Deck 14: Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Question 1

Koch observed Bacillus anthracis multiplying in the blood of cattle. What is this condition called?

A) Focal infection
B) Septicemia
C) Systemic infection
D) Local infection
E) Bacteremia

Answer 1

B

Question 2

All of the following are communicable diseases except

A) Tuberculosis.
B) AIDS.
C) Typhoid fever.
D) Malaria.
E) Tetanus.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Koch's postulates don't apply to all diseases because

A) Some microorganisms can't be cultured in laboratory media.
B) Some microorganisms can't be observed.
C) Some microorganisms don't cause the same disease in laboratory animals.
D) Some microorganisms cause different symptoms under different conditions.
E) All diseases aren't caused by microorganisms.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of these infections can cause septicemia?

A) Local infection
B) Focal infection
C) Septicemia
D) Bacteremia
E) Systemic infection

Question 5

Which of the following statements about nosocomial infections is not true?

A) They are caused by normal microbiota.
B) They are caused by opportunists.
C) They are caused by drug- resistant bacteria.
D) They occur in compromised patients.
E) None of the above.

Question 6

A commensal bacterium

A) Does not receive any benefit from its host.
B) Is beneficial to its host.
C) May be an opportunistic pathogen.
D) Does not infect its host.
E) B and D only.

Question 7

A cold transmitted by a facial tissue is an example of

A) Vehicle transmission
B) Vector
C) Fomite
D) Direct contact
E) Droplet transmission

Question 8

Haemophilus bacteria require heme protein produced by Staphylococcus bacteria. This is an example of

A) Parasitism.
B) Synergism.
C) Antagonism.
D) Commensalism.
E) None of the above.

Question 9

Plague transmitted by a flea is an example of

A) Vector.
B) Fomite.
C) Direct contact.
D) Vehicle transmission.
E) Droplet transmission.

Question 10

A needlestick is an example of

A) Direct contact.
B) Vector.
C) Droplet transmission.
D) Vehicle transmission.
E) Fomite.

Question 11

Emergence of infectious diseases can be due to all of the following except

A) Antibiotic resistance.
B) Travel.
C) Climatic changes.
D) Digging up soil.
E) Microbes trying to cause disease.

Question 12

Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota because transient microbiota

A) Are found in a certain location on the host.
B) Cause diseases.
C) Are acquired by direct contact.
D) Are present for a relatively short time.
E) None of the above.

Question 13

Symptoms of disease differ from signs of disease in that symptoms

A) Are changes observed by the physician.
B) Always occur as part of a syndrome.
C) Are changes felt by the patient.
D) Are specific for a particular disease.
E) None of the above.

Question 14

Figure 14.2

In Figure 14.2, what is the endemic level of rotavirus infections?

A) 0%
B) Approximately 10%
C) Approximately 20%
D) 35%
E) The month of January

Question 15

Which one of the following is not an example of microbial antagonism?

A) Bacteria occupying host receptors
B) Bacteriocin production
C) Acid production by bacteria
D) Bacteria causing disease
E) None of the above

Question 16

The science that deals with when diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called

A) Ecology.
B) Communicable disease.
C) Epidemiology.
D) Morbidity and mortality.
E) Public health.

Question 17

Which one of the following is not a zoonosis?

A) Cat- scratch disease
B) Tapeworm
C) Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
D) Rabies
E) None of the above

Question 18

Which of the following is a fomite?

A) Insects
B) Pus
C) Droplets from a sneeze
D) Water
E) A hypodermic needle

Question 19

Which of the following diseases is not spread by droplet infection?

A) Common cold
B) Diphtheria
C) Botulism
D) Measles
E) Tuberculosis

Question 20

Which of the following definitions is incorrect?

A) Epidemic - fraction of the population having a disease at a specified time
B) Pandemic - a disease that affects a large number of people in the world in a short time
C) Endemic - a disease that is constantly present in a population
D) Sporadic - a disease that affects a population occasionally
E) None of the above

Question 21

Influenza transmitted by an unprotected sneeze is an example of

A) Fomite.
B) Direct contact.
C) Vehicle transmission.
D) Droplet transmission.
E) Vector.

Question 22

A nosocomial infection is

A) Only a result of surgery.
B) Always caused by medical personnel.
C) Always present but inapparent at the time of hospitalization.
D) Always caused by pathogenic bacteria.
E) Acquired during the course of hospitalization.

Question 23

Mechanical transmission differs from biological transmission in that mechanical transmission

A) Involves fomites.
B) Doesn't involve specific diseases.
C) Doesn't require an arthropod.
D) Requires direct contact.
E) Doesn't work with noncommunicable diseases.

Question 24

Which one of the following does not contribute to the incidence of nosocomial infections?

A) Lapse in aseptic techniques.
B) Lack of hand- washing.
C) Formation of biofilms.
D) Lack of insect control.
E) Gram- negative cell walls.

Question 25

Figure 14.1

Figure 14.1 shows the incidence of influenza during a typical year. Which letter on the graph indicates the endemic level?

A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) None of the above

Question 26

The major significance of Koch's work was that

A) Diseases can be transmitted from one animal to another.
B) Microorganisms are the result of disease.
C) Microorganisms can be cultured.
D) Microorganisms are present in a diseased animal.
E) Microorganisms cause disease.

Question 27

Figure 14.3

The graph in Figure 14.3 shows the incidence of polio in the United States. The period between 1945 and 1955 indicates

A) A communicable disease.
B) An endemic level.
C) A sporadic infection.
D) An epidemic level.
E) None of the above.

Question 28

Gastroenteritis acquired from roast beef is an example of

A) Vehicle transmission.
B) Direct contact.
C) Vector.
D) Fomite.
E) Droplet transmission.

Question 29

Situation 14.1
During a 6-month period, 239 cases of pneumonia occurred in a town of 300 people. A clinical case was defined as fever L39°C lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept northwest of the town. Of the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 were positive for C. burnetii antibodies. Wind blew from the northwest and rainfall was 0.5 cm compared with 7 to 10 cm during each of the previous three years

-Situation 14.1 is an example of

A) Human reservoirs.
B) A focal infection.
C) A zoonosis.
D) A nonliving reservoir.
E) A vector.

Question 30

Pseudomonas bacteria colonized the bile duct of a patient following his liver transplant surgery. This is an example of a

A) Latent infection.
B) Nosocomial infection.
C) Sporadic disease.
D) Communicable disease.
E) None of the above.

Question 31

Which of the following is not a reservoir of infection?

A) A sick person
B) A sick animal
C) A healthy person
D) A hospital
E) None of the above

Question 32

Nosocomial infections are most often caused by

A) Staphylococcus aureus.
B) Escherichia coli.
C) Enterococcus.
D) Klebsiella.
E) Pseudomonas.

Question 33

Legionellosis transmitted by a grocery store mist machine is an example of

A) Fomite.
B) Vehicle transmission.
C) Droplet transmission.
D) Vector.
E) Direct contact.

Question 34

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A) Syphilis - direct contact
B) Malaria - vector
C) Salmonellosis - vehicle transmission
D) Influenza - droplet infection
E) None of the above

Question 35

All of the following can contribute to postoperative infections except

A) Using syringes more than once.
B) Antibiotic resistance.
C) Normal microbiota on the operating room staff.
D) Errors in aseptic technique.
E) None of the above.

Question 36

Which type of infection can be caused by septicemia?

A) Systemic infection
B) Septicemia
C) Focal infection
D) Bacteremia
E) Local infection

Question 37

All of the following statements about biological transmission are true except

A) The pathogen reproduces in the vector.
B) The pathogen may require the vector as a host.
C) The pathogen may enter the host in the vector's feces.
D) Houseflies are an important vector.
E) The pathogen may be injected by the bite of the vector.

Question 38

The most likely mode of transmission of pneumonic plague between humans is

A) Direct contact.
B) Vehicle transmission.
C) Fomite.
D) Vector.
E) Droplet transmission.

Question 39

Which of the following definitions is incorrect?

A) Inapparent - infection characteristic of a carrier state
B) Primary infection - an initial illness
C) Acute - a short- lasting primary infection
D) Secondary infection - a long- lasting illness
E) Chronic - a disease that develops slowly and lasts for months

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Symbiosis refers to different organisms living together and benefiting from each other.
B) Symbiosis refers to different organisms living together.
C) Members of a symbiotic relationship cannot live without each other.
D) At least one member must benefit in a symbiotic relationship.
E) A parasite is not in symbiosis with its host.

Question 41

One effect of washing regularly with antibacterial agents is the removal of normal microbiota. This can result in

A) Normal microbiota returning immediately.
B) Fewer diseases.
C) Increased susceptibility to disease.
D) Body odor.
E) No bacterial growth because washing removes their food source.

Question 42

The yeast Candida albicans does not normally cause disease because of

A) Antagonistic bacteria.
B) Parasitic bacteria.
C) Symbiotic bacteria.
D) Commensal bacteria.
E) None of the above.

Question 43

A sexually transmitted disease is an example of

A) Vector.
B) Direct contact.
C) Vehicle transmission.
D) Droplet transmission.
E) Fomite.