percent
C) 37 percent
D) 17 percent

Question 24

What share of today's U.S. women are working for income?

A) 60 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 40 percent
D) 30 percent

Question 25

Which of the following job categories has mostly women as workers?

A) dental hygienist
B) lawyers
C) corporate managers
D) physicians

Question 26

In the United States in 2008, women in the labor force working full time earned_______ of the income earned by men working full time.

A) 97 percent
B) 77 percent
C) 57 percent
D) 37 percent

Question 27

Which of the following statements about gender and housework is CORRECT?

A) Fathers now do slightly more housework than mothers.
B) Among employed people, married or not, with or without children, women do most of the housework.
C) Among women and men who have jobs, housework is divided about evenly.
D) Among married couples who are both out of work, housework is divided about evenly.

Question 28

Which of the following concepts refers to attitudes and activities that a society links to people of each sex?

A) primary sex characteristics
B) sexual orientation
C) gender roles
D) secondary sex characteristics

Question 29

Where would you look in U.S. schools to find course in which men outnumber women?

A) the sciences
B) the fine arts
C) the social sciences
D) any and all subjects

Question 30

Which of the following is an important exception to male domination of the U.S. workplace?

A) Women are now a majority of corporate executives.
B) Women hold 90% of the pink-collar jobs.
C) Women are now a majority of the country's college and university faculty.
D) Women now own more than 10 million U.S. businesses, double the number a decade ago.

Question 31

Which of the following concepts refers to an invisible, yet real, barrier that prevents many women from rising beyond middle-management positions?

A) "pink-collar ghetto"
B) "second-shift sexism"
C) "comparable worth"
D) "glass ceiling"

Question 32

In 2009, research revealed that about what share of our country's richest people are women?

A) 1 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 43 percent
D) 81 percent

Question 33

In which of the following nations do women have the greatest political power relative to men?

A) Cuba
B) China
C) Sweden
D) United States

Question 34

"Pink-collar" work refers to what type of jobs?

A) housework
B) professional
C) administrative support
D) service work

Question 35

Which of the following factors has been a cause of the rising share of women in the U.S. paid labor force during the last century?

A) our society's increased family size
B) our population's urban to rural migration
C) the rising divorce rate
D) the increase in the share of the population engaged in farming

Question 36

Which factor accounts for the largest share of difference in the earnings of working women and men in the United States?

A) differences in the type of work men and women do
B) gender discrimination in pay for the same work
C) differences in family responsibilities
D) differences in education

Question 37

The concept "comparable worth" refers to the idea that

A) all jobs should be rewarded equally.
B) the market system should determine the pay for any job.
C) women should receive the same pay as men for work that is equally important.
D) women should hold political offices in proportion to their numbers in the population.

Question 38

In the U.S. work force,

A) men and women have the same types of jobs.
B) women have now equaled the pay of men.
C) women now earn more money, on average, than men do.
D) women are still concentrated in several categories of jobs.

Question 39

Women today earn a majority of all the following degrees EXCEPT for one. Which degree is earned by slightly more men than women?

A) law degree
B) bachelor degree
C) master's degree
D) doctorate in sociology

Question 40

The "beauty myth" refers to the idea that

A) men today are as physically attractive as women are.
B) men prefer women who are physically attractive.
C) beautiful women are free from control by men.
D) women learn to measure their personal importance in terms of physical appearance.

Question 41

Feminists support all but one of the following. Which is NOT a goal of feminism?

A) ending sexual violence
B) eliminating gender stratification
C) opposing the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
D) expanding human choice

Question 42

Structural-functional analysis points out that industrialization encourages

A) women to have more children.
B) societies to give greater importance to muscle power.
C) men to take control of the workplace.
D) the lessening of gender differences and a trend towards gender equality.

Question 43

Friedrich Engels claimed men's desire to control their property brought about

A) educational reform.
B) widespread use of birth control.
C) the rise of industry.
D) monogamous marriage.

Question 44

Friedrich Engels claimed that capitalism

A) increases men's domination of women.
B) has little change on men's domination of women.
C) reduces men's domination of women.
D) reduces all forms of social inequality.

Question 45

Which type of feminism accepts the basic organization of U.S. society, but seeks to expand the rights and opportunities of women?

A) liberal feminism
B) socialist feminism
C) radical feminism
D) All three types of feminism do this.

Question 46

Talcott Parsons described gender in terms of

A) power differences.
B) complementarity.
C) biological differences.
D) the sexual objectification of women.

Question 47

As a social movement, feminism began with its "first wave" back in the

A) colonial era.
B) 1840s.
C) 1920s.
D) 1960s.

Question 48

Pornography is of concern to

A) only liberals who oppose it as demeaning to women.
B) only conservatives who oppose it on moral grounds.
C) both conservatives and liberals, although for different reasons.
D) only people who seek to protect artistic expression.

Question 49

Intersection theory focuses on

A) migration of women from all over the world to the United States.
B) ways in which men and women cooperate in the workplace.
C) the interplay of race, class, and gender often leading to multiple disadvantages.
D) how mothers and fathers each make special contributions in raising young children.

Question 50

Which of the following statement is at the heart of the controversy over women's participation in the military?

A) Women have been in the armed forces only since the Vietnam War.
B) Women are defined by our culture as nurturers rather than as people who kill.
C) Women score lower on military intelligence (IQ) tests.
D) Women operate high-tech equipment less skillfully than men do.

Question 51

Feminists claim that rape is mostly about

A) sex.
B) power.
C) moral weakness.
D) money.

Question 52

Talcott Parsons explained that society encourages_______ behavior in males, and _______in females.

A) egalitarian; hierarchical
B) emotional; rational
C) instrumental; expressive
D) sympathetic; empathic

Question 53

If you could end violence against women in one setting, which of the following would reduce this type of violence the most?

A) the home
B) public places
C) college campuses
D) the workplace

Question 54

In the United States, on average, minority women

A) earn the same as white women but less than white men.
B) earn more than white women.
C) earn more than minority men.
D) earn less than white women.

Question 55

Which type of feminism seeks to end patriarchy by eliminating the idea of gender itself?

A) liberal feminism
B) radical feminism
C) socialist feminism
D) All three types of feminism do this.

Question 56

Women have served in the U.S. armed forces

A) since colonial times.
B) only since World War II.
C) only since the Vietnam War.
D) only since the Persian Gulf War.

Question 57

Which type of feminism links the social disadvantages of women to the capitalist economic system?

A) liberal feminism
B) radical feminism
C) socialist feminism
D) All three types of feminism do this.

Question 58

Which of the following statements is the best reason to view women as a minority in the United States?

A) Men outnumber women in U.S. society.
B) Almost all women see themselves as a minority.
C) At every class level, women have less income, wealth, education, and power than men do.
D) Men outlive women in U.S. society.

Question 59

Sexual harassment is an important social issue because

A) half of working women report receiving unwanted sexual attention.
B) it actually targets men more often than women.
C) it almost always involves blatant threats.
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 60

In about_______ of all cases of rape and attempted rape on U.S. college campuses, a woman knows her attacker.

A) 90 percent
B) 70 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 30 percent

Question 61

Gender affects the opportunities and constraints each of us encounters throughout our lives.

Question 62

Like race or social class, gender is a major dimension of social stratification.

Question 63

Most sociological research suggests that gender is largely a creation of society, and thus is subject to change.

Question 64

While playing in peer groups, girls tend to avoid the "win-lose" games favored by boys.

Question 65

In his global study of work, George Murdock found that what one society considers "masculine"

Question 66

Research shows that young females seem to have less mathematical ability but stronger writing ability than young males.

Question 67

Looking back over U.S. history, we see a general trend by which women

A) have made few if any strides toward equality with men.
B) are steadily losing ground and becoming less equal to men.
C) have gained both power and economic opportunities.
D) have kept their position of dominance over men.

Question 68

In global perspective, the region where women have the least social power is North America.

Question 69

The beauty myth is the idea that beauty helps women succeed.

Question 70

Sexism is the assertion that one sex is innately superior to the other.

Question 71

In the United States, on average, males live longer than females.

Question 72

Gender refers simply to whether people are female or male.

Question 73

Since very few societies have existed without patriarchy, we must conclude that it is inevitable.

Question 74

Opposition to feminism is

A) expressed by a majority of people in the United States.
B) now just about gone in the United States.
C) increasing over time.
D) directed mostly at socialist and radical feminism.

Question 75

Evidence from the Israeli kibbutzim suggests that cultures have the ability to define what is masculine and feminine in various ways.

Question 76

In her famous study, Margaret Mead compared gender patterns in eight African societies.

Question 77

Margaret Mead argued that gender was mostly a matter of biology rather than culture.

Question 78

On average, males are both taller and heavier than females.

Question 79

In athletics, the performance gap between males and females is increasing.

Question 80

The question commonly asked of new parents-"Is it a boy or a girl?"-suggests that gender may shape a child's life in important ways.