Deck 4: Basic Probability

Question 1

Simple probability is also called

A)marginal probability.
B)joint probability.
C)conditional probability.
D)Bayes' theorem.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

If events A and B are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive, what is the probability that event A occurs?

A)0.
B)0.50.
C)1.00.
D)Cannot be determined from the information given.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

If either event A or event B must occur, then events A and B are said to be

A)mutually exclusive.
B)independent.
C)collectively exhaustive.
D)None of the above.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

If two equally likely events A and B are mutually exclusive, what is the probability that event Aoccurs?

A)0.
B)0.50.
C)1.00.
D)Cannot be determined from the information given.

Question 5

If two events are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive, what is the probability that both occur?

A)0.
B)0.50.
C)1.00.
D)Cannot be determined from the information given.

Question 6

If two equally likely events A and B are collectively exhaustive, what is the probability that eventA occurs?

A)0.
B)0.50.
C)1.00.
D)Cannot be determined from the information given.

Question 7

The collection of all possible events is called

A)a simple probability.
B)a sample space.
C)a joint probability.
D)the null set.

Question 8

If two events are mutually exclusive, what is the probability that both occur at the same time?

A)0.
B)0.50.
C)1.00.
D)Cannot be determined from the information given.

Question 9

If two events are mutually exclusive, what is the probability that one or the other occurs?

A)0.
B)0.50.
C)1.00.
D)Cannot be determined from the information given.

Question 10

If two events are independent, what is the probability that they both occur?

A)0.
B)0.50.
C)1.00.
D)Cannot be determined from the information given.

Question 11

A business venture can result in the following outcomes (with their corresponding chance of occurring in parentheses): Highly Successful (10%), Successful (25%), Break Even (25%), Disappointing (20%), and Highly Disappointing (?).If these are the only outcomes possible for the business venture, what is the chance that the business venture will be considered Highly Disappointing?

A)10%
B)15%
C)20%
D)25%

Question 12

If two events are collectively exhaustive, what is the probability that both occur at the same time?

A)0.
B)0.50.
C)1.00.
D)Cannot be determined from the information given.

Question 13

If the outcome of event A is not affected by event B, then events A and B are said to be

A)mutually exclusive.
B)independent.
C)collectively exhaustive.
D)None of the above.

Question 14

If two events are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive, what is the probability that one or the other occurs?

A)0.
B)0.50.
C)1.00.
D)Cannot be determined from the information given.

Question 15

When using the general multiplication rule, P (A and B) is equal to

A)P(A|B)P(B).
B)P(A)P(B).
C)P(B)/P(A).
D)P(A)/P(B).

Question 16

Selection of raffle tickets from a large bowl is an example of

A)simple probability.
B)sampling without replacement.
C)subjective probability.
D)None of the above.

Question 17

All the events in the sample space that are not part of the specified event are called

A)simple events.
B)joint events.
C)the sample space.
D)the complement of the event.

Question 18

If two events are collectively exhaustive, what is the probability that one or the other occurs?

A)0.
B)0.50.
C)1.00.
D)Cannot be determined from the information given.

Question 19

If two equally likely events A and B are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive, what is the probability that event A occurs?

A)0.
B)0.50.
C)1.00.
D)Cannot be determined from the information given.

Question 20

If event A and event B cannot occur at the same time, then events A and B are said to be

A)mutually exclusive.
B)independent.
C)collectively exhaustive.
D)None of the above.

Question 21

The probability that a new advertising campaign will increase sales is assessed as being 0.80.The probability that the cost of developing the new ad campaign can be kept within the originalbudget allocation is 0.40.If the two events are independent, the probability that the cost is not kept within budget or the campaign will not increase sales is:

A)0.12
B)0.32
C)0.68
D)0.88

Question 22

The probability that house sales will increase in the next 6 months is estimated to be 0.25.The probability that the interest rates on housing loans will go up in the same period is estimated to be0.74.The probability that house sales or interest rates will go up during the next 6 months is estimated to be 0.89.The events increase in house sales and no increase in house sales in the next6 months are

A)independent.
B)mutually exclusive.
C)collectively exhaustive.
D)(b)and (c)

Question 23

A company has 2 machines that produce widgets.An older machine produces 23% defective widgets, while the new machine produces only 8% defective widgets.In addition, the new machine produces 3 times as many widgets as the older machine does.What is the probability that a randomly chosen widget produced by the company is defective?

A)0.078
B)0.1175
C)0.156
D)0.310

Question 24

The employees of a company were surveyed on questions regarding their educational background(college degree or no college degree) and marital status (single or married).Of the 600 employees, 400 had college degrees, 100 were single, and 60 were single college graduates.The probability that an employee of the company is married and has a college degree is:

A)0.0667
B)0.567
C)0.667
D)0.833

Question 25

The probability that a new advertising campaign will increase sales is assessed as being 0.80.The probability that the cost of developing the new ad campaign can be kept within the originalbudget allocation is 0.40.If the two events are independent, the probability that neither the cost is kept within budget nor the campaign will increase sales is:

A)0.12
B)0.32
C)0.68
D)0.88

Question 26

A company has 2 machines that produce widgets.An older machine produces 23% defective widgets, while the new machine produces only 8% defective widgets.In addition, the new machine produces 3 times as many widgets as the older machine does.Given that a widget was produced by the new machine, what is the probability it is not defective?

A)0.06
B)0.50
C)0.92
D)0.94

Question 27

A survey of banks revealed the following distribution for the interest rate being charged on a home loan (based on a 30-year mortgage with a 10% down payment) on a certain date in the past. $$\begin{array} { c | c | c | c | c | c } \text { Interest Rate } & \begin{array} { c } 3.20 \% \\\text { to } \\3.29 \%\end{array} & \begin{array} { c } 3.30 \% \\\text { to }\end{array} & \begin{array} { c } 3.40 \% \\\text { to } \\3.39 \%\end{array} & \begin{array} { c } 3.50 \% \\\text { to } \\3.59 \%\end{array} & \begin{array} { c } 3.60 \% \\\text { and } \\\text { above }\end{array} \\\hline \hline \text { Probability } & 0.12 & 0.23 & 0.24 & 0.35 & 0.06\end{array}$$ If a bank is selected at random from this distribution, what is the chance that the interest rate charged on a home loan will exceed 3.49%?

A)0.06
B)0.41
C)0.59
D)1.00

Question 28

The probability that house sales will increase in the next 6 months is estimated to be 0.25.The probability that the interest rates on housing loans will go up in the same period is estimated to be0.74.The probability that house sales or interest rates will go up during the next 6 months is estimated to be 0.89.The probability that neither house sales nor interest rates will increase during the next 6 months is:

A)0.10
B)0.195
C)0.89
D)0.90

Question 29

According to a survey of American households, the probability that the residents own 2 cars if annual household income is over $50,000 is 80%.Of the households surveyed, 60% had incomes over $50,000 and 70% had 2 cars.The probability that annual household income is over $50,000 if the residents of a household do not own 2 cars is:

A)0.12
B)0.18
C)0.40
D)0.70

Question 30

According to a survey of American households, the probability that the residents own 2 cars if annual household income is over $50,000 is 80%.Of the households surveyed, 60% had incomes over $50,000 and 70% had 2 cars.The probability that the residents of a household own 2 cars and have an income over $50,000 a year is:

A)0.12
B)0.18
C)0.22
D)0.48

Question 31

The probability that a new advertising campaign will increase sales is assessed as being 0.80.The probability that the cost of developing the new ad campaign can be kept within the originalbudget allocation is 0.40.If the two events are independent, the probability that the cost is kept within budget and the campaign will increase sales is:

A)0.20
B)0.32
C)0.40
D)0.88

Question 32

According to a survey of American households, the probability that the residents own 2 cars if annual household income is over $50,000 is 80%.Of the households surveyed, 60% had incomes over $50,000 and 70% had 2 cars.The probability that the residents do not own 2 cars if annual household income is not over $50,000 is:

A)0.12
B)0.18
C)0.45
D)0.70

Question 33

According to a survey of American households, the probability that the residents own 2 cars if annual household income is over $50,000 is 80%.Of the households surveyed, 60% had incomes over $50,000 and 70% had 2 cars.The probability that the residents of a household do not own 2 cars and have an income over $50,000 a year is:

A)0.12
B)0.18
C)0.22
D)0.48

Question 34

The probability that house sales will increase in the next 6 months is estimated to be 0.25.The probability that the interest rates on housing loans will go up in the same period is estimated to be0.74.The probability that house sales or interest rates will go up during the next 6 months is estimated to be 0.89.The probability that house sales will increase but interest rates will not during the next 6 months is:

A)0.065
B)0.15
C)0.51
D)0.89

Question 35

The probability that house sales will increase in the next 6 months is estimated to be 0.25.The probability that the interest rates on housing loans will go up in the same period is estimated to be0.74.The probability that house sales or interest rates will go up during the next 6 months is estimated to be 0.89.The probability that both house sales and interest rates will increase during the next 6 months is:

A)0.10
B)0.185
C)0.705
D)0.90

Question 36

The employees of a company were surveyed on questions regarding their educational background(college degree or no college degree) and marital status (single or married).Of the 600 employees, 400 had college degrees, 100 were single, and 60 were single college graduates.The probability that an employee of the company is single or has a college degree is:

A)0.10
B)0.25
C)0.667
D)0.733

Question 37

The probability that a new advertising campaign will increase sales is assessed as being 0.80.The probability that the cost of developing the new ad campaign can be kept within the originalbudget allocation is 0.40.If the two events are independent, the probability that the cost is kept within budget or the campaign will increase sales is:

A)0.20
B)0.32
C)0.68
D)0.88

Question 38

According to a survey of American households, the probability that the residents own 2 cars if annual household income is over $50,000 is 80%.Of the households surveyed, 60% had incomes over $50,000 and 70% had 2 cars.The probability that annual household income is over $50,000 if the residents of a household own 2 cars is:

A)0.42
B)0.48
C)0.50
D)0.69

Question 39

The employees of a company were surveyed on questions regarding their educational background(college degree or no college degree) and marital status (single or married).Of the 600 employees, 400 had college degrees, 100 were single, and 60 were single college graduates.The probability that an employee of the company does not have a college degree is:

A)0.10
B)0.33
C)0.67
D)0.75

Question 40

The probability that house sales will increase in the next 6 months is estimated to be 0.25.The probability that the interest rates on housing loans will go up in the same period is estimated to be0.74.The probability that house sales or interest rates will go up during the next 6 months is estimated to be 0.89.The events increase in house sales and increase in interest rates in the next 6 months are

A)independent.
B)mutually exclusive.
C)collectively exhaustive.
D)None of the above.

Question 41

SCENARIO 4-1
Mothers Against Drunk Driving is a very visible group whose focus is to educate the public about the harm caused by drunk drivers.A study was recently done that emphasized the problem we all face with drinking and driving.Four hundred accidents that occurred on a Saturday night were analyzed.Two items noted were the number of vehicles involved and whether alcohol played a role in the accident.The numbers are shown below:
Referring to Scenario 4-1, what proportion of accidents involved alcohol or a single vehicle?

Question 42

SCENARIO 4-2
An alcohol awareness task force at a Big-Ten university sampled 200 students after the midterm to ask them whether they went bar hopping the weekend before the midterm or spent the weekend studying, and whether they did well or poorly on the midterm.The following result was obtained.
Referring to Scenario 4-2, what is the probability that a randomly selected student did well on the midterm or went bar hopping the weekend before the midterm?

Question 43

If either A or B must occur they are called mutually exclusive.

Question 44

SCENARIO 4-2
An alcohol awareness task force at a Big-Ten university sampled 200 students after the midterm to ask them whether they went bar hopping the weekend before the midterm or spent the weekend studying, and whether they did well or poorly on the midterm.The following result was obtained.
Referring to Scenario 4-2, what is the probability that a randomly selected student did well on the midterm and went bar hopping the weekend before the midterm?

Question 45

SCENARIO 4-1
Mothers Against Drunk Driving is a very visible group whose focus is to educate the public about the harm caused by drunk drivers.A study was recently done that emphasized the problem we all face with drinking and driving.Four hundred accidents that occurred on a Saturday night were analyzed.Two items noted were the number of vehicles involved and whether alcohol played a role in the accident.The numbers are shown below:
Referring to Scenario 4-1, given that multiple vehicles were involved, what proportion of accidents involved alcohol?

Question 46

SCENARIO 4-2
An alcohol awareness task force at a Big-Ten university sampled 200 students after the midterm to ask them whether they went bar hopping the weekend before the midterm or spent the weekend studying, and whether they did well or poorly on the midterm.The following result was obtained. $$\begin{array} { | l | l | l | } \hline & \text { Did Well on Midterm } & \text { Did Poorly on Midterm } \\\hline \text { Studying for Exam } & 80 & 20 \\\hline \text { Went Bar Hopping } & 30 & 70 \\\hline\end{array}$$

-Referring to Scenario 4-2, the events "Did Well on Midterm" and "Did Poorly on Midterm" are

A)dependent.
B)mutually exclusive.
C)collective exhaustive.
D)All the above.

Question 47

SCENARIO 4-2
An alcohol awareness task force at a Big-Ten university sampled 200 students after the midterm to ask them whether they went bar hopping the weekend before the midterm or spent the weekend studying, and whether they did well or poorly on the midterm.The following result was obtained. $$\begin{array} { | l | l | l | } \hline & \text { Did Well on Midterm } & \text { Did Poorly on Midterm } \\\hline \text { Studying for Exam } & 80 & 20 \\\hline \text { Went Bar Hopping } & 30 & 70 \\\hline\end{array}$$

-Referring to Scenario 4-2, the events "Did Well on Midterm" and "Studying for Exam" are

A)dependent.
B)mutually exclusive.
C)collective exhaustive.
D)None of the above.

Question 48

SCENARIO 4-1
Mothers Against Drunk Driving is a very visible group whose focus is to educate the public about the harm caused by drunk drivers.A study was recently done that emphasized the problem we all face with drinking and driving.Four hundred accidents that occurred on a Saturday night were analyzed.Two items noted were the number of vehicles involved and whether alcohol played a role in the accident.The numbers are shown below:
Referring to Scenario 4-1, given alcohol was involved, what proportion of accidents involved a single vehicle?

Question 49

SCENARIO 4-2
An alcohol awareness task force at a Big-Ten university sampled 200 students after the midterm to ask them whether they went bar hopping the weekend before the midterm or spent the weekend studying, and whether they did well or poorly on the midterm.The following result was obtained.
Referring to Scenario 4-2, what is the probability that a randomly selected student who went bar hopping did well on the midterm?

Question 50

SCENARIO 4-1
Mothers Against Drunk Driving is a very visible group whose focus is to educate the public about the harm caused by drunk drivers.A study was recently done that emphasized the problem we all face with drinking and driving.Four hundred accidents that occurred on a Saturday night were analyzed.Two items noted were the number of vehicles involved and whether alcohol played a role in the accident.The numbers are shown below:
Referring to Scenario 4-1, given that alcohol was not involved, what proportion of the accidents were single vehicle?

Question 51

If A and B cannot occur at the same time they are called mutually exclusive.

Question 52

SCENARIO 4-2
An alcohol awareness task force at a Big-Ten university sampled 200 students after the midterm to ask them whether they went bar hopping the weekend before the midterm or spent the weekend studying, and whether they did well or poorly on the midterm.The following result was obtained. $$\begin{array} { | l | l | l | } \hline & \text { Did Well on Midterm } & \text { Did Poorly on Midterm } \\\hline \text { Studying for Exam } & 80 & 20 \\\hline \text { Went Bar Hopping } & 30 & 70 \\\hline\end{array}$$

-Referring to Scenario 4-2, the events "Did Well on Midterm" and "Studying for Exam" are

A)not dependent.
B)not mutually exclusive.
C)collective exhaustive.
D)None of the above.

Question 53

A company has 2 machines that produce widgets.An older machine produces 23% defective widgets, while the new machine produces only 8% defective widgets.In addition, the new machine produces 3 times as many widgets as the older machine does.Given a randomly chosen widget was tested and found to be defective, what is the probability it was produced by the new machine?

A)0.08
B)0.15
C)0.489
D)0.511

Question 54

If either A or B must occur they are called collectively exhaustive.

Question 55

SCENARIO 4-1
Mothers Against Drunk Driving is a very visible group whose focus is to educate the public about the harm caused by drunk drivers.A study was recently done that emphasized the problem we all face with drinking and driving.Four hundred accidents that occurred on a Saturday night were analyzed.Two items noted were the number of vehicles involved and whether alcohol played a role in the accident.The numbers are shown below:
Referring to Scenario 4-1, given that 3 vehicles were involved, what proportion of accidents involved alcohol?

Question 56

SCENARIO 4-1
Mothers Against Drunk Driving is a very visible group whose focus is to educate the public about the harm caused by drunk drivers.A study was recently done that emphasized the problem we all face with drinking and driving.Four hundred accidents that occurred on a Saturday night were analyzed.Two items noted were the number of vehicles involved and whether alcohol played a role in the accident.The numbers are shown below: $$\begin{array} { c | c c c | c } & { \text { Number of Vehicles involved } } \\\text { Did alcohol play a role? } & \mathbf { 1 } & \mathbf { 2 } & \mathbf { 3 } & \text { Totals } \\\hline \text { Yes } & 50 & 100 & 20 & 170 \\\text { No } & 25 & 175 & 30 & 230 \\\hline \text { Totals } & 75 & 275 & 50 & 400\end{array}$$

-Referring to Scenario 4-1, what proportion of accidents involved more than one vehicle?

A)50/400 or 12.5%
B)75/400 or 18.75%
C)275/400 or 68.75%
D)325/400 or 81.25%

Question 57

SCENARIO 4-1
Mothers Against Drunk Driving is a very visible group whose focus is to educate the public about the harm caused by drunk drivers.A study was recently done that emphasized the problem we all face with drinking and driving.Four hundred accidents that occurred on a Saturday night were analyzed.Two items noted were the number of vehicles involved and whether alcohol played a role in the accident.The numbers are shown below:
Referring to Scenario 4-1, given that alcohol was not involved, what proportion of the accidents were multiple vehicle?

Question 58

SCENARIO 4-1
Mothers Against Drunk Driving is a very visible group whose focus is to educate the public about the harm caused by drunk drivers.A study was recently done that emphasized the problem we all face with drinking and driving.Four hundred accidents that occurred on a Saturday night were analyzed.Two items noted were the number of vehicles involved and whether alcohol played a role in the accident.The numbers are shown below:
Referring to Scenario 4-1, what proportion of accidents involved alcohol and a single vehicle?

Question 59

The collection of all the possible events is called a sample space.

Question 60

When A and B are mutually exclusive, P (A or B) can be found by adding P(A) andP(B).

Question 61

Suppose A and B are events where P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.5, and P (A and B) = 0.1.Then P (A or B) = .

Question 62

SCENARIO 4-3
A survey is taken among customers of a fast-food restaurant to determine preference for hamburger or chicken.Of 200 respondents selected, 75 were children and 125 were adults.120 preferred hamburger and 80 preferred chicken.55 of the children preferred hamburger.
Referring to Scenario 4-3, the probability that a randomly selected individual is an adult, or a child is .

Question 63

If P (A or B) = 1.0, then A and B must be mutually exclusive.

Question 64

$$\text { If } \mathrm { P } ( A ) = 0.4 \text { and } \mathrm { P } ( B ) = 0.6$$ , then A and B must be collectively exhaustive.

Question 65

Suppose A and B are events where .

Question 66

If $$\mathrm { P } ( A \text { and } B ) = 0$$ , then A and B must be mutually exclusive.

Question 67

Suppose A and B are events where P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.5, and P (A and B) = 0.1.

Question 68

SCENARIO 4-3
A survey is taken among customers of a fast-food restaurant to determine preference for hamburger or chicken.Of 200 respondents selected, 75 were children and 125 were adults.120 preferred hamburger and 80 preferred chicken.55 of the children preferred hamburger.
Referring to Scenario 4-3, the probability that a randomly selected individual is a child or prefers hamburger is .

Question 69

Suppose A and B are independent events where P(A) = 0.4 and P(B) = 0.5.Then P (A and B) =.

Question 70

Suppose A and B are independent events where P(A) = 0.4 and P(B) = 0.5.Then P (A or B) =.

Question 71

Suppose A and B are mutually exclusive events where P(A) = 0.4 and P(B) = 0.5.Then P (A orB) = .

Question 72

If P (A and B) = 1, then A and B must be collectively exhaustive.

Question 73

If P (A and B) = 1, then A and B must be mutually exclusive.

Question 74

Suppose A and B are mutually exclusive events where P(A) = 0.4 and P(B) = 0.5.Then P (A andB) = .

Question 75

If $$\mathrm { P } ( A \text { and } B ) = 0$$ , then A and B must be collectively exhaustive.

Question 76

If P(A) = 0.4 and P(B) = 0.6, then A and B must be mutually exclusive.

Question 77

If P (A or B) = 1.0, then A and B must be collectively exhaustive.

Question 78

SCENARIO 4-3
A survey is taken among customers of a fast-food restaurant to determine preference for hamburger or chicken.Of 200 respondents selected, 75 were children and 125 were adults.120 preferred hamburger and 80 preferred chicken.55 of the children preferred hamburger.
Referring to Scenario 4-3, the probability that a randomly selected individual is a child and prefers chicken is .

Question 79

SCENARIO 4-3
A survey is taken among customers of a fast-food restaurant to determine preference for hamburger or chicken.Of 200 respondents selected, 75 were children and 125 were adults.120 preferred hamburger and 80 preferred chicken.55 of the children preferred hamburger.
Referring to Scenario 4-3, the probability that a randomly selected individual is an adult is.

Question 80

SCENARIO 4-3
A survey is taken among customers of a fast-food restaurant to determine preference for hamburger or chicken.Of 200 respondents selected, 75 were children and 125 were adults.120 preferred hamburger and 80 preferred chicken.55 of the children preferred hamburger.
Referring to Scenario 4-3, the probability that a randomly selected individual is an adult and prefers chicken is .