Deck 2: Drugs and Their Effects

Question 1

In the context of pharmacokinetics, which of the following is true of the processes that occur within the human body after drug administration?

A) Swallowed drugs are generally absorbed more readily in the stomach than in the intestines.
B) The acidity and alkalinity of the stomach and intestines have negligible influence on the solubility of swallowed drugs.
C) The transportation of drugs from the site of administration to the site of action is independent of the cardiovascular functioning of the user.
D) The liver is capable of chemically altering the original substance to form a new and often inactive drug.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

On the basis of its pharmacological actions and behavioral effect, alcohol, as a drug, is generally classed as a ______.

A) depressant
B) opioid
C) hallucinogen
D) stimulant

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Drug-induced changes in neural transmission can stimulate homeostatic changes in other neurological processes without altering tolerance to the effects of a drug.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Identity a true statement relating to threshold drug dosage.

A) The threshold dose often varies from drug to drug and the maximum effect of a drug is the same across all user physiologies.
B) The threshold dose is often the same across all drugs and the maximum effect of a drug is determined by the user's physiology.
C) The threshold dose often varies from drug to drug and the maximum effect of a drug is determined by the user's physiology.
D) The threshold dose is often the same across all drugs and the maximum effect of a drug is the same across all user physiologies.

Question 5

State Wilder's Law of initial value and explain its various implications.

Question 6

Although symptom amelioration therapy is the least controversial of the pharmacotherapies, it remains unclear whether it improves treatment outcomes.

Question 7

Neurological impulses follow relatively predetermined pathways in the neurological system because .

A) each neuroterminal releases several neurotransmitters, but dendritic receptors are responsive to only one of those neurotransmitters
B) each neuroterminal releases only one neurotransmitter, and dendritic receptors are responsive to only one neurotransmitter
C) interconnections within the neural systems are accomplished when a neuron responds to one neurotransmitter but releases a different neurotransmitter
D) interconnections within the neural systems are accomplished when a neuron responds to one neurotransmitter by releasing the same neurotransmitter

Question 8

Which of the following is a true statement?

A) If the lethal dose of a psychoactive drug is high, we cannot reliably compute the drug's effective dose.
B) If the lethal dose of a psychoactive drug is low, we cannot reliably compute the drug's therapeutic ratio.
C) If the effective dose of a psychoactive drug is not established, we cannot reliably compute the drug's lethal dose.
D) If the lethal dose of a psychoactive drug is not established, we cannot reliably compute the drug's therapeutic ratio.

Question 9

A drug will result in very different behavior when used in a hospital or other medical setting than when used at a party.

Question 10

Which of the following is true of drug interactions?

A) Synergistic interactions occur when the various drugs combine to increase the intensity, number, or duration of the separate drug effects.
B) Knowledge of the separate drug effects does not accurately predict the resultant synergistic interactions.
C) Physiological antagonism in drug interactions can occur when separate drugs compete for the same receptor.
D) Pharmacological antagonism in drug interactions can occur when separate drugs chemically combine to neutralize each other.

Question 11

Additive interactions of drugs administered in proximity to one another can be predicted if we know the separate drug effects.

Question 12

If two drug preparations produce identical effects, what kind of equivalence do they exhibit?

A) Only chemical equivalence
B) Only clinical equivalence
C) Both chemical and biological equivalence
D) Both biological and clinical equivalence

Question 13

Discuss the several reasons why the age of the user is an important variable in determining drug dosages and effects.

Question 14

From among the following, identify an example of reverse tolerance.

A) A previous experience of using cocaine increases the user's tolerance to a second substance or class of drugs.
B) A previous experience of using sedative/hypnotic drugs decreases the user's tolerance to a second substance or class of drugs.
C) Experienced marijuana users find that it requires less to get high than when they began using the drug.
D) Intoxication is often more noticeable when the blood-alcohol level (BAL) is rising than when it is falling.

Question 15

Water-soluble drugs can pass through the membrane walls of the digestive system and enter the bloodstream faster than fat-soluble drugs.

Question 16

Identify a process within the human body that affects the efficacy of swallowed drugs.

A) Significant proportions of swallowed drugs are transported from the digestive system to the liver and metabolized before having any effect on the user's behavior.
B) Metabolic by-products are generally less active than the original substance, so the liver produces no active drug from inactive ones.
C) A small fraction of the drug may be metabolized outside the liver and that small amounts of most drugs are often remetabolized before excretion.
D) Cardiovascular functioning is important, because the slower the distribution of the drug to the liver, the higher the rate of metabolism will be.

Question 17

Which of the following is true of route of administration?

A) Injected drugs typically have quick onsets, very high peak effects, and relatively long durations of actions.
B) Inhaled drugs typically have delayed onsets, very high peak effects, and relatively short durations of actions.
C) Swallowed drugs produce a lower peak effect but typically have a longer duration of effect than either injected or inhaled drugs.
D) Inhaled drugs typically have quick onsets, very low peak effects, and relatively short durations of actions.