Deck 7: Family: Early and Enduring Influences

Question 1

Research showing that children's insecure representations of their parents' relationships were a significant intervening mechanism in the association between parents' conflict and children's emotional difficulties supports the ________ explanation for the association between marital conflict and children's social development:

A)social learning theory
B)attachment theory
C)ethological theory
D)cognitive developmental theory

Answer 1

B

Question 2

When parents are in conflict, children are at similar risk regardless of whether or not:

A)the parents resolve the conflict
B)the disagreement was about the parents or the child
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Research showing that if parents resolve their conflicts, children are less likely to have problems because they expect that they, too, will be able to resolve conflicts supports the following theory:

A)social learning theory
B)attachment theory
C)ethological theory
D)cognitive developmental theory

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The process by which parents and others teach children the standards of behavior, attitudes, skills, and motives deemed appropriate for their society is:

A)socialization
B)coparenting
C)routines
D)all of the above

Question 5

The association between parent conflict and child adjustment is best described as:

A)unidirectional: parent conflict predicts later child adjustment
B)unidirectional: child adjustment predicts later parent conflict
C)reciprocal: parent conflict predicts later child adjustment AND child adjustment predicts later parent conflict
D)spurious: the associations between parent conflict and child adjustment are simply due to common genetic risk

Question 6

Children's experiences can be affected by:

A)their interactions with their siblings
B)the mother's interactions with the father
C)their siblings' interactions with their parents
D)all of the above

Question 7

It is difficult to reverse the negative quality of interactions in dysfunctional families because:

A)family systems are independent
B)systems generally resist change
C)changing one family subsystem will not affect other subsystems
D)all of the above

Question 8

When parents are mutually supportive:

A)they are often less involved with their children
B)they are often more competent in their childrearing practices
C)their relationships with their children are less responsive
D)all of the above

Question 9

An example of an indirect family influence is:

A)spouses affect each other by praising or criticizing
B)parents affect their children by hugging or spanking
C)children affect their parents by clinging or talking back
D)mothers affect their children by modifying the amount and quality of father-child interactions

Question 10

Research showing that if parents fight children learn aggressive interaction strategies supports the ________ explanation for the association between marital conflict and children's social development:

A)social learning theory
B)attachment theory
C)ethological theory
D)cognitive developmental theory

Question 11

The indirect effect of parental conflict occurs when:

A)the child overhears the conflict
B)the conflict centers on the child's behavior
C)the conflict affects parents' childrearing practices
D)all of the above

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a family system?

A)spending one night a week together as a family
B)having a chore chart
C)child-sibling interactions
D)all of the above

Question 13

When parents are in conflict:

A)harmful effects are reduced if parents disagree constructively
B)the child's biological capacity to manage stress remains unimpaired
C)children show short-term increases in anxiety, depression, and behavior problems
D)all of the above

Question 14

The quality of the couple system can:

A)directly facilitate the quality of parenting
B)directly hamper the quality of parenting
C)indirectly facilitate or hamper the quality of parenting
D)all of the above

Question 15

Interventions implemented to help parents improve their relationship and thereby help their children:

A)have not successfully changed actual levels of marital conflict
B)have achieved only short-term changes in child adjustment
C)are generally conducted without control groups
D)highlight the capacity of interventions to make long-term changes in families with marital conflict

Question 16

Families:

A)do not typically vary in their basic structure
B)do not typically share memories of the past or expectations for the future
C)are children's earliest and most sustained source of social support
D)all of the above

Question 17

The birth of a couple's first child typically:

A)precipitates a shift toward more egalitarian division of household tasks
B)increases marital satisfaction
C)affects the couple more if they had problems before the child's birth
D)all of the above

Question 18

Families who refuse to _______ are likely to become locked into a pattern of interaction that promotes or sustains maladaptive behavior in family members:

A)incite emotions
B)communicate emotionally
C)solve problems
D)all of the above

Question 19

When parents are in conflict and express hostility, belligerence, and contempt:

A)they inflict problems on their children
B)their children are unlikely to develop emotionally secure attachments to the parents if the conflict happens in later years
C)the children are likely to become aggressive or depressed if the conflict happens in earlier years
D)all of the above

Question 20

A group of people composed of interdependent members and subsystems:

A)nuclear family
B)coparenting
C)family system
D)extended family

Question 21

Children with hostile parents:

A)become hostile parents themselves
B)do not become hostile parents themselves
C)become hostile parents if they are also high on emotional reactivity
D)become hostile parents if they are also low on emotional reactivity

Question 22

A child-rearing style that is harsh, unresponsive, and rigid and relies on power-assertive methods of control is called:

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)uninvolved
D)authoritarian

Question 23

Gatekeeping is most likely to result in which pattern of coparenting?

A)cooperative
B)hostile
C)reciprocal
D)unbalanced

Question 24

If parents exert too little control:

A)they will likely still influence children's immediate behavior
B)children may come to view themselves as helpless
C)children may avoid contact with the parents
D)children may develop externalizing behavior problems

Question 25

The best kind of parenting reflects a balance between:

A)involvement and noninvolvement
B)warmth versus harshness
C)permissive versus restrictive discipline
D)all of the above

Question 26

Uninvolved or disengaged parents:

A)do whatever is necessary to minimize the costs of having a child
B)focus on their own needs instead of the needs of their child
C)see improvements in their child's behavior and social skills if they increase their involvement
D)all of the above

Question 27

Children who are energetic and friendly in preschool and competent, prosocial, and accepted by their peers in adolescence have parents who are generally:

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)uninvolved
D)authoritarian

Question 28

The term that best describes how parents work together as a team in a cooperative, hostile, or unbalanced way is:

A)joint legal custody
B)family system
C)routines
D)coparenting

Question 29

Children who are impulsive and aggressive in preschool and uncontrolled, noncompliant, and aggressive in adolescence have parents who are generally:

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)uninvolved
D)authoritarian

Question 30

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding parent characteristics and parenting style?

A)parents in good marriages are more likely to be either authoritarian or permissive
B)parents who are less agreeable in general are more authoritative
C)parents who are good at adapting or changing in response to stressful circumstances are more authoritative
D)parents who are better at taking another person's perspective are more authoritarian

Question 31

Fathers:

A)are more involved with their children than they were several decades ago
B)contribute independently to children's social behavior, independent of the mother's contribution
C)are more likely to be involved in play activities than mothers are
D)all of the above

Question 32

A child-rearing style that is lax and inconsistent and encourages children to express their impulses freely is labeled:

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)uninvolved
D)authoritarian

Question 33

Children who are conflicted and irritable in preschool and lack self-confidence, are unfriendly, and not socially competent in adolescence have parents who are generally:

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)uninvolved
D)authoritarian

Question 34

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding neighborhood quality and parenting style?

A)parents who live in dangerous neighborhoods are more likely to be authoritative
B)parents who live in dangerous neighborhoods place fewer restrictions on their children's activities
C)parents who move to more affluent and less dangerous neighborhoods use less harsh discipline than parents who remain in poor neighborhoods
D)all of the above

Question 35

Spanking:

A)reduces children's noncompliance
B)predicts poor conscience development if it is the predominant disciplinary tactic
C)when used in combination with nonphysical discipline (like timeouts and loss of privileges)is more effective than nonphysical discipline alone
D)all of the above

Question 36

A child-rearing style in which parents are indifferent and neglectful and focus on their own needs rather than those of their children is best described as:

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)uninvolved
D)authoritarian

Question 37

The hormonal shifts of pregnancy affect the brain by increasing a mother's:

A)capacity for reinforcement and reward
B)memory
C)spatial learning
D)all of the above

Question 38

A child-rearing style in which parents are warm, responsive, and involved, set reasonable limits, and expect appropriately mature behavior from children is labeled:

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)uninvolved
D)authoritarian

Question 39

The parents' socialization of their child:

A)increases as children go through the preschool years
B)is something parents never give up on or abandon
C)is typically done without modeling or reinforcement
D)all of the above

Question 40

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding child characteristics and parenting style?

A)children with difficult temperaments experience increasingly detached socialization strategies from their parents
B)children with behavior problems provoke increasingly coercive socialization strategies from their parents
C)children with fearful temperaments are less accepted by their parents
D)all of the above

Question 41

Harsh discipline is more common among:

A)lower income families
B)families in less traditional cultures
C)more educated families
D)all of the above

Question 42

During which developmental period is it productive to have the television on during mealtimes:

A)2-5 years
B)6-11 years
C)0-1 years
D)none of the above

Question 43

On average, European American parents are more authoritative and less authoritarian than:

A)Latino parents
B)Asian parents
C)African American parents
D)all of the above

Question 44

Interactions with siblings:

A)are more common than interactions with parents or anyone else
B)may be more emotionally intense than exchanges with other family members and friends
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Question 45

How do sibling relationships change as children get older?

A)siblings share fewer interests
B)sibling rivalry increases
C)siblings become less alike
D)none of the above

Question 46

Mothers who tell stories about their childhood emphasizing themes of closeness, nurturance, and play:

A)engage in more reciprocal interactions
B)are less engaged
C)are more intrusive and directive
D)none of the above

Question 47

Compared with later-born children, firstborn children:

A)are less likely to be treated for psychological problems
B)are more adult-oriented
C)have less self-confidence
D)are less self-controlled

Question 48

When parents and their children live together in one residence, this arrangement is described as:

A)extended family
B)joint physical custody
C)sole custody
D)nuclear family

Question 49

Older siblings can act as:

A)positive role models
B)deviant role models
C)gatekeepers
D)all of the above

Question 50

Mothers who tell stories about their childhood emphasizing themes of achievement or rejection by family members:

A)engage in more nurturing behavior
B)engage in more reciprocal interactions
C)are more intrusive and directive
D)none of the above

Question 51

Which of the following is true regarding parents treating their children differently?

A)if children perceive themselves to be treated the same as their siblings, their grades frequently suffer
B)the more adolescents feel their treatment by their parents is unfavorable compared with the treatment of their siblings, the less positive they feel about their parents
C)most children see their parents' differential treatment as reasonable
D)all of the above

Question 52

Compared with younger siblings, older siblings show more:

A)nurturing behavior
B)scaffolding
C)antagonistic behavior
D)all of the above

Question 53

The changes precipitated by the birth of sibling:

A)are largely determined by the parents
B)include increased parental interactions with the first-born child
C)include mothers' reducing their coercive parenting strategies
D)are minimized if the second pregnancy is unplanned or unwanted

Question 54

Who is more important-siblings or friends?

A)when relationships with siblings are poor, children have behavior problems regardless of their relationships with friends
B)when relationships with friends are poor, children have behavior problems regardless of their relationships with siblings
C)only when relationships with both siblings and friends are poor do children have behavior problems
D)none of the above

Question 55

A unit of people that includes relatives such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, nieces, and nephews is labeled

A)extended family
B)joint physical custody
C)sole custody
D)nuclear family

Question 56

Which of the following is true?

A)older siblings rarely act as caregivers
B)older siblings who act as caregivers lack efficiency and skill
C)older siblings can serve as social support when younger siblings lack friends
D)all of the above

Question 57

Day-to-day activities at home, such as making dinner or washing the dishes, are labeled:

A)family rituals
B)family socialization
C)family routines
D)all of the above

Question 58

__________ parents focus their socialization on placing family needs before individual desires:

A)Latino
B)Asian
C)Middle Eastern
D)both a and b

Question 59

Any tendency toward sibling rivalry precipitated in the first born child by the birth of sibling can be attenuated if:

A)the mother maintains her responsiveness to the firstborn
B)the father becomes more involved with the firstborn
C)the firstborn has close friendships
D)all of the above

Question 60

Family activities involving formal religious observances and family celebrations are called

A)family rituals
B)family socialization
C)family routines
D)all of the above

Question 61

Divorce does not seem to affect children if:

A)they are pre-kindergarten age
B)elementary school age
C)adolescents
D)none of the above

Question 62

Parents who used new reproductive technologies like ICSI or IVF:

A)are less eager and committed
B)are less warm
C)are more protective
D)all of the above

Question 63

Available information suggests that divorce affects children because:

A)children grow up in a single-mother household
B)children lose the home and lifestyle to which they are accustomed
C)children can experience lower-quality parenting
D)all of the above

Question 64

The most difficult time for families experiencing a divorce is:

A)the year immediately preceding the divorce
B)the first year after the divorce
C)the second year after the divorce
D)five years after the divorce

Question 65

Available evidence on children of gay parents suggests that compared with children of heterosexual parents:

A)they show no appreciable differences in terms of emotional or social problems
B)they show appreciable differences in terms of gender roles
C)they describe their relationships with their parents are less warm and supportive
D)all of the above

Question 66

A form of postdivorce child custody in which the child is exclusively with either the mother or the father:

A)joint physical custody
B)joint legal custody
C)sole custody
D)all of the above

Question 67

After divorce, children's contact with their nonresident parent:

A)is linked with positive adjustment if the parents can agree on childrearing methods and maintain a cordial relationship
B)remains helpful even if the nonresident parent becomes a casual adult pal instead of maintaining the parental role
C)remains helpful even if the nonresident father has a history of antisocial acts
D)remains helpful especially when the child serves as a go-between for the custodial and nonresidential parents

Question 68

Significant differences emerge across cultures in the association between parenting behavior and child outcomes with regard to:

A)responsive and affectionate parenting
B)hostile, rejecting parenting
C)physical punishment
D)all of the above

Question 69

A form of postdivorce child custody in which parents make decisions together regarding their child's life and also share physical custody so that the child lives with each parent for about half the time is labeled:

A)joint physical custody
B)joint legal custody
C)sole custody
D)all of the above

Question 70

Children in single-mother families:

A)may be less securely attached to their mothers than children in two-parent families
B)are better off if the mother never married than if she divorced
C)the differences between single-mother families and two-parent families are unrelated to income disparities
D)all of the above

Question 71

Divorce creates special risks for children in terms of:

A)skipping school or being suspended
B)teen pregnancy
C)clinical levels of distress and depression
D)all of the above

Question 72

Divorce is more likely when:

A)spouses come from the same cultural background
B)spouses have the conviction that divorce is wrong
C)spouses have poor communication skills or mental health problems
D)all of the above

Question 73

U.S. families today are different from those 40 years ago in that:

A)more mothers work outside the home
B)couples wait until they are older to marry and have their first child
C)more marriages end in divorce
D)all of the above

Question 74

Which of the following is not true about the different ways in which divorce affects boys and girls:

A)boys are more likely to externalize distress whereas girls internalize distress
B)girls suffer more before the divorce and boys suffer more after the divorce
C)girls and boys are equally affected and differ principally in their willingness to disclose distress
D)the reaction to parental divorce is stronger for boys at younger ages and stronger for girls in adolescence

Question 75

A form of postdivorce child custody in which both parents retain and share responsibility for decisions regarding the child's life, although the child usually resides with one parent is described as: a ) joint physical custody
(b)joint legal custody
(c)sole custody
(d)quasi joint custody (289)

Question 76

The existing research on the relation between maternal employment and child adjustment suggests that:

A)maternal employment is associated with better child adjustment
B)maternal employment is associated with poorer child adjustment
C)the association between maternal employment and child adjustment depends on individual differences among mothers and children
D)there is no association between maternal employment and child adjustment

Question 77

Compared with younger mothers, older mothers:

A)enjoy being a parent more
B)express less positive affect
C)feel less responsible for caretaking
D)provide less stimulation

Question 78

Adoptees are less able to overcome their early disadvantages if:

A)they are adopted after infancy
B)they were exposed prenatally to drugs or alcohol
C)they had multiple placements in foster care
D)all of the above

Question 79

Divorce does not seem to affect children as much if they:

A)are psychologically healthy
B)are intelligent
C)have an easy temperament
D)all of the above

Question 80

The effects of divorce on boys and girls can be best described as follows:

A)boys are more affected by divorce than girls
B)girls are more affected by divorce than boys
C)boys and girls are affected equally by divorce
D)boys and girls are equally affected by divorce but perhaps in different ways